Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Genetic Algorithm based Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Reducing ...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a genetic algorithm
optimization technique for optimal placement of distributed
generation in a radial distribution system to minimize the total
power loss and to improve the voltage sag performance. Load
flow algorithm and three phase short circuit analysis are
combined appropriately with GA, till access to acceptable
results of this operation. The suggested method is programmed
under MATLAB software. The implementation of the algorithm
is illustrated on a 34-node radial distribution system. Placement
of two DGs with fixed capacity has been considered for example.
Only the three phase symmetrical faults are considered for sag
analysis though other fault types are more common.
Optimal placement of distributed power flow controller for loss reduction usi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reduce power loss and improve the voltage profiles in an electrical system in optimal manner. The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device such as Distributed power flow controller (DPFC) can strongly improve the different parameters in a power system. DPFC can be used to reduce line losses and increase voltage profiles. The optimized allocation of FACTS devices is an important issue, so the Voltage stability index (L-index) has been used in order to place UPFC in power system. The advantage of the L-index is to accelerate the optimization process. After placing the DPFC, Firefly optimization method is used for finding the rating of DPFC. The results obtained using Firefly optimization method is compared with Genetic Algorithm. To show the validity of the proposed techniques and for comparison purposes, simulation carried out on an IEEE- 14 Bus and IEEE- 30 Bus test system for different loading conditions.
Keywords: Distributed power flow controllers (DPFC), Optimized Placement, Voltage stability index (L-index), Firefly optimization method, Genetic algorithm.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Genetic Algorithm based Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Reducing ...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a genetic algorithm
optimization technique for optimal placement of distributed
generation in a radial distribution system to minimize the total
power loss and to improve the voltage sag performance. Load
flow algorithm and three phase short circuit analysis are
combined appropriately with GA, till access to acceptable
results of this operation. The suggested method is programmed
under MATLAB software. The implementation of the algorithm
is illustrated on a 34-node radial distribution system. Placement
of two DGs with fixed capacity has been considered for example.
Only the three phase symmetrical faults are considered for sag
analysis though other fault types are more common.
Optimal placement of distributed power flow controller for loss reduction usi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reduce power loss and improve the voltage profiles in an electrical system in optimal manner. The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device such as Distributed power flow controller (DPFC) can strongly improve the different parameters in a power system. DPFC can be used to reduce line losses and increase voltage profiles. The optimized allocation of FACTS devices is an important issue, so the Voltage stability index (L-index) has been used in order to place UPFC in power system. The advantage of the L-index is to accelerate the optimization process. After placing the DPFC, Firefly optimization method is used for finding the rating of DPFC. The results obtained using Firefly optimization method is compared with Genetic Algorithm. To show the validity of the proposed techniques and for comparison purposes, simulation carried out on an IEEE- 14 Bus and IEEE- 30 Bus test system for different loading conditions.
Keywords: Distributed power flow controllers (DPFC), Optimized Placement, Voltage stability index (L-index), Firefly optimization method, Genetic algorithm.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
Distributed energy units cannot be directly integrated into the power grid due to their inherently varying output. An interfacing technology is required. The power electronic interface is used for connecting distributed energy resources to the smart grid. It can also be used in any type of electric vehicles. It does not store energy in its circuitry. It receives power from the distributed energy source and converts it to power at the required voltage and frequency. This paper provides a brief introduction on power electronic interface. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Power Electronic Interface" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29394.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29394/power-electronic-interface/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
Power-Quality Improvement Features In Grid Interconnection of Wind Energy Sou...AM Publications
The increased power demand, the depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the growth of the environmental pollution has led
the world to think seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the
distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. A new control strategy for achieving maximum advantage from
these grid-interfacing inverters which are when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems is given in this paper. With the inverter
control, the inverter can be used as a multi-function device, which includes the function of: 1) power converter to inject power generated
from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. These functions of the inverter can be done either individually or simultaneously. The proposed inverter with the
control when connected, helps the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced
linear load to the grid. With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated here.
The energy sector is moving into the era of distributed generation (DG) and microgrids
(MGs). The stability and operation aspects of converter-dominated DG MGs, however, are faced by
many challenges. To overcome these difficulties, this paper presents a new large-signal-based control
topology for DG power converters that is suitable for both grid connected and islanding modes of
operation without any need to reconfigure the control system and without islanding detection. To
improve MG stability and to guarantee stability and high performance of the MG system during sudden
harsh transients such as islanding, grid reconnection, and large load power changes, a nonlinear MG
stabilizer is proposed. We propose a novel control topology for microgrids which can work in both grid
connected and islanding modes without reconfiguration so it does not require islanding detection
technique, the controller is based on the concept of synchronverter In this paper, a radical step is taken
to improve the synchronverter as a self-synchronized synchronverter by removing the dedicated
synchronization unit
Various demand side management techniques and its role in smart grid–the stat...IJECEIAES
The current lifestyle of humanity relies heavily on energy consumption, thusrendering it an inevitable need. An ever-increasing demand for energy hasresulted from the increasing population. Most of this demand is met by thetraditional sources that continuously deplete and raise significantenvironmental issues. The existing power structure of developing nations isaging, unstable, and unfeasible, further prolonging the problem. The existingelectricity grid is unstable, vulnerable to blackouts and disruption, has hightransmission losses, low quality of power, insufficient electricity supply, anddiscourages distributed energy sources from being incorporated. Mitigatingthese problems requires a complete redesign of the system of powerdistribution. The modernization of the electric grid, i.e., the smart grid, is anemerging combination of different technologies designed to bring about theelectrical power grid that is changing dramatically. Demand sidemanagement (DSM) allow customers to be more involved in contributors tothe power systems to achieve system goals by scheduling their shiftableload. Effective DSM systems require the participation of customers in thesystem that can be done in a fair system. This paper focuses primarily ontechniques of DSM and demand responses (DR), including schedulingapproaches and strategies for optimal savings.
Talhunt is a leader in assisting and executing IEEE Engineering projects to Engineering students - run by young and dynamic IT entrepreneurs. Our primary motto is to help Engineering graduates in IT and Computer science department to implement their final year project with first-class technical and academic assistance.
Project assistance is provided by 15+ years experienced IT Professionals. Over 100+ IEEE 2015 and 200+ yester year IEEE project titles are available with us. Projects are based on Software Development Life-Cycle (SDLC) model.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Renewable Energy Sources are being used in Off-Grid mode. By integrating all these sources to a common point energy efficiency can be improved and frequent dynamic faults can be avoided. This approach needs to implement smart grid and technologies.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
Optimal Capacitor Placement for IEEE 14 bus system using Genetic AlgorithmAM Publications
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a non-parametric optimization technique that is frequently used in problems of combinatory nature with discrete or continuous variables. Depending on the evaluation function used this optimization technique may be applied to solve problems containing more than one objective. In treating with multi-objective evaluation functions it is important to have an adequate methodology to solve the multiple objectives problem so that each partial objective composing the evaluation function is adequately treated in the overall optimal solution. In this paper the multi-objective optimization problem is treated in details and a typical example concerning the allocation of capacitor banks in a real distribution grid is presented. The allocation of capacitor banks corresponds to one of the most important problems related to the planning of electrical distribution networks. This problem consists of determining, with the smallest possible cost, the placement and the dimension of each capacitor bank to be installed in the electrical distribution grid with the additional objectives of minimizing the voltage deviations and power losses. As many other problems of planning electrical distribution networks, the allocation of capacitor banks are characterized by the high complexity in the search of the optimum solution. In this context, the GA comes as a viable tool to obtaining practical solutions to this problem. Simulation results obtained with a electrical distribution grid are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology used.
Distributed energy units cannot be directly integrated into the power grid due to their inherently varying output. An interfacing technology is required. The power electronic interface is used for connecting distributed energy resources to the smart grid. It can also be used in any type of electric vehicles. It does not store energy in its circuitry. It receives power from the distributed energy source and converts it to power at the required voltage and frequency. This paper provides a brief introduction on power electronic interface. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Power Electronic Interface" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29394.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29394/power-electronic-interface/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
Power-Quality Improvement Features In Grid Interconnection of Wind Energy Sou...AM Publications
The increased power demand, the depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the growth of the environmental pollution has led
the world to think seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the
distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. A new control strategy for achieving maximum advantage from
these grid-interfacing inverters which are when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems is given in this paper. With the inverter
control, the inverter can be used as a multi-function device, which includes the function of: 1) power converter to inject power generated
from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. These functions of the inverter can be done either individually or simultaneously. The proposed inverter with the
control when connected, helps the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced
linear load to the grid. With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated here.
The energy sector is moving into the era of distributed generation (DG) and microgrids
(MGs). The stability and operation aspects of converter-dominated DG MGs, however, are faced by
many challenges. To overcome these difficulties, this paper presents a new large-signal-based control
topology for DG power converters that is suitable for both grid connected and islanding modes of
operation without any need to reconfigure the control system and without islanding detection. To
improve MG stability and to guarantee stability and high performance of the MG system during sudden
harsh transients such as islanding, grid reconnection, and large load power changes, a nonlinear MG
stabilizer is proposed. We propose a novel control topology for microgrids which can work in both grid
connected and islanding modes without reconfiguration so it does not require islanding detection
technique, the controller is based on the concept of synchronverter In this paper, a radical step is taken
to improve the synchronverter as a self-synchronized synchronverter by removing the dedicated
synchronization unit
Various demand side management techniques and its role in smart grid–the stat...IJECEIAES
The current lifestyle of humanity relies heavily on energy consumption, thusrendering it an inevitable need. An ever-increasing demand for energy hasresulted from the increasing population. Most of this demand is met by thetraditional sources that continuously deplete and raise significantenvironmental issues. The existing power structure of developing nations isaging, unstable, and unfeasible, further prolonging the problem. The existingelectricity grid is unstable, vulnerable to blackouts and disruption, has hightransmission losses, low quality of power, insufficient electricity supply, anddiscourages distributed energy sources from being incorporated. Mitigatingthese problems requires a complete redesign of the system of powerdistribution. The modernization of the electric grid, i.e., the smart grid, is anemerging combination of different technologies designed to bring about theelectrical power grid that is changing dramatically. Demand sidemanagement (DSM) allow customers to be more involved in contributors tothe power systems to achieve system goals by scheduling their shiftableload. Effective DSM systems require the participation of customers in thesystem that can be done in a fair system. This paper focuses primarily ontechniques of DSM and demand responses (DR), including schedulingapproaches and strategies for optimal savings.
Talhunt is a leader in assisting and executing IEEE Engineering projects to Engineering students - run by young and dynamic IT entrepreneurs. Our primary motto is to help Engineering graduates in IT and Computer science department to implement their final year project with first-class technical and academic assistance.
Project assistance is provided by 15+ years experienced IT Professionals. Over 100+ IEEE 2015 and 200+ yester year IEEE project titles are available with us. Projects are based on Software Development Life-Cycle (SDLC) model.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Renewable Energy Sources are being used in Off-Grid mode. By integrating all these sources to a common point energy efficiency can be improved and frequent dynamic faults can be avoided. This approach needs to implement smart grid and technologies.
Control technique for single phase inverter photovoltaic system connected to ...jbpatel7290
In photovoltaic system connected to the grid, the main goal is to control the power that the inverter injects into the grid
from the energy provided by the photovoltaic generator. The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the
converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. In this paper, a control technique for a photovoltaic
system connected to the grid based on digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronize a sinusoidal output
current with a grid voltage and control the power factor is proposed. This control is based on the single phase inverter controlled
by bipolar PWM Switching and lineal current control. The electrical scheme of the system is presented. The approach is widely
explained. Simulations results of output voltage and current validate the impact of this method to determinate the appropriate
control of the system. A digital design of the control based on generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on
Field-Programmable Gate Array “FPGA”.
Optimal Capacitor Placement for IEEE 14 bus system using Genetic AlgorithmAM Publications
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a non-parametric optimization technique that is frequently used in problems of combinatory nature with discrete or continuous variables. Depending on the evaluation function used this optimization technique may be applied to solve problems containing more than one objective. In treating with multi-objective evaluation functions it is important to have an adequate methodology to solve the multiple objectives problem so that each partial objective composing the evaluation function is adequately treated in the overall optimal solution. In this paper the multi-objective optimization problem is treated in details and a typical example concerning the allocation of capacitor banks in a real distribution grid is presented. The allocation of capacitor banks corresponds to one of the most important problems related to the planning of electrical distribution networks. This problem consists of determining, with the smallest possible cost, the placement and the dimension of each capacitor bank to be installed in the electrical distribution grid with the additional objectives of minimizing the voltage deviations and power losses. As many other problems of planning electrical distribution networks, the allocation of capacitor banks are characterized by the high complexity in the search of the optimum solution. In this context, the GA comes as a viable tool to obtaining practical solutions to this problem. Simulation results obtained with a electrical distribution grid are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology used.
Study on Loss Allocation of Power Distribution Network with Distributed Gener...ijtsrd
The introduction of the power distribution network with distributed generation is vast and losses and faults have been occurred so new challenges also been introduced. Loss allocation problem is one of them, it comes during operation of power distribution network with distributed generation. In the distribution of electricity loss allocation also vary and sudden changes will occur, to reduce this type of problem bus radial network will be used according to the distribution and generation of electrical power by loss allocation scheme. In the loss allocation scheme, different types of algorithms and calculation will be used. Udit Kumar | Dr. Himani Goyal ""Study on Loss Allocation of Power Distribution Network with Distributed Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22958.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/22958/study-on-loss-allocation-of-power-distribution-network-with-distributed-generation/udit-kumar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
Reliability Impacts of Behind the Meter Distributed Energy Resources on Trans...Power System Operation
The increasing amounts of customer-owned Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) limit the control and visibility of local Independent System Operators (ISOs) and utility operators. Most of these resources are non-curtailable and subject to several aggregation guidelines for wholesale participation. These units cannot be decoupled from the Transmission-Distribution (T-D) interface and have a direct impact on the economics and reliability of the grid. This paper reports the results of a study that investigated realistic dispatch conditions from a production and power flow co-simulation environment with increased behind-the-meter DER resources. The objectives of this study include: 1) understanding steady-state and transient voltage response of the system at the local T-D interface, 2) analyzing impacts on switching operations, 3) studying the system-wide frequency response of the Western Interconnection, and 4) examining scenarios that provide insight into the type of control strategies that best benefit local ISO and utility operations from a reliability perspective.
Optimized Power Flows in Microgrid with and without Distributed Energy Storag...Power System Operation
This study presents a combined algebraic and power flow model of a microgrid. The aim of this study is to introduce a strong tool which is capable to compare physical parameters of a microgrid which are hardly possible to calculate only by common algebraic optimization methods. Especially interesting is comparison between microgrids without energy storage, with a single bigger battery plant and with distributed batteries. This study focuses mainly on high voltage (HV) part of a transformer, inductive power and power losses in microgrids. Modelled microgrid consists of five robust nodes (which can represent living quarters with renewable energy production and energy storage) connected into a single transformer node, which later leads to the transmission system.
Voltage Profile Improvement of distribution system Using Particle Swarm Optim...IJERA Editor
Distributed generations (DGs) play an important role in distribution networks. Distributed generation (DG) exists in distribution systems and is installed by either the utility or the customers. Distributed Generators (DGs) are now commonly used in distribution systems to reduce the power disruption in the power system network. Due to the installation of DGs in the system, the total power loss can be reduced and voltage profile of the buses can be improved due to this power quality of the distribution system is improved. Studies show that non-optimal locations and non-optimal sizes of DG units may lead to losses increase, together with bad effect on voltage profile. So, this paper aims at determining optimal DG allocation and sizing. To do so, the optimization technique named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used .this Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach), capable to establish the optimal DG allocation and sizing on a distribution network. This paper presents optimal placement and estimation of distributed generation (DG) capacity using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach in the distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to gain voltage profile improvement. The proposed (PSO) based approach is tested on an IEEE 30-bus test system.
Distributed Generation Allocation to Improve Steady State Voltage Stability o...IJAPEJOURNAL
In this paper, a new method is proposed to optimal distributed generation allocation for stability enhancement in radial distribution networks. Voltage stability is related with stable load and acceptable voltage in all buses of system. According to the time spectrum of the incident of the phenomena the instability is divided into steady state and transient voltage instability. The analysis is accomplished using a steady state voltage stability index which can be evaluated at each node of the distribution system. Different optimal locations and capacities are used to check this effect. The location of DG is more important in comparison with the capacities and has the main effect on the network voltage stability. Effects of capacity and location on increasing steady state voltage stability in radial distribution networks are evaluated through Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) and at the end the results are compared to particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm on the terms of speed, accuracy and convergence.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
Voltage sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal integration of distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a voltage sensitivity analysis with respect to the real power injected with renewable energies to determine the optimal integration of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems (DS). The best nodes where the power injections improve voltages magnitudes complying with the constraints are determined. As it is a combinatorial problem, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing (SA) were used to change injections from 10% to 60% of the total power load using solar and wind generators and find the candidate nodes for installing power sources. The method was tested using the 33-node, 69-node and 118-node radial distribution networks. The results showed that the best nodes for injecting real power with renewable energies were selected for the distribution network by using the voltage sensitivity analysis. Algorithms found the best nodes for the three radial distribution networks with similar values in the maximum injection of real power, suggesting that this value maintains for all the power system cases. The injections applied to the different nodes showed that voltage magnitudes increase significantly, especially when exceeding the maximum penetration of DG. The test showed that some nodes support injections up to the limits, but the voltages increase considerably on all nodes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
A series of the differential identities connecting velocities, pressure and body force in the twovelocity hydrodynamics equations with equilibrium of pressure phases in reversible hydrodynamic approximation is obtaned.
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
People’s lives are increasingly centred on work; they spend at least one-third of their time within the organisations that employ them. Investigating the factors that interfere with employees’ well-being and the organisational environment is becoming an increasing concern in organisations. This article identifies the criteria of the quality of life (QoL), quality of working life (QWL) and organisational climate instruments to point out their similarities. For bibliographic construction and data research, articles were sought in national and international journals, books and dissertations/articles in SciELO, Science Direct, Medline and Pub Med databases. The results show direct relationships amongst QoL, QWL and organisational climate instruments. The relationship between QoL and QWL instruments is based on fair compensation, social interaction, organisational communication, working conditions and functional capacity. QWL and organisational climate instruments are related through social interaction and interfaces. QoL and organisational climate instruments are related based on social interaction, organisational communication, and work conditions.
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
The decision making process of many operations are dependent on analysing very large data sets, previous decisions and their results. The information generated from the large data sets are used as an input for making decisions. Since the decisions to be taken in day to day operations are expanding, the time taken for manual decision making is also expanding. In order to reduce the time, cost and to increase the efficiency and accuracy, which are the most important things for customer satisfaction, many organisations are adopting the automated decision making systems. This paper is about the technologies used for automated decision making systems and the areas in which automated decisions systems works more efficiently and accurately.
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
The mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation of β-form L-glutamic acid was deeply investigated in cooling crystallization. The present study found that the β-form crystals were epitaxially grown on the α-form crystals and they were preferably crystallized on the (011) and (001) surfaces instead of the (111) surfaces of α- form crystals. This result was explained via the molecular simulation. The molecular simulation indicated that the different surfaces of α-form crystals provided different functional groups, resulting in different sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals. Here, the functional group were COO- , C=O and O-H on the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystals, respectively, while it was the NH3 + on the (111) surfaces of α-form crystals. As such, the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the various surfaces of α- form crystal was distinguished, where the degree of lattice matching (E) between the β-form crystals and the (011), (001) and (111) surfaces of α-form crystal were estimated as 5.30, 5.25 and 2.39, respectively, implying that the (011) and (001) surfaces of α-form crystal were more favorable to generate the heterogeneous nucleation of β-form crystals than the (111) surfaces of α-form crystal
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
In recent decades, polymers have undergone a remarkable historical development and their use has been greatly imposed by gradually dethroning most of the secular materials. These polymer materials have always distinguished themselves by their simple shaping and inexpensive price, their versatility, lightness, and chemical stability but despite their massive use in everyday life as well as in advanced technologies. Generally, these materials still not understood which requires a thorough knowledge of their chemical, physical, rheological and mechanical properties. This paper, we study the mechanical behavior of an amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene “ABS” by means of uniaxial tensile testing on pierced test pieces with different notch lengths ranging between 1 to 14mm.The proposed approach consists in analyzing the evolution of the global geometry of the obtained strain curves by taking into account the zones and characteristic points of these curves as well as the effect of the damage on the mechanical behavior of the polymer ABS, in order to visualize the evolution of the damage by a static model
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
: The model of Kennelly between distance (Dlim) and exhaustion time (tlim) has been applied to the individual performances of 19 elite endurance runners (World-record holders and Olympic winners) from P. Nurmi (1920-1924) to M. Farah (2012) whose individual best performances on several different distances are known. Kennelly’s model (Dlim = k tlim ) can describe the individual performances of elite runners with a high accuracy (errors lower than 2 %). There is a linear relationship between parameters k and exponents of the elite runners and the extreme values correspond to S. Coe (k = 15.8; = 0.851) and E. Zatopek (k = 6.57; = 0.984). Exponent can be considered as a dimensionless index of aerobic endurance which is close to 1 in the best endurance runners. If it is assumed than maximal aerobic speed can be maintained 7 min in elite endurance runners, exponent is equal to the normalized critical speed (critical speed/maximal aerobic speed) computed from exhaustion times equal to 3 and 12.5 min in these runners.
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
In this project, a failure monitoring system is developed by using the vibration and location information of balises in railway signaling. A lot of field equipment in railway are loosening and broken in time period so that they need maintenance due to the vibrations that occur due to high speed trains traffic and railway vehicles impact. Among the field equipment, balises have very important role of communication in terms of transmitting information to trains. In this scope, it is aimed to make maintenance works more efficient, have no delayed trains, detect previously failure location and intervene in failure timely, by detecting and controlling balise cases such as loosening, out of place and the data consistency error that happens because of balise physical state. In this project, the communication is provided with I2C, Modbus RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and RS485 standards by using Arduino Uno cards and MPU6050 IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors in laboratory. Each used sensors are in slave mode and computer interface designed with C# is in master mode. Fault situations in the system are checked instant by the interface. (it is assumed to mount the IMU sensor and the Arduino circuit on the balise) it is seen that the interface responds to the sensor movements instant and the system works well in the end of test processes.
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
The study assessed the management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem using the case of IGGRs. Specifically, the study aimed at identifying the strategies used for natural resources management; examining the impacts of those strategies; examining the hindrances of the identified strategies; and lastly, examining the methods for scaling up the performance of strategies used for natural resources in the study area. The study involved two villages among 31 villages bordering IGGRs where in each village; at least 5% of the households were sampled. Both Primary data and secondary data were collected and analyzed both manually and computer by using SPSS software. The study revealed that, study population ranked IGGRs performance on protection of natural resources, especially on conserving wildlife for future generation and in reducing poaching to be good(53.3%). In addition, the relationship with IGGRs was said to be considerable good (46.7%). In the aspect of reducing poaching, the findings show that poaching has been reduced by 96.2% from 2009 to 2012. Furthermore, 81.4% of respondents said they use different strategies to control loss of natural resources which in turn has considerably improved the relationship between protected areas and the surrounding communities in some of the aspects. Despite of above successes, the study findings has revealed a number of challenges that hinders the full attainment of conservation objectives. Among the challenges are loss of life and properties (86.4%), shortage of water for livestock (68.9%) since water sources such as Grumeti and Rubana rivers are within protected area while the adjacent local communities do not have a free access to those water sources. Other challenges especially on the IGGRs management include insufficient fund base, working facilities and inadequate staffs. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that the strategies used for natural resources management of protected areas in Serengeti ecosystem is fairly sustainable and need functional participatory approaches of local people and other stakeholders in order to bring about a collaborative natural resources management network in the ecosystem. Furthermore, based on the findings above, equity in benefit sharing accrued from natural resource management in protected areas, more financial support to IGGRs and local community, the use of non-lethal deterrents for crop protection, integration of croplivestock production systems, adoption of land use plans as a solution to land conflicts, strengthens of community based conservation (CBC), adoption of modern information technology such as geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are recommended.
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
Industrial polluting effluents containing heavy metals are of serious environmental concern in India. Chromium is frequently used in industries like electroplating, metal finishing, cooling towers, dyes, paints, anodizing and leather tanning and is found as traces in effluents finding their way to natural water bodies causing hazardous toxicity to the health of humans, animals and aquatic lives directly or indirectly. Many methods for the removal of Chromium such as chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical reduction, evaporation, reverse osmosis and adsorption using activated carbon etc. have been reported but all being expensive and complicated to operate. Experimental practices reveal that adsorption by agricultural and horticultural wastes are quite simple, inexpensive and efficient method. Agra is famous for Potato farming, a lot of discarded potato waste from cold storages is thrown along road side drains causing solid waste generated which either creates solid waste disposal problem or otherwise it finds way to Yamuna river resulting high BOD and posing a serious threat to the aquatic environment. For developing countries like India adsorption studies using discarded potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste from cold storages (DPWC) a solid waste as low cost adsorbent for Chromium removal was dual beneficial i.e., an ideal solution to these solid wastes disposal problem of Agra and removal of Chromium from tannery effluents and thereby saving aquatic life from Chromium contamination in Yamuna river. Keeping this in view batch experiments were designed to study the feasibility of discarded potato waste from cold storages to remove chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions. During the study various affecting parameters, such as pH, adsorbent does, initial concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent grain size and start up agitation speed were optimized as 5.0, 10-20 g/l, 50 mg/l, 250C, 135 minutes, average size and 80 rpm respectively on chromium removal efficiency. Various Isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin also fitted suitably and various corresponding constants determined from these Isotherms favor and support the adsorption. Thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆H and ∆S were found to be 0.267 KJ/mole, 0.288 KJ/mole and 0.0013 KJ/mole respectively.
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
This study is to carry out a transient flow field analysis on the condition that the wind turbine is working to generate turbine, the wind turbine operating conditions change over time, Purpose of this study is try to find out the rule from the wind turbine changing over time . In transient analysis, the wind velocity on inlet boundary and rotation speed in the rotor field will change over time, and an analytical process is provided that can be used for future reference. At present, the wind turbine model is designed on the concept of upwind horizontal axis type. The computer engineering software GH Bladed is used to obtain the relationship between the rotor velocity and the wind turbine. Then the ANSYS engineering software is used to calculate the stress and strain distribution in the blades over time. From the analytical result, the relationship between the stress distribution in the blades and the rotor velocity is got to be used as a reference for future wind turbine structural optimization.
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
Wind tunnel tests are being performed routinely around the world for designing tall buildings but the advent of powerful computational tools will make time-history analysis for wind more common in near future. As the duration of wind storms ranges from tens of minutes to hours while earthquake durations are typically less than a three to four minutes, the choice of a time step size (Δt) for wind studies needs to be much larger both to reduce the computational time and to save disk space. As the error in any numerical solution of the equation of motion is dependent on step size (Δt), careful investigations on the choice of numerical integration methods for wind analyses are necessary. From a wide variety of integration methods available, it was decided to investigate three methods that seem appropriate for 3D-time history analysis of tall buildings for wind. These are modal time history analysis, the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) method or α-method with α=- 0.1, and the Newmark method with β=0.25 and γ=0.5 ( i.e., trapezoidal rule). SAP2000, a common structural analysis software tool, and a 64-story structure are used to conduct all the analyses in this paper. A boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) pressure time history measured at 120 locations around the building envelope of a similar structure is used for the analyses. Analyses performed with both the HHT and Newmark-method considering P-delta effects show that second order effects have a considerable impact on both displacement and acceleration response. This result shows that it is necessary to account P-delta effect for wind analysis of tall buildings. As the direct integration time history analysis required very large computation times and very large computer physical memory for a wind duration of hours, a modal analysis with reduced stiffness is considered as a good alternative. For that purpose, a non-linear static analysis of the structure with a load combination of 1.0D + 1.0L is performed in SAP2000 and the reduced stiffness of the structure after the analysis is used to conduct an eigenvalue analysis to extract the mode shapes and frequencies of this structure. Then the first 20- modes are used to perform a modal time history analysis for wind load. The result shows that the responses from modal analysis with “20-mode (reduced stiffness)” are comparable with that from the P-Δ analyses of Newmark-method
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
Electricity demand in Saudi Arabia is steadily increasing as electrical loads grows at a rate of about 7% per year, this represents a high rate by all standards, and largely due to population growth, as well as due to government subsidies which may lead to prices much lower than actual production cost. This growth represents a challenge that requires Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) to invest huge amounts of money every year, for the construction of additional generation capacity along with the reinforcement of transmission network to meet the consumption growth.Also the demand varies frequently throughout the day, causing a waste of a large part of the energy. SEC believes the optimum solution lies in altering the load shape in order to have a better balance between customer’s consumption and SEC’s generation, This paper describes the method for improving the power system reliability by shifting the portion of peak load to off-peak periods This load management scheme can be achieved by lifting the generation during off peak periods and utilizing the stored energy during peak periods. A hybrid set up involving solar and wind energy along with batteries can also be used to store energy and utilize it during peak periods.
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
In this paper, the experience of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in analyzing the generation adequacy for Year 2013 is presented. This analysis is conducted by calculating several reliability indices for Riyadh system hourly load during all four seasonal periods. The reliability indices are gauged against the international utility practice. SEC also plans to introduce renewable energy into the network in order to secure the environmental standards and reduce fuel costs of conventional generation. Thus, the reliability improvement due to different integration levels of Solar and Wind generating sources has also been investigated. The capacity value provided by these variable renewable energy sources (VERs) to reliably meet the system load has been calculated using effective load carrying capability (ELCC) technique with a loss of load expectancy metric.
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
The capacitors are increasingly being used as energy storage devicesin various power systems. The scientists of the world are tryingto maximize the electrical capacity of the supercapacitors. To achieve this purpose, numerous method sare used: the surface activation of electrodes, the surface etching using the electronbeam, the electrode etching with variousgasplasma, etc. The purpose of this work is toresearch how the properties of carbon electrodes depend on the plasma parameters at whichtheywere formed. The largest surface area ofcarbonelectrodeof47.25m2 /gis obtainedat 15 ofAr/C2H2gasratio. Meanwhile, theSEMimages show that the disruption of structures with low bond energies and the formation of new onesare taking place when the carbon electrodes are etched at acetylene plasma and placed on carbon electrode. The measurements of capacitance showthat capacitors with affectedelectrodes have about10-15% highercapacity than those not treated with acetyleneplasma.
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
In general cases the refrigerator could be converted into an air conditioner by attaching a fan. Thus a cooler as well as freezer is obtained in a single set up. The freezer can be converted to an air conditioner when the outside air is allowed to flow beside the cooling coil and is forced outside by an exhaust fan. In this case a mini scale cooler cum freezer using R134a as refrigerant was fabricated and tested In our mini project work we had designed, fabricated and experimentally analysed a mini cooler cum freezer. From the observations and calculations, the results of mini cooler cum freezer are obtained and are compared.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
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And...
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
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The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
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- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
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• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial Distribution System Using Genetic Algorithm
1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Vol.5, Issue 4 (April 2015), PP 39-46
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
39
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial
Distribution System Using Genetic Algorithm
N.Vijaysimha1
,Ch.Chengaiah2
,M.VenuGopal3
1
Research Scholar, Departments of EEE, K.LUniversity, Guntur, A.P., INDIA.
2
Assosciate proffesor,Department of EEE,S.V.University,Tirupati.A.P,INDIA,
3
Head & Professor, Department of EEE, K.L. University, Guntur, A.P,INDIA,
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) is an emerging concept in the electricity sector, which represents good
alternatives for electricity supply instead of the traditional centralized power generation concept.This paper
presents a multi-objective performance index –based size and site determination of distributed generations in
distribution system with various load models. The Optimal size and site of distributed generation is evaluated
with multi-objective optimized values.The Multi-objective index is converted into Single objective performance
index with the help of significant weights. It can evaluated the optimal siting and sizing with Genetic Algorithm
(GA) and resluts were tested with 37-bus radial distribution system
Keywords – Distributed Generation (DG), Genetic Algorithm (GA), load model, Multi-Objective Index.
I. INTRODUCTION
The distributed generation [1] is used to refer to generation units that are connected to the distribution network
rather than to the high voltage transmission grid. The renewed popularity of Disribution Generator (DG) after a
period of hiatus is creating new opportunities for increasing the diversity and efficiency of our electricity supply
and It is also challenging the established architecture of the networks.
Since the past years the generation at large scale took place at near fuel center which is far away for the
load centers in case of nuclear also.These made intiation of DG is encouraged as part of the government’s
lowcarbon energy policy aimed at reducing the emissions linked to climate change.
The distributed real power sources can be classified into two categories [4] as Type-1-DG and Type-2-
DG.Where Type-1-DG are supply the real power, depending on the availability or demand, to the network
without demanding any reactive power. The best examples of Type-1-DG are photovoltaic cell, fuel cell, battery
storage. Which are modeled as negative real power loads in the load flow analysis and Type-2-DG are supply
the real power to the network only when adequate reactive power support is provided by the network or any
local reactive power sources.DG can be installed at load or near the load.In this paper the DG considered at load
point only. By using this DG in distribution System,the following economic and technical benefits are being
implicated .
The major technical benefits are:
Reduced line losses
Voltage profile improvement
Reduced emissions of pollutants
Increased overall energy efficiency
Enhanced system reliability and security
1.2. Load Model:
Normally loads are assumed to b real power and reactive power and is called constant power .In this paper not
only the constant loads but industrial load, residential load, commercial load and mixed load are conisdered.The
studies of dynamic performance, load representation becomes more important.The Load characteristics affect
the dynamic behavior of a power system.The exact composition of the load is often very difficult to estimate.
Load composition changes continually reflecting the customers' pattern of using various appliances and devices.
It depends on the customers' lifestyle, the weather, the state of economy, and many other factors. It is important
to estimate the load composition at time of critical interest such as under a heavy or light load condition. As load
demand is increasing day to day life still it is necessary for a reliable estimation of load composition. Even if
the load composition is known exactly, it would be impractical to represent each individual load component, as
there are usually many thousands of components. Generally the model of the composite load will be
impractically complex and will require considerable mathematical processing to obtain a reasonably manageable
2. Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed...
40
overall system model. Thus, in one's deal to obtain the optimum and most elegant form of a component model,
one may aggravate the difficulties of the aggregation problem. There is, in fact, a problem even in combining
models of the same type in the case of dynamic loads such as induction motors. Moreover, the load components
are usually operating at different voltages with the same rating of the component. Steadily, though slowly, the
available information on load is increasing. The utility industry, including utilities, regulatory agencies,
manufacturers and customers, is accumulating data that can be effectively used to estimate the load composition.
The effect of selected voltage dependent on load models which is investigated in different planning
scenarios. The load models can be mathematically expressed as:
......................... (1)
....................... (2)
Where: and are real and reactive power at bus i; and are active and reactive operating point at bus
i;
is the voltage at bus i. and are real and reactive power exponents.
During investigations the comparison of constant power load model assumption with the practical load models
are emphasized. In this paper the 37-bus system has taken to test the varous loads and it will be run with
matlab environment using genetic algorithm technique.
By Incorporating the DG at any node, the load at that point can be consider as
............................... (3)
...............................(4)
Where : and are the real and reactive power of load at node after installing the DG.
and are the real and rective power of the load at bus before installing of DG.
and are the real and reactive power of distributed generation.
From the above equqtions The following loads are cosidered for evaluation of optimal siting nad sizing .The
loads areshown in Table:1.
Table 1: Load type and exponent values
1.3. Impact Indices
The following indices are used to evaluate the optimal siting and sizing in distribution
system for 37-bus system.
a. Real and Reactive power loss Indicies
The real and reactive power loss indices are defined as:
............................................(5)
......................................... (6)
Load type α β
Constant 0.00 0.00
Industrial 0.18 6.00
Residential 0.92 4.04
Commercial 1.51 3.40
Mixed 0.65 3.36
3. Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed...
41
Where :
and are the total real and reactive power losses of the distribution system after inclusion of DG.
and are the total real and reactive system losses without DG in the distribution system.
b. Voltage Profile Index (IVD)
The voltage indices is also called as index voltage deviation . one of the advantage of proper location and
size of the DG is the improvement in voltage profile. This index penalizes the size-location pair which gives
higher voltage deviations from the nominal (V1=1.0 p.u.) In this way, closer the index to zero better is the
network performance .The IVD can be defined as follows:
…..…... (7)
c. MVA Capacity Index (IC) and Voltage deviation (VD)
As a consequence of supplying power near to loads, MVA flows may diminish in some sections of the
network, thus releasing more capacity, but in other sections they may also increase to levels beyond distribution
line limits i.e if line limits are not taken as constraints. The IC gives important information about the level of
MVA flow /currents through the network regarding the maximum capacity of conductors. This gives the
information about need of system line upgrades. Values higher than unity (calculated MVA flow values higher
than the MVA capacity) of the index give the amount of capacity violation in term of line flows, whereas the
lower values indicate the capacity available and propotionatlely the voltage diviations are obtaioned by using the
following formulas:
. ......................(8)
VD = ........................... (9)
The benefit of incorporating DG in a system in context of line capacity released is measured by finding the
difference in IC between system with and without DG. The avoidance of flow near to the flow limit is an
important criterion as it indicates that how earlier the system needs to be upgraded and thus adding to the cost.
The use of IC index may not be applicable in the context available transmission capacity improvement in
transmission systems.
II. GENETIC ALGORITHM
The GA is inspired by the evolutionary theory explaining the origin of species. In nature, weak and unfit
species within their environment are faced with extinction by natural selection. The strong ones have greater
opportunity to pass their genes to future generations via reproduction. In the long run, species carrying the
correct combination in their genes become dominant in their population. Sometimes, during the slow process of
evolution, random changes may occur in genes. If these changes provide additional advantages in the challenge
for survival, new species evolve from the old ones. Unsuccessful changes are eliminated by natural selection.
In GA terminology, a solution vector is called an individual or a chromosome. Chromosomes are
made of discrete units called genes. Each gene controls one or more features of the chromosome. In the original
implementation of GA operates with a collection of chromosomes, called a population. The population is
normally randomly initialized, As the search evolves, the population includes fitter and fitter solutions, and
eventually it converges, means that it is dominated by a single solution. For convergence to the global optimum
where chromosomes are binary vectors GA use two operators to generate new solutions from existing ones
crossover and mutation,which are discussed in the susiquent of this paper.
a) Crossover
The crossover operator is the most important operator of GA. In crossover, generally two chromosomes,
called parents, are combined together to form new chromosomes, called offspring. The parents are selected
among existing chromosomes in the population with reference towards fitness so that offspring is expected to
inherit good genes which make the parents fitter. By iteratively applying the crossover operator, genes of good
chromosomes are expected to appear more frequently in the population, eventually leading to convergence to an
overall good solution. Crossover probability is taken 0.9.
4. Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed...
42
b) Mutation
The mutation operator introduces random changes into characteristics of chromosomes.Mutation is
generally applied at the gene level. In typical GA implementations, the mutation rate is very small, typically less
than 10%. However the mutation plays a criticalrole in GA. As discussed earlier, crossover leads the population
to converge by making the chromosomes in the population alike. Mutation reintroduces genetic diversity
backinto the population and assists the search escape from local optima. Mutation probability has taken 0.1.
c) Reproduction
Reproduction involves selection of chromosomes for the next generation. In the most general case, the
fitness of an individual determines the probability of its survival for the next generation. There are different
selection procedures in GA depending on how the fitness values are used. After initialization the value of
objective function is calculated. Corresponding to the value of objective function the next operation selection is
done. The following selection process is used in the system.Those are
1. Deterministic selection.
2. Roulette wheel selection.
3. Stochastic selection without replacement
4. Remainder stochastic sampling with replacement
5. Stochastic sampling with replacement
Out of these selection process the Roulette Selection process is considered in this paper since it gives fitness
values for each individual values ,that is the most important advantage ,with that the optimal evauation in
distribution system is done.
III. ROULETTE WHEEL SELECTION
Roulette Selection process is considered in this paper since it gives fitness values for each individual values
,that is the most important advantage.Those are
1. The objective function is evaluated for each individual, providing fitness values, which are normalized.
Normalization means multiplying the each fitness value of each individual by a fixed number, so that the sum of
all fitness values equals 1.
2. The population is sorted by descending fitness value.
3. Accumulated normalized fitness are computed ( the accumulated fitness value of an individual is the sum of
its own fitness value plus the fitness value of all previous individuals). The accumulated fitness of the last
individual should be 1.
4. A random number R between 0 and 1 is chosen.
5. The selected individual is the first one whose accumulated normalized value is greater R.
With the above analysis the procedure developed Genetic Algorithm .
Step 1: Initialization: Randomly generate the initial population of size N and set i = 0.
Step 2: Fitness Assignment: Evaluate the fitness value for each population based on its Objective function
value.
Step 3: If the stopping criterion is satisfied, terminate the search and display the result Else, go to Step 4.
Step 4: Crossover: To generate the offspring using crossover, randomly select two parents solution from the
initial population and then generate the two off-springs using crossover operator.
Step 5: Mutation: This operator randomly selects one parent solution from the initial population and applies the
mutation operator to generate a single offspring.
Step 6: Selection: Select N solutions from generated population and the old population, sed on their
fitness. Set generation i = i+1. Go to step 2. This steps are shown in flow charts of fig:1
5. Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed...
43
Fig. 1 Flow chart for Genetic Algorithm
IV. TEST OF 37-BUS SYSTEM USING GENETIC ALGORITHM (GA)
The 37-bus test system are taken from[7] the base values used are 100 MVAand 23 kV. The exhaustive power
flow solution for the37-bus distribution system is obtained in the following fashion.With this the system is
tested at different power factors such as upf,0.8laging and 0.8 leading by considering single DG
optimization,two DG,three DG,four DG and five DG optimization are tested with MATLAB environment using
Genetic Algorithm Technique and corressponding test results for optimization of objective function is discussed
elabrately in the following cases
Case 1.
a. Single DG Optimization for UPF:
The population size is 20. The chromosome length is 15. The first five bit of chromosome contains only 0 or 1.
The bit 0 represents that there is no DG and the bit 1 represents there is a DG at the corresponding place. The
next five bit represents the number of node and the last five bit represents the size of the DG. After initialization
of the population and calculating the fitness function the selection, crossover and mutation is done. And the
obtained optimal site and size is as following for all the five type of loads.
6. Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed...
44
b. Single DG Optimization for 0.8 lag:
The population size is 20. The chromosome length is 20. The first five bit of chromosome contains only 0 or 1.
The bit 0 represents that there is no DG and the bit 1 represents there is a DG at the corresponding place. The
next five bit represents the number of node and the third five bit represents the size of the active DG and the last
five bit represents reactive size of DG. After initialization of the population and calculating the fitness function
the selection, crossover and mutation is done. And the obtained optimal site and size is as following for all the
five type of loads.
c. Single DG Optimization for 0.8 lag:
The population size is 20. The chromosome length is 20. The first five bit of chromosome contains only 0 or 1.
The bit 0 represents that there is no DG and the bit 1 represents there is a DG at the corresponding place. The
next five bit represents the number of node and the third five bit represents the size of the active DG and the last
five bit represents reactive size of DG. After initialization of the population and calculating the fitness function
the selection, crossover and mutation is done. And the obtained optimal site and size is as following for all the
five type of loads.
Case 2. Multi-DG Optimization
a.Optimization for two DGs:
The population size is 20. The chromosome length is 6. The first two bit of chromosome contains only 0 or 1.
The bit 0 represents that there is no DG and the bit 1 represents there is a DG at the corresponding place. The
next two bit represents the number of node and the last two bit represents the size of the DG. After initialization
of the population and calculating the fitness function the selection, crossover and mutation is done. And the
obtained optimal sites and sizes are as following for all the five type of loads.
b.Optimization for three DGs:
Result for optimization of objective function (IMO) for three DG.The population size is 20. The chromosome
length is 9. The first three bit of chromosome contains only 0 or 1. The bit 0 represents that there is no DG and
the bit 1 represents there is a DG at the corresponding place. The next three bit represents the number of node
and the last three bit represents the size of the DG. After initialization of the population and calculating the
fitness function the selection, crossover and mutation is done and the optimal sites and sizes are obtained as
following for all the five type of loads. Which is shown in table 2.
Table 2. Optimal site and size for 37-bus system
c.Optimization for Four DGs:
Result for optimization of objective function (IMO) for four DGs of random sizes.The population size is 20. The
chromosome length is 12. The first four bit of chromosome contains only 0 or 1. The bit 0 represents that there
is no DG and the bit 1 represents there is a DG at the corresponding place. The next four bit represents the
number of node and the last four bit represents the size of the DG. After initialization of the population and
calculating the fitness function the selection, crossover and mutation is done and the optimal sites and sizes are
obtained as following for all the five type of loads. Which is shown in table 3.
Table 3. Optimal site and size for 37 bus system
7. Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed...
45
From the above analysisl, a DG size is considered in a practical range (0–0.63 p.u.). The DG of 0.0 p.u.
corresponds to system without DG whereas 0.63 p.u. corresponds to a case of maximum possible value of DG
planned. First it is considered that the DG is operated at unity p.f. and then 0.8 power factor lagging and
leading. And for two DGs, three DGs,and four DGs has been evaluated and from table2 ,table3 the optimal site
and size are inversely propotional ,it means if more than one DG the cost will become more and the aytem is
also more complex i.e.it is better to install the single DG of single DG of lagging power factor (p.f=0.8) is better
but in the case of leading power factor DG (p.f=0.8) the value of IMO increases. Finally the comparison
between single and multi objective optimizations are
(1) In general, multi-objective optimization requires more computational effort than single-objective
optimization. Unless preferences are irrelevant or completely understood, solution of several single-objective
problems may be necessary to obtain an acceptable final solution.
(2) The advantage of the weighted sum approach is a straightforward implementation. Since a single objective is
used in fitness assignment, a single objective GA can be used with minimum modifications.Amulti-objective
GA based set of solutions have difficulty in finding the single solution.
(3) Solutions obtained with no articulation of preferences are arbitrary relative to the Pareto optimal set. In this
class of methods, the objective sum method is one of the most computationally efficient, easy-to-use, and
common approaches. Consequently, it provides a benchmark approach to multiobjective optimization.
4) Solution obtained by single objective optimization is unique which is globally optimized and user is bound to
go for that solution only but in case of multi-objective optimization user is free to choose the solution as per his
requirement.
V. CONCLUSION
The exhaustive analysis, including load models, for size-location planning of distributed generation in
multiobjective optimization in distribution systems is presented. The multiobjective criteria based on system
performance indices of ILP and ILQ, related to real and reactive power losses, and IC and IVD, related to
system MVA capacity enhancement and voltage profile improvement, is utilized in the present work. The
overall value of multiobjective index (IMO) is found to be significantly different with different load models.
The effect of load models on individual performance indices is also shown and it is established that the load
models play a decisive role in deciding the size-location pair of DG in any practical distribution system. The
application of GA for DG size-location planning has been tested by comparing the results with exhaustive
enumeration. It was observed that when GA was run multiple numbers of times at some cases the suboptimal
solutions were also obtained. It is worth noting that, no cases is cosidered the suboptimal solution compared to
second best solution of suboptimal values.Finally the solution for the small could be obtained in the exhaustive
fashion but it becomes prohibitive for large system and therefore GA is useful for such system even with
suboptimal solutions.
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List of symbols:
ILP- Real power loss index
ILQ-Reactive power loss index
IC-MVA Capacity index
IVD- Voltage profile index
IMO- Index of multi-objective
VD-Voltage deviation
-Weight given to ILP
-Weight given to ILQ
-Weight given to IC
-Weight given to IVD