S. Soongsathitanon, et al., "A new Standard Uptake Values (SUV)
Calculation based on Pixel Intensity Values," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION , NAUN, Issue 1, Volume 6, pp 26-33, 2012 .
http://www.naun.org/journals/mcs/
Radiosurgery is a discipline that utilizes externally generated ionizing radiation in certain cases to inactivate or eradicate a defined target(s) in the head or spine without the need to make an incision. Its uses in Neurosurgery is immense.
Despite the recent developments that have been made in the field of percutaneous left main (LM) intervention, the
treatment of distal LM bifurcation remains challenging. The provisional one-stent approach for LM bifurcation has
shown more favorable outcomes than the two-stent technique, making the former the preferred strategy in most
types of LM bifurcation stenosis. However, elective two-stent techniques, none of which has been proven superior
to the others, are still used in patients with severely diseased large side branches to avoid acute hemodynamic
compromise. Selecting the proper bifurcation treatment strategy using meticulous intravascular ultrasound evaluation
for side branch ostium is crucial for reducing the risk of side branch occlusion and for improving patient outcomes. In
addition, unnecessary complex intervention can be avoided by measuring fractional flow reserve in angiographically
isolated side branches. Most importantly, good long-term clinical outcomes are more related to the successful
procedure itself than to the type of stenting technique, emphasizing the greater importance of optimizing
the chosen technique than the choice of metho
Moving for a Better Beat: How Exercise Benefits the HeartInsideScientific
Join Dr. Louise Naylor as she dives into the benefits of exercise to optimize and maintain the cardiovascular system.
Exploring the effects of exercise and exercise training on the cardiovascular system, Louise draws on real case studies to illustrate the many benefits of exercise in elite athletes right through to patients with end stage heart failure.
Key Topics Include:
- Developing a deeper appreciation of the importance of exercise to optimize and maintain cardiovascular health
- Appreciating that all exercise isn’t all the same – different modes of exercise induce distinctly different physiological stimuli and adaptations
- Understanding whether exercise is safe for everyone
- The Goldilocks Principle: is there such a thing as too little or too much exercise?
- Not everyone responds the same to an identical exercise program
Radiosurgery is a discipline that utilizes externally generated ionizing radiation in certain cases to inactivate or eradicate a defined target(s) in the head or spine without the need to make an incision. Its uses in Neurosurgery is immense.
Despite the recent developments that have been made in the field of percutaneous left main (LM) intervention, the
treatment of distal LM bifurcation remains challenging. The provisional one-stent approach for LM bifurcation has
shown more favorable outcomes than the two-stent technique, making the former the preferred strategy in most
types of LM bifurcation stenosis. However, elective two-stent techniques, none of which has been proven superior
to the others, are still used in patients with severely diseased large side branches to avoid acute hemodynamic
compromise. Selecting the proper bifurcation treatment strategy using meticulous intravascular ultrasound evaluation
for side branch ostium is crucial for reducing the risk of side branch occlusion and for improving patient outcomes. In
addition, unnecessary complex intervention can be avoided by measuring fractional flow reserve in angiographically
isolated side branches. Most importantly, good long-term clinical outcomes are more related to the successful
procedure itself than to the type of stenting technique, emphasizing the greater importance of optimizing
the chosen technique than the choice of metho
Moving for a Better Beat: How Exercise Benefits the HeartInsideScientific
Join Dr. Louise Naylor as she dives into the benefits of exercise to optimize and maintain the cardiovascular system.
Exploring the effects of exercise and exercise training on the cardiovascular system, Louise draws on real case studies to illustrate the many benefits of exercise in elite athletes right through to patients with end stage heart failure.
Key Topics Include:
- Developing a deeper appreciation of the importance of exercise to optimize and maintain cardiovascular health
- Appreciating that all exercise isn’t all the same – different modes of exercise induce distinctly different physiological stimuli and adaptations
- Understanding whether exercise is safe for everyone
- The Goldilocks Principle: is there such a thing as too little or too much exercise?
- Not everyone responds the same to an identical exercise program
Image segmentation is still an active reason of research, a relevant research area
in computer vision and hundreds of image segmentation techniques have been proposed by
the researchers. All proposed techniques have their own usability and accuracy. In this paper
we are going present a review of some best lung nodule existing detection and segmentation
techniques. Finally, we conclude by focusing one of the best methods that may have high
level accuracy and can be used in detection of lung very small nodules accurately.
All medical imaging equipment manufactured today is supposed to conform to the DICOM standards. Viewing of the images thus produced cannot be done by ordinary imaging programs available on a regular PC. A special diagnostic medical imaging program is required, known as a DICOM workstation. For commercial use in medical diagnosis, such diagnostic medical imaging programs need to be FDA approved and need a special license. These measures ensure that any application developed for clinical purposes is capable of accurate depiction of high quality medical images.
A Review of Super Resolution and Tumor Detection Techniques in Medical Imagingijtsrd
Images with high resolution are desirable in many applications such as medical imaging, video surveillance, astronomy etc. In medical imaging, images are obtained for medical investigative purposes and for providing information about the anatomy, the physiologic and metabolic activities of the volume below the skin. Medical imaging is an important diagnosis instrument to determine the presence of certain diseases. Therefore increasing the image resolution should significantly improve the diagnosis ability for corrective treatment. Brain tumor detection is used for identifying the tumor present in the Brain. MRI images help the doctors for identifying the Brain tumor size and shape of the tumor. The purpose of this report to provide a survey of research related super resolution and tumor detection methods. Fathimath Safana C. K | Sherin Mary Kuriakose ""A Review of Super Resolution and Tumor Detection Techniques in Medical Imaging"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23525.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/23525/a-review-of-super-resolution-and-tumor-detection-techniques-in-medical-imaging/fathimath-safana-c-k
An approach for radiation dose reduction in computerized tomographyIJECEIAES
Minimization of radiation dose plays an important role in human wellbeing. Excess of radiation dose leads to cancer. Radiation greatly affects young children less than 10 years of age as their life span is longer. Radiation can be reduced by hardware and/or by software techniques. Hardware methods deal with variation of parameters such as tube voltage, tube current, exposure time, focal distance and filter type. Software techniques include image processing methods. The originally acquired X-ray images may be contaminated with noise due to the fact of instability in the case of sensors, electrical power or X-ray source, that is responsible for the degradation of the image attributes. An enhanced image denoising algorithm has been proposed which decreases Gaussian noise combined with salt and pepper noise that retains most information particulars.
A N E XQUISITE A PPROACH FOR I MAGE C OMPRESSION T ECHNIQUE USING L OSS...ijcsitcejournal
The imminent evolution in the field of medical imaging, telehealth and teleradiology services has been on a
significant rise with a dire need for a proficient structure for the compression of a DICOM (Digital
Imaging and Communications
in Medicine) standard medical image obtained through various modalities,
with clinical relevance and digitized clinical data, and various other diagnostic phenomena and the
progressive transmission of such a medical image over varying bandwidths. The data
loss redundancy
during the process of compression is to be maintained below the alarming level, meaning it is to be under
scanner without the loss of data/information. In this paper we present an efficient time bound algorithm
that utilizes a process flow
wherein multiple ROI sectors as well as the Non
-
ROI sector of the DICOM
image are considered in the algorithmic machine and the compression is done based upon a hybrid
compression algorithm by LZW & SPIHT encoder & decoder machines. The paper provides a m
agnitude of
the overall compression ratio involved in thus compressing the DICOM standard image. It also provides a
brief description about the PSNR values obtained after suitably compressing the image. We analyze the
various encoder scenarios and have pro
jected a suitable hybrid lossless compression algorithm that helps
in the retrieval of the data/information related to the image.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
A new Standard Uptake Values (SUV) Calculation based on Pixel Intensity Values
1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION
A new Standard Uptake Values (SUV)
Calculation based on Pixel Intensity Values
SOMPHOB SOONGSATHITANON, PAWITRA MASA-AH and MALULEE TUNTAWIROON
Abstract— Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is one of the The simplest semi-quantitative approach is to estimate the
major cancer imaging tools for both diagnosis and staging. The concentration of tracer in a given region from PET images by
prognostic significant parameter for PET scan is Standard Uptake using an ROI analysis. The semi-quantitative measure of local
Values (SUV). The SUV can be used as a tool to supplement the FDG uptake has been developed and utilized in differentiating
visual interpretation for physician. However the SUV can not be benign from malignant lesion since malignant lesions in
calculated without the vendor’s application software. In order to general having greater uptake. SUV (Standardized Uptake
calculate the SUV without the vendor’s application software, a new Value) is the value that often used in PET scan.
standard uptake values (SUV) calculation scheme based on image Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) is universally used in
intensity has been introduced. This new scheme is tested by using routine clinical practice. It is used as a parameter of the semi-
108 slices of DICOM files obtained from 11 patients (8 men, 3 quantitative in FDG - PET analysis. The SUV provides a
women). The comparative study between this scheme and the GE determination of activity in a defined region of interest (ROI)
Xeleris workstation has been done and the results showed that the normalized to the patient’s body weight and administered
correlation between the two systems is statistically significant with a
dose. Being a ratio, it is unit less and is calculated by
99% confidence interval. The average percentage of accuracy is 85%
Measure Activity in Region of interest (ROI)(mCi/ml) ..(1)
for the report at a 95% confidence interval. So this scheme can be SUVbw =
used as an alternative tool to calculate the SUV and it can be Injected Dose (mCi)
installed in any computers. Body Weight (g)
SUV is affected by several factors. It has a strong positive
Keywords—Positron Emission Tomography combined Computed
correlation with weight if it is calculated in body weight term.
tomography (PET/CT), Standardized Uptake Value (SUV), The
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) The time of measurement is also effected, the earlier imaging
provides low results, and conversely delayed scans provide
I. INTRODUCTION high SUV. Also the other factors such as dose extravasations,
attenuation parameters, reconstruction parameters, partial
PET/CT was launched to market in early 2001. It has been volume effect and plasma glucose level in patient blood affect
popular since then. Now PET/CT has been became one of the the value of SUV.
main imaging tool for both diagnosis and staging in cancer. The cut-off value for malignant lesion is 2.5 and it has
PET/CT can also be used in radiation treatment planning largely been proven to be an oversimplification. SUV is the
(RTP) because of the ability to demonstrate the physiological one of many criteria used for interpretation, including visual
data of the tumor cell. PET/CT is classified as medical device uptake, lesion size relative to uptake, and also clinical history.
that measures radioactive traces injected into the body. Some routine clinical purpose, visual analysis of PET images
PET is a non-invasive diagnostic tool that provides is sufficient for clinical interpretation. SUV does provide an
tomographic images and quantitative parameters of the blood objective parameter for image analysis and is useful for
perfusion, cell viability, proliferation and / or metabolic research purpose. For patients with cancer, it is important to
activity of tissues. These images result from the use of report SUV of chosen index lesions.
different substances of biological interest (glucose, amino Either SUVmaximum or SUVmean in a region of interest (ROI)
acids, and hormones) labeled with positron emitting can be used. Nevertheless physician prefers to report the case
radionuclides. by the Maximum SUV. Because the maximum SUV is least
PET radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnostic. They are affect by partial volume effect, [2] so in this research we
used for imaging of metabolic pathway in the body. F18-FDG calculate the SUVmax which is obtained from the Maximum
is a widely used technique in clinical practice today. Pixel Value in the image slice.
FDG could be used as tracer for diagnosis of cancer because
FDG is an analog of glucose that the living cell will be taken
up in the first stage of glucose pathway. The taking of FDG by
cell depends on an increased of glycolytic activity in
neoplastic cell which is a cancer cell.
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 26
2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION
system (PACS). It covers all of the data transfer, storage and
display protocol created and designed to cover all aspects of
digital photography, medical simplified.
Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) is an
electronic system dedicated to medical image management.
It enables the following image cycle: production on imaging
devices, archiving, transfer via network and consultation,
processing and softcopy reading on stations. It is a standard for
file formats and inter-system communication used in hospitals
and clinical labs for storing radiology images (Xrays, MRIs,
CTs, PET/CT, etc).
Fig 1. the example of all image planes from PET/CT : coronal Fig 2. The work flow diagram of PACS and DICOM in the system.
plane(above), sagittal plane(below), transaxial plane(right)
(http://www.westcoastradiology.net/images/pic-pet-ct-1.jpg)
To calculate the SUV, ROI was drawn on the image that
appears on the screen by the reader (physician). The computer
then calculates the average density or maximum density in that
ROI, then the decay of uptake in the period and counting
efficiency were corrected. The pixel intensity value in the ROI
area finally was converted to the activity per gram of tissue,
assuming tissue density is equal to 1 g/cc. [1-2]
The body weight (kg) and injected dose (µCi(Bq)) were
together used, the SUV is calculated for the ROI using Eq. 1.
All process above needs a specific application program.
Each manufacture (vendor) in the market has their own
application which supports only the files from their equipment.
Moreover the workstation of application is mostly installed
nearby the equipment or in the hospital area. The limitation of
data accessible is the main motivation in this research. We
eradicate limitation by created the application program for
calculate the SUV using MATLAB which is a widely used in
science and engineering.
In this research, DICOM (Digital imaging and
communications in medicine) [3-4] file is used as the sample
source. DICOM is not just an image or file formats. DICOM
file is a file format developed by the DICOM Standards
Committee whose members are partly members of NEMA.
Fig.3. Major Picture Archiving and Communication System
The strength of DICOM files is the exchangeability between
(PACS) components. Image acquisition devices (modalities)
two entities that are capable of receiving image and patient
store
data. DICOM also enables the integration of scanners, servers,
workstations, printers, and network hardware from multiple
manufacturers into a picture archiving and communication
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 27
3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION
A DICOM file is easily divided into two main parts which
are the DICOM image and the metadata (header). The SUV
calculation scheme is created based on the data from both part.
Fig 4. The data elements consisting of TAG, VR, Value Length and
Value field.
A DICOM file contains binary attribute or data elements.
Each element consists of
1. A tag, in the format of group, element (XXXX,XXXX)
that identifies the element.
• A Group No. Tells you about an entity.
• An Element No. Identifies the exact information
in the group
For Example, In the tag (0010,0020): Group No. is 0010 (a)
and Element No. is 0020. The Group no. 0010 tells you that
the information is about PATIENT and the Element No. 0020
tells you that the information is about the PATIENT NAME.
Some Groups: (Group numbers are in Hexadecimal)
Group 2: Contains File Meta information
Group 8: General series info.
Group 10: Patient info.
Group 20: General Study info.
Group 28: Image info.
Etc.
2. A Value Representation (VR) that describes the data
type and format of the attribute's value. It is an
optional field.
3. A value length (VL) that defines the length of the
attribute's value.
4. A value field containing the attribute's data.
Each data element must be read in order to march through Fig. 5. The DICOM file is reviewed by MATLAB (a.) Image part (b.)
the file and find the data of interest. Header (Metadata) part.
The current DICOM standard specifies that the file contains
the string "DICM" starting at byte position 128. For more practicable, the performance of the scheme was
tested by comparing to the well-known application from GE
healthcare (Xeleris workstation).
This paper will present the SUV calculation scheme that
was created from DICOM files by using MATLAB [5-6] and
the performance test of the SUV scheme by comparison of the
SUV from the scheme to the SUV obtained from the Xeleris
workstation. For more practicable, the tests were based on
patient files.
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 28
4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION
II. METHOD
Since the similar study is not much prevalent. So we have to
start doing the research by PILOT STUDY. The purpose of
pilot study is for studying the characteristic of DICOM file
type that would be used in the research. The Pilot study has
done by scanning phantom instead of patients. Then the
obtained files could be used for study further.
In the pilot study, we used DICOM files from Phantom scan
(PILOT STUDY). It must be prepared, and we use the WCC
phantom or well Counter Correction Phantom and do the scan
according to the Phantom preparing for Quarterly QC.
The algorithm of the SUV calculation scheme
a) Extract pixel intensity value from PET image.
Define the region of interest (ROI) in the image and
then extract the pixel intensity value in that ROI. The
maximum of the value is used for SUVmax calculation.
b) Convert the obtained pixel intensity value from ROI to
the activity concentration in Becquerel.
The pixel intensity value represents the accumulation
of activity in the region, the conversion needs the
parameter from the metadata part which is containing
all information of the scan.
The attributed tags in this part include Rescale Slope,
Rescale Intercept, dose calibration and Units. (Only
Rescale slope is individual in each slice). [7-8]
Activity Conc. in ROI (Bq/ml)
= Pixel Value × Image Scale Factor × dose calibration ……..(2)
Image Scale Factor = Rescale Slope ….(3)
c) Together all other related attributed tag for calculate
SUV within a file slice.
Fig 6 SUV calculation algorithm of MATLAB scheme
Full fill the SUV calculation formula (1) by the actual
For more practicable the SUV calculation Scheme testing is
activity and body weight which are obtained from
needed. This research uses the same sample to compare SUV
these attributed tag i.e. Total Dose (0018,1074),
from two methods. This SUV calculation Scheme is operated
Series Date (0008,0021), Series Time
on the PC with the installed MATLAB. In order to evaluate
(0008,0031),Radiopharmaceutical Start Time
the performance of the scheme, it is compared to the SUV that
(0018,1072), Radiopharmaceutical Half Life
obtained from the Well-known application software from GE
(0018,1075) and Patient Weight (0010,1010)
healthcare (Xeleris workstation).
d) Calculate as a volume term by integral SUV from many
The scheme will be tested by inputting the PET DICOM
slices.
file. The first aspect in this comparison is that both systems
In practical, SUV calculation is analyzed in the
need to proceed in the same file. After a study of GE
Volume of Interest (VOI). So In this study , We
healthcare DICOM file by doing the PILOT STUDY, we
defined the volume of interest (VOI) and then
found that GE healthcare has stored the DICOM file by
summarized the SUV in every slice in the volume.
arranged inversely. The first file (Slice No.1) on Xeleris is the
The ROI of SUV from each slice is all same position
last DICOM file (Slice No.277) on MATLAB.
and size.
Both Xeleris and MATLAB (the SUV calculation scheme)
allow the interpretation of ROI analysis. The circular ROIs
were drawn surrounding the region of FDG uptake (lesion). In
each patient is consisted of many of file slices according to
each lesion on each patient. The SUV in the defined region
was recorded by the Xeleris® workstation and MATLAB.
The main SUV calculation scheme was created as an
application that can calculate the SUV by drawing
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 29
5. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION
immediately on the DICOM files that you want to know. Both
systems are needed to analyze on the same file, and also
matched region of interest (ROI). The ROI within slice was
drawn in the same location and size. So another application is
needed to be created to compare them both. It was run by
calling the file as ROIs model (include position and shape) for
the next DICOM file to compare.
Fig 8 procedure of data sampling and analysis
The statistical analysis was tested by using SPSS version 11.5
and Microsoft excel. The correlation between two variables
reflects the degree to which the variables are related. The most
common measure of correlation is Pearson's Correlation.
Pearson's correlation reflects the degree of linear relationship
between two variables. It is used when both variables are at
least at interval level and data parametric.
Fig 7 Analysis screen of (a) Xeleris Workstation (b) MATLAB The SUV from new MATLAB scheme was compared to the
scheme Xeleris workstation. It was performed with 108 file slices from
11 patients. The correlation of both systems was analyzed with
Pearson's correlation technique. The accuracy of new scheme
was tested by calculating the relative error between both
system and distribution of these result were tested.
III. RESULTS
The SUVs from the new scheme which was created by
MATLAB were directly compared with the well known
PET/CT application, Xeleris Workstation. It was performed
the comparison by using 108 slices of DICOM files that were
obtained from 11 patients (8 men, 3 women). Those files were
randomly sampled by computer. They were taken through F18-
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 30
6. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION
FDG PET/CT scanning at Siriraj Imaging Center during
January to October 2010. Accuracy
14
The SUV from Xeleris Workstation and MATLAB were
compared by the Pearson correlation Test. The result showed 12
high correlation coefficient of 0.974 indicating a close
correlation of results from Xeleris workstation and MATLAB. 10
R2 is 0.9487, we can say that about 99% of comparable
capability to predict the SUVMATLAB from SUVXeleris, 1% 8
remain for other factors plus randomness
6
Table 1 The correlation of maximum SUV between 2 systems. 4
Correlations
Frequency
2 Std. Dev = 6.73
Xeleris MATLAB Mean = 85.2
0 N = 108.00
Xeleris Pearson
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
1 .974(**)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Correlation
Accuracy
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000
N 108 108
MATLA Pearson
.974(**) 1
B Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .
N 108 108
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 2 Statistical an analysis of accuracy of SUVs obtained
from MATLAB scheme.
Std.
%
Mea
Accura SD
n
cy
Err.
Fig.9 Histogram and Chart of the percentage accuracy from
N MATLAB and Xeleris workstation.
85.203 6.732 0.647
10 Mean
6 9 9 The percentage accuracy of MATLAB is normally distributed
8 significantly with a 95% confidence interval.
Lower 83.919
95%Confide Table 3 The percentage accuracy of SUV arranges by range.
Bound 3
nce Interval Range N SD
Upper 86.488
for Mean Xa < 5 14 90.82 4.71
Bound 0 5 < Xb<10 38 85.52 6.42
10 < Xc < 15 20 82.50 6.19
- Minimum 75.16 17 7.84
15 < Xd < 20 87.83
- Maximum 99.96 Xe > 20 19 81.84 4.21
The chart in Fig.9 shows the percentage accuracy of SUV
From table 1, the average of percentage accuracy is 85% and sorted by range from 0-30.
for the report at 95% confidence interval, the result ranged
from 83.91% to 86.48%.
The performance of MATLAB scheme was tested by
comparing the obtained SUVmax to the Xeleris Workstation.
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 31
7. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTERS IN SIMULATION
However, it can be simply completed more ultimately in a
future.
This scheme was created by using MATLAB language.
MATLAB is a technical computing language which is a widely
used tool in science and engineering community. It allows
creation of user interfaces. Therefore, the scheme can be
developed to be the convenient and easy-to-use application
program with an uncomplicatedly approach. Moreover, instead
of MATLAB, the scheme can also be written in any other
programming language.
V. CONCLUSION
This research presented the SUV calculation in a new
technique. The study was divided into 2 main sections. The
first section is about the creation of SUV calculation scheme
and the second section is about the scheme testing. However,
for more understanding, the pilot study was done firstly.
The agreeable results above were represented in order to
Fig.10 Scatter gram of percentage accuracy from the reassure that the scheme of SUV calculation provided the
MATLAB scheme. correct SUV value. It can be interchangeably used for PET/CT
analysis and interpretation instead of the application from any
From the percentage accuracy of SUV from MATLAB well-known vendor.
scheme arranged by range (table 3), the result shows high Generally, Vendor's DICOM is not always useable by
accuracy in the lower range ( at SUV < 5). The accuracy of another vendor's products. The application software is built up
estimate is expressed by confident interval with specific for using with its own scanner. That is a weakness of the
confidence level. At 95% confident interval, the accuracy of application software in today’s market. So the new scheme was
SUV from the MATLAB scheme is 85%. created to eliminate that limitation.
In an ideal scheme, it should be able to read all
every vendor's DICOM. But in this research DICOM files
from PET/CT DISCOVERY STE (DSTE) were used. It is a
IV. DICUSSION scanner of GE healthcare’s vendor. DSTE is an only PET/CT
The calculation scheme is different in data type, so the scanner which is used in Siriraj Imaging Center.
conversion is mainly needed in every step. A lower SUV The SUV from the scheme which was created by MATLAB
compared to the Xeleris workstation in all study may possibly could be used interchangeably with PET/CT Xeleris®
because of the data lost in conversion step. Since the workstation. It can also be used for interpretation of PET/CT
MATLAB scheme is defined in term of the amount of SUV image without losing the capacity to accurately measure the
value, we found that the small value of SUV gives high SUV.
accuracy compared to the large value. It means that the The new scheme is a stand-alone application, running on PC
MATLAB scheme is high effective for using with the small with MATLAB installing. Therefore, the new scheme allows
SUV. for more simple interpretation of SUV. Physician can access,
The data viewing, analysis and interpretation in a PET / CT interpret and analyze data without other software.
scanning are often done by software that is installed within the The interchangeability of this scheme offers user to the
workstation area or where the PACS is accessible. Besides, the convenient and approachability of data. The benefit of this
application software is generally from the same manufacturer scheme is that it can be adopted as a PET/CT analysis tool to
of the scanner. These are the problem and reason that is medical imaging system. It allows a reduction in the number of
leading to this research. computer for the practice. Moreover, it allows direct
The sample source of this research is DICOM files. These comparison with prior study without consideration of modality
are archived from PET/CT Discovery STE (DSTE) scanner and its archive procedure, which is beneficial in a multi-vendor
[9]. In the comparative study, it was tested by comparing with surrounding.
the Xeleris workstation. Both DSTE and Xeleris workstation
are manufactured by GE healthcare and routinely operated in REFERENCES
Siriraj Imaging Center. [1] J. A. Thie, "Understanding the standardized uptake value, its methods, and
The SUV scheme in this research was created by DICOM implications for usage," J Nucl Med, vol. 45, pp. 1431-4, Sep 2004.
[2] G. B. Saha, Basics of PET imaging : physics, chemistry, and regulations,
file based on the attribute of GE’s vendor. Each 2nd ed. New York ; London: Springer, 2010.
vendor implements DICOM in its own dialect. Even though, [3] O. S. Pianykh, Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM)
the SUV calculation is based on the fundamental formula, but : a practical introduction and survival guide. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
different vendor’s DICOM impose slightly different method. [4] F. J.Novoa, et al., "Development of a DICOM server for the reception and
storage of medical images in digital format," in the 4th WSEAS
So, this SUV scheme was supported only for GE’s DICOM.
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 32
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[5] P. Masa-Ah and S. Soongsathitanon, "A Novel Standardized Uptake
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[8] "Technical Publication Advance TM 5.1 Conformance Statement for
DICOM V3.0," G. M. System, Ed., ed: General Electric Healthcare, pp.
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Somphob Soongsathitanon was born at Ratchaburi in Thailand on 20
October 1973. He graduated in electrical engineering from the Sirindhorn
International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Thailand
in 1996. Then he received Master of Science in Operational
Telecommunications from Coventry University, United Kingdom in 1998.
After two years work experience, he registered at Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom in 2000 for a Ph.D. in computer
engineering. He completed the doctoral research in Digital Image Processing
in 2004 He has had a long research career in Thailand and UK. He has
published a number of papers in the area of video block matching algorithms
and digital image processing. Currently he works as a lecturer in Nuclear
Medicine Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.
Thailand.
Pawitra Masa-ah was born at Narathiwat,Thailand on May 17,1983. She
received her B.Sc in Physics from Thaksin University, Songkhla, Thailand, in
2004 and now she is the student of master science programme in Radiological
Science (M.Sc Radiological Science) in Nuclear Medicine Division,
Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol
University. Bangkok, Thailand. She is interested in the Medical Image
Processing , DICOM, PACS, and Radiation Physics.
Malulee Tuntawiroon was born at Bangkok, on July 20, 1946. She received
her B.Sc in Medical Physics and M.Sc in Nuclear Medicine from M.D.
Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, University of Texas at Houston, USA
in 1966. She is an Associate Professor and currently a lecturer of the Master of
Science Programme (Radiological Science), Teaches principles of health
physics for care and treatment of patients to resident physicians, provides
health physics information, technical data and advices to ensure existing safety
standards at Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. Her interest and
Research Experiences (1955-2010) is the Radiation safety and dosimetric
calculations.
.
Issue 1, Volume 6, 2012 33