1) The document presents a new method for estimating water saturation values based on analyzing seismic wave attenuation using the Biot-Turgut-Yamamoto-Sismanto equation.
2) The method is applied to vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data from the Pasir Cantang well in West Java to estimate water saturation values for some layers.
3) While the method can technically estimate water saturation from VSP data, the results have not been calibrated against known well values, which is an important step for accuracy.
Sinusoidal Model Development for the Study of Diurnal Variation of Surface Ai...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Advances in Rock Physics Modelling and Improved Estimation of CO2 Saturation, Giorgos Papageorgiou - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Sinusoidal Model Development for the Study of Diurnal Variation of Surface Ai...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Advances in Rock Physics Modelling and Improved Estimation of CO2 Saturation, Giorgos Papageorgiou - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Integration of Seismic Inversion, Pore Pressure Prediction, and TOC Predictio...Andika Perbawa
Conventional natural gas is being exploited rapidly to achieve energy security and to satisfy the demand. However, due to the high demand for oil and gas it is becoming more difficult to find sufficient conventional reserves. To anticipate the predicted shortage of gas, we need to explore new, unconventional resources, such as shale gas. Shale gas is shale lithology that has high TOC, is brittle, and is located in the dry gas window zone. This study describes the early exploration of shale gas potential in one block in South Sumatra basin area.
In this study, the integration of geochemical data, rock physics and seismic inversion for characterizing and searching for shale gas potential will be described. The preliminary exploration stage of gas shale play covers sweet spot analysis using the Passey method to create a pseudo TOC in the target formation. Secondly, the overpressure area is mapped to avoid any potential pitfalls. Thirdly, seismic inversion is performed to map the distribution of shale based on the parameters Vp / Vs and map its TOC through conversion from Vp parameter.
As a result, log analysis shows one target zone of potential shale gas with TOC above 1% with a thickness of 100 feet. Integration of pore pressure data, shale distribution and TOC distribution of the target zone shows two potential areas in west, north-south trending, and in the east relatively of the well-X. Both locations can be recommended for the next pilot holes in order to acquire a complete set of new data and to be able to evaluate more intensively.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
Composite sea level prediction in the Mediterranean
Sea - comparisons with observations
By Florent Lyard and Laurent Roblou
Abstract
In this presentation, we focus on the sea level recorded and modelled in the Mediterranean Sea during the year
2002. Two dynamical models are made available to us, the first one designed to solve the ocean circulation
(Mercator Psy2-v1 (Newsletter Mercator N°8)) and the second one to solve the tide and storm surge processes
(Mog2D). We challenge the assumption that a combined use of those two models (i.e. through a full or partial
summation) should provide an optimal sea level predicting tool. By comparing with tide gauge measurements, the
predicting skills of models, alone and/or combined together, are estimated for different frequency ranges. The
two major conclusions that can be drawn from this study is that first a combination of low-pass filtered Mercator
plus Mog2D closely fits the recorded data, and second the Mog2D low frequency sea level signal is surprisingly
needed in this combination to obtain the best prediction (instead of the low-pass filtered Inverted Barometer
(IB)). Further investigations will be necessary to understand precisely the reasons of the latter finding.
Examination of Total Precipitable Water using MODIS measurements and Comparis...inventionjournals
In this research, precipitable water vapor, as the most effective character in the production of biomass is estimated using remote sensing techniques. Total Precipitable Water (TPW) was estimated using measurements in the Near Infrared bands of the MODIS. To examine the level of confidence in TPW deriving, a simultaneous in situ measurement by Radiosonde and ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) was carried out. The TPW as results in Radiosonde and GPS was accomplished using the relevant physical equations and base on wet delay troposphere, respectively. Results showed a high correlation among the values of TPW derived from MODIS banding ratio, Radiosonde and GPS data at the Mehrabad station. Also, Using the ratio of the apparent reflectance in the water vapor absorption band to reflectance in non-absorbing band, the atmospheric water vapor transparency was mapped, that the maps showed a high correlation between apparent reflectance and TPW MODIS as their statistical results showed an inverse negative relationship(R²= -0.97).
Modelling Fault Reactivation, Induced Seismicity, and Leakage During Underground CO2 Injection, Jonny Rutquvist - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Revisiting hydrostratigraphy in Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin: a well-log...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Author
Sunarwan, B.1, Irawan, DE. 1, Puradimaja, DJ. 1, Notosiswoyo, S.2, Sadisun, IA1, Setiawan, T.3, and Anugrah, RM4
Affiliation
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
2 Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132
3 Geological Survey of Indonesia, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Jl. Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung, 40122
4 Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21. Sumedang
Corresponding author:
a)Irawan, DE: d.erwin.irawan@gmail.com
Abstract
An attempt to revisit the hydro-stratigraphy of Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin (BSGB) has been done based on 111 well-logging training dataset. Transformation of resistivity values from well-log data to relative porosity and permeability used Chilingarian approach and Baker-Hughes Atlas of log responses. Then boundary marker was drawn to separated different aquifer layers. Simple linear regression equations were derived from the transformation: (a) tuff layers: θ= -0.0023ρ+2.5619,μ= -63.514θ+167.38,σ=22.912 μ+238.78; (b) clay layers: θ= -0.0181 ρ+2.6281,μ= -61.842 θ+163.91,σ=5.1202 μ-11.503; (c) sand layers: θ= -0.0078 ρ+2.5992,μ= -60.75 θ+161.02,σ=394.35 μ-2156.8. Based on the new aquifer taxonomy, three hydro-stratigraphic units (HSU) and six sub HSU have been defined. UHs 1 is the top layer of the BSGB, located at elevation above 650 masl. It has three sub HSU that consists of tuf and sand. The permeability (K) values of this unit range from 0,0014 to 0.1 m per day. HSU-2 with two sub HSU consists of tuf and sand, located at elevation from 625 to 650 masl. This unit has K values from 0.1 to 6 m per day. HSU-3, which is located at elevation from 500 to 625 masl, has only one sub HSU. This unit consists of tuf, sand, and volcanic breccias, with K values from 0.3 to 7.1 m per day. This models, however, are still needed more test to new dataset.
Kivekäs acp 2014 ship contribution to particle number (1)www.thiiink.com
“The ships sailing along the main shipping lane at the west coast
of Jutland Are responsible for 5 to 8 % of the number of all
particles at western Jutland, and between 4 and 8 % of the
particle mass concentration. The estimate from this measurement study
is however a gross underestimation of the true influence of the
shipping activity in the North Sea, since with the current method
that we used, we were not able to register the influence of all ships
sailing in the North Sea. So, in reality, we expect a much higher number.
In other words: The 5-8 % and 4 to 8 % number has to be considered
as a lower estimate. Hence, shipping is contributing to nanoparticles
downwind of major shipping lanes, which have dangerous health effects.
Since, we were able to account for the pollution from only one shipping lane
in the North Sea in the above study, we continued with the next study during
2016, using a different method, where we could study the influence from multiple ship lanes:
“In southern Baltic Sea, we were able to measure the influence from
many shipping lanes on the coastal air quality. The measurements
Showed that ship traffic contributes to almost half of all nanoparticles
In southern Baltic Sea coastal areas when winds were blowing from shipping lanes
Towards the Baltic coast. In other words, shipping is significantly contributing
To severe health effects at coastal areas.”
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This work focuses on the study of the chemical reactivity of an advanced oxidation process (AOP), called the
plasma technique, in order to prevent industrial effluent from pollution and better cope to several damage of
environment. The oxidizing and acidifying properties of an electric discharge of the gliding arc plasma and its
application to a target which is a real effluent (wastewater from Brasseries du Cameroun -Bafoussam plant)
fascinated this study. Samples were collected from the central collecting point (CCP) of the effluent. The
collected effluent samples were analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods, and then exposed to the
gliding discharge during specific time periods of 3-60 min to exhibit the desired decontamination effects. At the
end of 60 min of exposure time to the discharge, 52.22% and 50.19% obtained respectively to abatement of
turbidity and rate of fall in absorbance. This reduction can be explained by the fact that the coloured compounds
were degraded and this degradation gave rise to the transparent appearance observed. After stopping the
discharge process, the abatement percentage of BOD5, COD and TOC, were obtained at the same time (60min)
with values of 52.05%, 68.63% and 69.37% respectively. These results reflect the considerable reduction of the
pollution load of the wastewaters collected from CCP of the brewery. These results showed that the
effectiveness of the gliding arc plasma depends not only on the physico-chemical parameters of the target, but
also on the exposure time and concluded that the non-thermal plasma process alone provides good reduction of
organic pollutants in wastewater. Moreover, the phenomenon of post- discharge, even though not studied in
details demonstrated that, after switching the discharge, the evolution of parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity and TDS increase.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
Integration of Seismic Inversion, Pore Pressure Prediction, and TOC Predictio...Andika Perbawa
Conventional natural gas is being exploited rapidly to achieve energy security and to satisfy the demand. However, due to the high demand for oil and gas it is becoming more difficult to find sufficient conventional reserves. To anticipate the predicted shortage of gas, we need to explore new, unconventional resources, such as shale gas. Shale gas is shale lithology that has high TOC, is brittle, and is located in the dry gas window zone. This study describes the early exploration of shale gas potential in one block in South Sumatra basin area.
In this study, the integration of geochemical data, rock physics and seismic inversion for characterizing and searching for shale gas potential will be described. The preliminary exploration stage of gas shale play covers sweet spot analysis using the Passey method to create a pseudo TOC in the target formation. Secondly, the overpressure area is mapped to avoid any potential pitfalls. Thirdly, seismic inversion is performed to map the distribution of shale based on the parameters Vp / Vs and map its TOC through conversion from Vp parameter.
As a result, log analysis shows one target zone of potential shale gas with TOC above 1% with a thickness of 100 feet. Integration of pore pressure data, shale distribution and TOC distribution of the target zone shows two potential areas in west, north-south trending, and in the east relatively of the well-X. Both locations can be recommended for the next pilot holes in order to acquire a complete set of new data and to be able to evaluate more intensively.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
Composite sea level prediction in the Mediterranean
Sea - comparisons with observations
By Florent Lyard and Laurent Roblou
Abstract
In this presentation, we focus on the sea level recorded and modelled in the Mediterranean Sea during the year
2002. Two dynamical models are made available to us, the first one designed to solve the ocean circulation
(Mercator Psy2-v1 (Newsletter Mercator N°8)) and the second one to solve the tide and storm surge processes
(Mog2D). We challenge the assumption that a combined use of those two models (i.e. through a full or partial
summation) should provide an optimal sea level predicting tool. By comparing with tide gauge measurements, the
predicting skills of models, alone and/or combined together, are estimated for different frequency ranges. The
two major conclusions that can be drawn from this study is that first a combination of low-pass filtered Mercator
plus Mog2D closely fits the recorded data, and second the Mog2D low frequency sea level signal is surprisingly
needed in this combination to obtain the best prediction (instead of the low-pass filtered Inverted Barometer
(IB)). Further investigations will be necessary to understand precisely the reasons of the latter finding.
Examination of Total Precipitable Water using MODIS measurements and Comparis...inventionjournals
In this research, precipitable water vapor, as the most effective character in the production of biomass is estimated using remote sensing techniques. Total Precipitable Water (TPW) was estimated using measurements in the Near Infrared bands of the MODIS. To examine the level of confidence in TPW deriving, a simultaneous in situ measurement by Radiosonde and ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) was carried out. The TPW as results in Radiosonde and GPS was accomplished using the relevant physical equations and base on wet delay troposphere, respectively. Results showed a high correlation among the values of TPW derived from MODIS banding ratio, Radiosonde and GPS data at the Mehrabad station. Also, Using the ratio of the apparent reflectance in the water vapor absorption band to reflectance in non-absorbing band, the atmospheric water vapor transparency was mapped, that the maps showed a high correlation between apparent reflectance and TPW MODIS as their statistical results showed an inverse negative relationship(R²= -0.97).
Modelling Fault Reactivation, Induced Seismicity, and Leakage During Underground CO2 Injection, Jonny Rutquvist - Geophysical Modelling for CO2 Storage, Leeds, 3 November 2015
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Revisiting hydrostratigraphy in Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin: a well-log...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Author
Sunarwan, B.1, Irawan, DE. 1, Puradimaja, DJ. 1, Notosiswoyo, S.2, Sadisun, IA1, Setiawan, T.3, and Anugrah, RM4
Affiliation
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
2 Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132
3 Geological Survey of Indonesia, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Jl. Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung, 40122
4 Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21. Sumedang
Corresponding author:
a)Irawan, DE: d.erwin.irawan@gmail.com
Abstract
An attempt to revisit the hydro-stratigraphy of Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin (BSGB) has been done based on 111 well-logging training dataset. Transformation of resistivity values from well-log data to relative porosity and permeability used Chilingarian approach and Baker-Hughes Atlas of log responses. Then boundary marker was drawn to separated different aquifer layers. Simple linear regression equations were derived from the transformation: (a) tuff layers: θ= -0.0023ρ+2.5619,μ= -63.514θ+167.38,σ=22.912 μ+238.78; (b) clay layers: θ= -0.0181 ρ+2.6281,μ= -61.842 θ+163.91,σ=5.1202 μ-11.503; (c) sand layers: θ= -0.0078 ρ+2.5992,μ= -60.75 θ+161.02,σ=394.35 μ-2156.8. Based on the new aquifer taxonomy, three hydro-stratigraphic units (HSU) and six sub HSU have been defined. UHs 1 is the top layer of the BSGB, located at elevation above 650 masl. It has three sub HSU that consists of tuf and sand. The permeability (K) values of this unit range from 0,0014 to 0.1 m per day. HSU-2 with two sub HSU consists of tuf and sand, located at elevation from 625 to 650 masl. This unit has K values from 0.1 to 6 m per day. HSU-3, which is located at elevation from 500 to 625 masl, has only one sub HSU. This unit consists of tuf, sand, and volcanic breccias, with K values from 0.3 to 7.1 m per day. This models, however, are still needed more test to new dataset.
Kivekäs acp 2014 ship contribution to particle number (1)www.thiiink.com
“The ships sailing along the main shipping lane at the west coast
of Jutland Are responsible for 5 to 8 % of the number of all
particles at western Jutland, and between 4 and 8 % of the
particle mass concentration. The estimate from this measurement study
is however a gross underestimation of the true influence of the
shipping activity in the North Sea, since with the current method
that we used, we were not able to register the influence of all ships
sailing in the North Sea. So, in reality, we expect a much higher number.
In other words: The 5-8 % and 4 to 8 % number has to be considered
as a lower estimate. Hence, shipping is contributing to nanoparticles
downwind of major shipping lanes, which have dangerous health effects.
Since, we were able to account for the pollution from only one shipping lane
in the North Sea in the above study, we continued with the next study during
2016, using a different method, where we could study the influence from multiple ship lanes:
“In southern Baltic Sea, we were able to measure the influence from
many shipping lanes on the coastal air quality. The measurements
Showed that ship traffic contributes to almost half of all nanoparticles
In southern Baltic Sea coastal areas when winds were blowing from shipping lanes
Towards the Baltic coast. In other words, shipping is significantly contributing
To severe health effects at coastal areas.”
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This work focuses on the study of the chemical reactivity of an advanced oxidation process (AOP), called the
plasma technique, in order to prevent industrial effluent from pollution and better cope to several damage of
environment. The oxidizing and acidifying properties of an electric discharge of the gliding arc plasma and its
application to a target which is a real effluent (wastewater from Brasseries du Cameroun -Bafoussam plant)
fascinated this study. Samples were collected from the central collecting point (CCP) of the effluent. The
collected effluent samples were analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods, and then exposed to the
gliding discharge during specific time periods of 3-60 min to exhibit the desired decontamination effects. At the
end of 60 min of exposure time to the discharge, 52.22% and 50.19% obtained respectively to abatement of
turbidity and rate of fall in absorbance. This reduction can be explained by the fact that the coloured compounds
were degraded and this degradation gave rise to the transparent appearance observed. After stopping the
discharge process, the abatement percentage of BOD5, COD and TOC, were obtained at the same time (60min)
with values of 52.05%, 68.63% and 69.37% respectively. These results reflect the considerable reduction of the
pollution load of the wastewaters collected from CCP of the brewery. These results showed that the
effectiveness of the gliding arc plasma depends not only on the physico-chemical parameters of the target, but
also on the exposure time and concluded that the non-thermal plasma process alone provides good reduction of
organic pollutants in wastewater. Moreover, the phenomenon of post- discharge, even though not studied in
details demonstrated that, after switching the discharge, the evolution of parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity and TDS increase.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
Autosizing Control Panel for Needle BearingIJERA Editor
A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical rollers. Bearings are used to reduce friction of
any rotating surface. Needle bearings have a large surface in contact with the bearing outer surfaces as
compared to ball bearings. There is less added clearance(Diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing
are different) so they are much compact. The structure consists of a needle cage which contains the needle
rollersthemselves and an outer race (The housing itself). Radial bearings are cylindrical and they use rollers
parallel to the axis of the shaft. Radial pattern of needle are being used by thrust needles. Complement bearings
have solid inner as well as outer rings and rib-guided cylindrical rollers. The bearings have the largest number
of rolling elements and also have extremely high radial load carrying capacity and are suitable for compact
designs.Needle roller bearings have relatively small diameter cylindrical rolling elements whose length is much
larger than their diameter. As compared to other types of rolling bearings, needle roller bearings possess a small
cross-sectional height and significant load-bearing capacity and rigidity relative to their volume. Also, because
the inertial force acting on them is limited, needle bearings are an ideal choice for applications with oscillating
motion. These bearings also work well in compact and lightweight machine designs and they serve as a ready
replacement for sliding bearings. Needle bearings features are great rigidity, smaller cross-section, higher loadcarrying
capacity, and has lower inertia forces that facilitate to size and weight reductions in machinery. Needle
bearings are designed to stand in oscillation, performwell under any conditions, and interchange with the sliding
of bearings.
Intellectual Bank Locker Security SystemIJERA Editor
In today's modern world, security plays an important role. Every person has precious accessories like gold,
documents or cash. The main goal of this project is to design and implement a bank locker security system
based on fingerprint and GSM technology. It reduces wastage of time for both banker as well as customer and
provides advanced security. In this system, only authentic persons can recover money or accessories from bank
locker. In this system the user’s name, fingerprint and mobile number are enrolled. If the fingerprint matches,
then four digit code will be sent to the authorized person’s mobile through GSM modem and the locker door
will be opened then, otherwise it will be in locked position and gives an alarm when any mismatch occurs. The
sensors will be active during night times to provide security against thefts.
Modified Sierpinski Gasket for Wi-Fi and WLAN ApplicationsIJERA Editor
The hasty growth of wireless technologies has drawn new demands for integrated components including antennas and antenna on chip is a new mantra in the area of antenna research. Various techniques have been suggested by researchers for the miniaturization of microstrip patch antennas with multiband characteristics. Numerous antennas for multiband operation have been studied and designed for communication and radar systems. One of the solutions for the multiband characteristics is the fractal antenna. The Fractal antennas are based on the concept of fractal geometries. They can be designed in a variety of shapes in order to obtain enhanced gain and bandwidth, dual band and circular polarization to even ultra-wideband operation. In this paper, the fractal antenna has been designed using the Arlon substrate with relative permittivity of 1.3 and a substrate of Sierpinski gasket shaped placed on it. Feed used is the line feed. The designed antenna is a low profile, small size and multiband antenna since it can be operated at different frequencies within the frequency range of (1.75 – 2.65) and (5.7 – 7.65) GHz. It includes the frequencies used for wireless WLAN application and used to receive and transmit a high-frequency signal.
Comparative Study on the Design of Square,Rectangular and Circular Concrete W...IJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete overhead water tanks are used to store and supply safe drinking water. Design and cost estimation of overhead water tanks is a time consuming task, which requires a great deal of expertise. This study therefore examines the efficiency of Rectangular and Circular tanks. Tanks of 30m3, 90m3, 140m3 and 170m3 capacities were used in order to draw reasonable inferences on tank‟s shape design effectiveness, relative cost implications of tank types and structural capacities. Limit state design criteria were used for basic tank‟s construction materials- steel reinforcement, concrete and formwork were taken-off from the prepared structural drawings. Results of the material take-offs showed that, for each of the shapes, the amount of each structural materials increase as the tank capacity increases. Also Circular-shaped tank consumed lesser individual material as compared to Rectangular ones. Hence, this will give Circular-shaped tanks a more favoured selection over the rectangular shaped tanks.
Theoretical and experimental spectroscopic analysis by FTIR in the effect of ...IJERA Editor
The development of new fibrous composites with specific properties has attracted a big interest in the
development of new technologies. One of the biggest problems in this area is the improvement of the
fiber/matrix interface to increase the mechanical properties in the final composite. In this work, surface chemical
modifications of the rice husk (by-product of the rice industry) were carried out to achieve a better compatibility
with diverse polymeric matrices. These modifications include the use of three different silanes: 3-
(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TMS), dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS) and trichlorovinylsilane (TVS). The
natural fibers and their changes after each treatment were studied experimentally by Fourier Transformed
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This experimental spectroscopic information was compared with a theoretical
analysis of molecular vibrations using the HyperChem Release 7.0 software as molecular modeling tool. The
result of this comparison confirmed the chemical modification. It was concluded that the chemical modification
was carried out and after an experimental spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) the molecular vibrations data were agree
with those calculated by theoretical analysis being verified in this way the chemical modification of the rice-husk
fiber surface.
The Effect of Chitosan, Sorbitol, and Heating Temperature Bioplastic Solution...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, bioplastics is often researched to substitute the conventional plastics because bioplastics come from
raw materials that is very enviromentally friendly and bioplastics is degradable. The purposes of this research are
to know the characteristics of starch from durian seed and to know the effect of additional chitosan as filler,
sorbitol as plasticizer, and variation of heating temperature bioplastic solution on mechanical properties of
bioplastics. In process, the ratio between durian-seed starch and chitosan are 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 gram, while the
concentration of sorbitol are 20%, 30%, and 40%. The heating temperature of bioplastic solution is varied at 70
oC, 80 oC and 90 oC. Result of bioplastic FTIR shows there is increation of wave number N-H from 1570.06 cm-
1 to 1589.34 cm-1 and O-H from 3352.28 cm-1 to 3653.18 cm-1. The characteristic of durian seed starch has water
content 12.73%, ash content 0,51%, starch content 76,65%, amylose content 22.34%, amylopectin content
54.32%, protein content 11.61%, and fat content 0.61%. Optimum mechanical properties of bioplastic from
durian seed starch occurs in heating temperature 70 oC with composition between durian-seed starch and
chitosan is 7:3 grams and sorbitol 20.0 grams.
Evaluation Of The Level Of Compliance Of Cost Approach To Valuation To Provis...IJERA Editor
The cost approach to Valuation is one of the primary methods of valuation adopted in Nigeria by valuers in
solving industrial valuation problems. The method is based on the principles of contribution and substitution.
Generally, lacks of data, insecurity and instability in the Nigerian economy have made other models relatively,
inapplicable in Nigeria situation. Hence majority of the valuations done in Nigeria adopts the cost approach.
With recent focus of the world on environment, this paper tries to evaluate the level of compliance of this model
to the provisions of the National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities
Generating Waste) Regulations of 1991, since Estate Surveyors and Valuers are expected to play their role as
environmental protection advocates. The study adopted the survey research method and data was generated
using an evaluation checklist. The hypothesis developed was tested using the student “t” test and it was
discovered that that Cost approach to valuation does not comply with the provisions of the National
Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulation of
1991. The study recommended among other things that the model should be used with caution if Estate
Surveyors and Valuers in Nigeria will continue to play their role as Environmental Protection advocates.
Experimental Study and Optimisation of Mrr In CNC Plasma ARC CuttingIJERA Editor
The research and development in the precise and accurate machining technology of hard metals (Ferrous, non-ferrous and glass etc) is gaining much importance in the industry since last many years. Due to the tremendous competition and cost factor, the non-conventional machining technology is becoming the first choice of the engineers and technicians. In this era of advanced technological processes the CNC plasma arc machining is gaining tremendous ground in the industry. It is much more capable of producing best finished, high accurate machining of very complicated non-symmetrical profile in no time. The main objective and targets of this practical experiment is based to achieve the best possible setting and parameters of operation on a CNC plasma arc machine to achieving speedy work i.e. Maximum material removal rate.
Performance Analysis of TCP and SCTP For Congestion Losses In ManetIJERA Editor
Transmission control protocols have been used for data transmission process. TCP has been pre-owned for data transmission over wired communication having different bandwidths and message delays over the network. TCP provides communication using 3-handshake which sends RTS and ACK comes from server end and data message has been transmitted over the bandwidth provided. This does not provide security over flooding attack occurred on the network. TCP provides communication between different nodes of the wired communication but when multi-streaming occurs in a network TCP does not provides proper throughput of the system which is major problem that occurred in the previous system. In the proposed work, to overcome this problem SCTP transmission control protocol has been implemented for the system performance of the system. SCTP provides 4-handshake communication in the message transmit due to which security factor get increases and this also provides communication services over multi-streaming and multi-homing. Multiple sender and receivers can communicate over wired network using various approaches of communication through same routers, which degrades in the TCP protocol. In final we evaluate parameters for performance evaluation. Here, we designed and implemented our test bed using Network Simulator (NS-2.35) to test the performance of both Routing protocols.
Study of Measurement of luminescence life time of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/...IJERA Editor
Luminescence life time measurements of the Nd3+ ions in the 6-FDA/UVR and Al2o3 hosts were performed
using a Laser diode emitting at 800nm as the excitation source. Optical losses in both materials have been
studied and compared absorption bands of Nd3+ have been observed at 580nm ,745nm, 800nm and 870nm .
Based on which Judd- ofelt analysis has been applied to study the transition properties of Nd3+ ions in the two
hosts. Photoluminescence spectra of Nd3+ have been experimentally studied and emission around 880nm,
1060nm and 1330nm is observed, which indicates that Nd3+ ions are active in these two hosts.
Analysis of Stress and Deflection of Cantilever Beam and its Validation Using...IJERA Editor
This study investigates the deflection and stress distribution in a long, slender cantilever beam of uniform
rectangular cross section made of linear elastic material properties that are homogeneous and isotropic. The
deflection of a cantilever beam is essentially a three dimensional problem. An elastic stretching in one direction
is accompanied by a compression in perpendicular directions. The beam is modeled under the action of three
different loading conditions: vertical concentrated
load applied at the free end, uniformly distributed load and uniformly varying load which runs over the whole
span. The weight of the beam is assumed to be negligible. It is also assumed that the beam is inextensible and so
the strains are also negligible. Considering this assumptions at first using the Bernoulli-Euler’s bendingmoment
curvature relationship, the approximate solutions of the cantilever beam was obtained from the general
set of equations. Then assuming a particular set of dimensions, the deflection and stress values of the beam are
calculated analytically. Finite element analysis of the beam was done considering various types of elements
under different loading conditions in ANSYS 14.5. The various numerical results were generated at different
nodal points by taking the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system at the fixed end of the beam. The nodal
solutions were analyzed and compared. On comparing the computational and analytical solutions it was found
that for stresses the 8 node brick element gives the most consistent results and the variation with the analytical
results is minimum.
Online Votes and Fund analysis for political parties with Data SecurityIJERA Editor
With the traditional fund management and vote bank analysis, it was difficult to manage and analyze the details
of fund collection and vote bank where all the records and relevant details were maintained at manual level,
which is always a troublesome process. To overcome these problems, an online web application is being
developed which provide the means of maintaining the funds gathered, Analyzing vote bank generated, Analysis
of area wise grievances and providing data security using encryption algorithms like Advanced Encryption
standard enabling two step verification mechanisms such as legitimate user authentication and secured access to
data. Also various reports will be generated depicting graphical assessment of information gathered.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
Chitrakoot is a major holy place of Bundelkhand, situated at 24.48” to 25.12” North Latitude and 80.58” to
81.34” East Longitude. It is about 62 km from East to West and 57.5 km from North to South There are more
than thousand temples in the study area, which are located mainly in Kamadgiri parikrama and along the bank of
river Mandakini. A number of pilgrims visit the place throughout the year. Obviously a considerable amount of
waste generated from the religious activities is being discharged anywhere consequently in creation of sever
solid waste problem.
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham Karwi for the parameters- pH,
Temperature, Nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, Nitrite, Chloride were analyzed using standard methods prescribed
as in the APHA, AWHA (2005). The result indicates that the water is unsuitable for Human body, Animals and
Agriculture.
Evaluation of Optimal Parameters for Surface Roughness Using Single Objective...IJERA Editor
Medium carbon steel EN8 has a wide variety of applications in oil, gas and tool industries. It is most commonly
used where high tensile strength is required. In the present work, an attempt has been made to explore the effect
of machining parameters on Surface Roughness (Ra). Taguchi’s single objective optimization technique is used
to optimize the machining parameters in EDM for EN8 steel. For the experimentation Taguchi’s L27
Orthogonal array has been used. The input parameters selected are Pulse on time (PON), Pulse off time (POFF),
Wire tension (WT) and Wire feed (WF). From the Taguchi results, optimal combination of machining
parameters for Surface Roughness is found at Pulse-on time (PON) level 3(131μs), Pulse-off time (POFF) level 2
(58μs), Wire tension (WT) level 1(2 Kg-f) and Wire feed rate (WF) level 1(4m/min). ANOVA was used to find
the influence of machining parameters on Surface Roughness. From the results, it is found that wire feed rate
(WF) has high influence (F = 47.16) and Pulse-off time (TOFF) has very low influence (F = 1.57) in effecting the
Surface Roughness. Regression model for Surface Roughness has been prepared by using MINITAB-16
software. Experimental values and Regression values of Surface Roughness were compared and from the graph,
it is clear that both the values are very close to each other. Hence, Regression model prepared is accurate,
adequate and it can be used for the prediction of Surface Roughness.
Traffic Violation Detection Using Multiple Trajectories of VehiclesIJERA Editor
In general lane change violations are likely to happen before the stop line in the red-light violation detection
region. The system which can be detecting red-light and lane change violation is very useful for the traffic
management detection using vehicles moving in the region of interest and combining with the evaluation of the
trajectories behavior of multiple vehicles using mean square displacement (MSD) to detected both of violation.
We are using image processing technique only to detected traffic signal without help of another other system.
The experiment result shows that the algorithm is high accuracy to detect both of violation.
One of marine current power plant equipment is turbine. In the design of marine current turbines required variables such as velocity and kinetic energy. This paper presents numerical study on a numerical design of marine current for predicting velocity and kinetic energy in the Bangka strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia that developed from Yaxum/3D model. This study includes the simulation of velocity and kinetic energy distributions at low and high tide current conditions by two flow rates of 0.1 and 0.3 Sv respectively. The numerical method used to design computational program. Semi-implicit finite difference method used to 3D shallow water flow. It found distributions of velocity and kinetic energy at high tide current condition greater than low tide current condition. The future, these results will be developed in marine current power plant project in the Bangka strait, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Statistical Tuning Chart for Mapping Porosity Thickness: a Case Study of Chan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Reservoir assessment is not only controlled by the structural framework but also stratigraphical
features. Stratigraphical interpretation, which is related to seismic amplitude interpretation, is used to
describe petrophysical aspects of channel sand reservoirs such as net porosity and thickness. This paper
aims to map the porosity thickness for a case study of channel sand bodies reservoir in the Kutei basin.
The study area is complex channel reservoir system that appears to occupy specific area within the
depositional system. The geometry of the sediment channel, which thins toward the channel margins,
makes this feature similar to be wedge model that could possibly be influenced by tuning effects. The
tuning effects introduce pitfall in interpreting high-quality reservoir that is affected by contrasts in acoustic
impedance. In order to distinguish high amplitude responses caused by tuning effects and acoustic
properties, the analysis of amplitude responses needs to be correlated to the reservoir thickness. The
statistical tuning chart is one of the techniques used to correlate amplitude responses and the reservoir
thickness. The application of this technique to real data sets shows net porosity thickness map over the
targeted reservoir. Thus, high-quality reservoir characterization can be performed to delineate geometric
framework of the reservoir.
The Influence of Pore Air Pressure on Slope Stability Under Various Rainfall ...coreconferences
Rainfall is the most important factor to induce landslide, of which rainfall pattern is the main influence parameter. Generally, during the analysis of slope stability under different rainfall patterns, the influence of pore water pressure in saturated zone is mostly considered, while the influence of pore air pressure in unsaturated zone is seldom analyzed from the angle of water-air coupling. Based on the theory of water-air two-phase flow, this paper calculated and simulated the variation of pore air pressure changing with the rainfall time under three typical rainfall patterns (weakened, concentrated and enhanced), and combined the slope stability analysis model of considering pore air pressure to study the influence of pore air pressure on slope stability. The results show that the influence of pore air pressure on slope stability is detrimental under the three rainfall patterns. And the response duration of the pore air pressure is the longest under the weakened rainfall pattern, the concentrated pattern is the second, and the enhanced pattern is the shortest. The influence of pore air pressure on the safety factor of slope stability is the greatest under the weakened rainfall pattern, which can easily lead to the instability of the slope. Thus, we shall take the necessary engineering measures in advance in the event of such rainfall pattern prediction.
Improving the Reliability of Synthetic S-Wave Extraction Using Biot-Gassman F...IJERA Editor
Usage of Castagna’s relation by mean the P-wave log directly in estimation of the S-wave log gives a large error
to the original S-wave log so that the result is not reliable for further analysis. This paper offers new method for
S-wave log estimation based Castagna’s relation which is combined with fluid replacement modeling method
based on Biot-Gassman substitution and the use of petro physical data as input. The S-wave log result of the
offered estimation method has a small error to the original S-wave log so that more reliable and accurate for
further analysis. The offered method could be used for S-wave log estimation in various litology such as sand,
limestone, dolomite and shale. The S-wave log result of the offered estimation method has successfully used for
cross plot analysis of Vp/Vs ratio as function of acoustic impedance and Gamma Ray for delineation of
sandstone bearing hydrocarbon from two different field.
The Effect of Geometry Parameters and Flow Characteristics on Erosion and Sed...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
One of the most critical problems in the river
engineering field is scouring, sedimentation and morphology
of a river bed. In this paper, a finite volume method
FORTRAN code is provided and used. The code is able to
model the sedimentation. The flow and sediment were
modeled at the interception of the two channels. It is applied
an experimental model to evaluate the results. Regarding the
numerical model, the effects of geometry parameters such as
proportion of secondary channel to main channel width and
intersection angle and also hydraulic conditionals like
secondary to main channel discharge ratio and inlet flow
Froude number were studied on bed topographical and flow
pattern. The numerical results show that the maximum
height of bed increased to 32 percent as the discharge ratio
reaches to 51 percent, on average. It is observed that the
maximum height of sedimentation decreases by declining in
main channel to secondary channel Froude number ratio. On
the assessment of the channel width, velocity and final bed
height variations have changed by given trend, in all the
ratios. Also, increasing in the intersection angle accompanied
by decreasing in flow velocity variations along the channel.
The pattern of velocity and topographical bed variations are
also constant in any studied angles.
Reservoir Characterization from Abnormal Pressure in Parts of Eleme, Southea...Scientific Review SR
Pressure in Geophysics is mostly explained in terms of hydrostatics. It is a three dimensional stress
state in which the magnitude of stress is the same in all directions. The pressure of a fluid is said to be “abnormal
pressure” if it is greater or lower than normal. Normal pressure is regarded as the rate of increase of formation
density where the pore pressure remains hydrostatic. The determination of zones of abnormal pressure was done
using geophysical well log method in the Eleme area. Sonic log and density log formed the porosity log and
consequently the porosity data. The logs were interpreted and plotted against depth. The trends were analysed for
wells and abnormal pressure. Overpressure was determined in between particular depths. For the two wells used,
it is found between 2185m and 2785m for well A and 1805m to 2525m for well B. Abnornally high pressure
zones have density of formation greater than 1.07kg/cm
3
. They also have pressure gradients exceeding
hydrostatic pressure gradients of 0.433psi/ft to 0.435psi/ft for fresh and brackish water with less than 20000ppm
of salt and 0.465psi/ft for salt water with about 80000ppm salt content. The determined abnormal pressure can be
taken as a guide in the Eleme area of Nigeria when oil wells are to be dr illed
analysis of flow resistance in open channel for proper flow predictionINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In an open channel flow, the Manning’s n depends on the bed material of the channel, the slope of the channel and the rate of discharge in the channel. Experiments are done with two bed materials, the original bed surface of the channel and with grass carper. The roughness coefficient is determined in various cases. The variations in roughness coefficient is tested with respect to flow parameters such as discharge, depth and bed slope. The effect of variations the flow parameters on different bed roughness is also analyzed by taking into account the original flume surface and grass carpet surface.
Transverse relaxation time fractal dimension of nuclear magnetic resonance fo...Khalid Al-Khidir
Transverse relaxation time fractal dimension of nuclear magnetic resonance for characterizing shajara reservoirs of the permo carboniferous shajara formation, saudi arabia
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
A New Approximation of Water Saturation Estimation Based on Vertical Seismic Profiling Data
1. Sismanto Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 49 | P a g e
A New Approximation of Water Saturation Estimation Based on
Vertical Seismic Profiling Data
Sismanto*
*Department of Physics, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Water saturation is the ratio between the volumes of fluid in the rock pores. Water saturation is one of the
important reservoir parameters to be known in the exploration or exploitation of oil and gas. I have developed a
new technique to estimate the distribution of water saturation values based on the seismic wave attenuation
analysis, frequency and porosity from the equation of Biot-Turgut-Yamamoto-Sismanto. It is applied to the real
data using the vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data in Pasir Cantang well, West Java for some layers.
The obtained values of water saturation have not been calibrated to the known value of the well. This step needs
to be done, so that the results that have been corrected can be performed to estimate the area around the well
Pasir Cantang guided by seismic section. Regardless of the calibration factor, the method of the water saturation
estimation on VSP data can technically be well done but still needs necessary calibration for the accuracy.
Keywords - Water saturation estimation, Biot-Turgut-Yamamoto-Sismanto, Pasir Cantang.
I. INTRODUCTION
The application of seismic methods in the oil and
gas industry today is not only limited to the
determination of the subsurface geological structures
for prospective sites but has also been operated for
development of the field, estimated reserves and
production, reservoir characterization such as
volume, pressure, temperature, porosity,
permeability, and fluid saturation [1]. Various
studies have been conducted to determine the
relationship between seismic waves with reservoir
parameters. One is a study by Sismanto [2] who
studied the relationship between the attenuation of
seismic waves on the reservoir properties of
sedimentary rocks such as permeability and water
saturation. Ertanti [3] has made estimates of water
saturation by calculation that is theoretically based
on the analysis of the attenuation of the equation
Biot-Yamamoto-Turgut. The theoretical results are
calibrated against log data to estimate the water
saturation in the same layer in the same field based
on information porosity logs through Cross plot
method.
Sony [4] has conducted some tests to estimate the
water saturation using the formulation of synthetic
seismic data based on the equation-Turgut Biot-
Yamamoto-Sismanto. The test results offer an
optimism that the techniques developed can be used
to estimate water saturation on real data. In this
research, I apply the method of estimation of water
saturation on seismic data vertical profiles or VSP
(vertical seismic profiling) using the analysis of
seismic wave attenuation, frequency and porosity of
the equation-Turgut Biot-Yamamoto-Sismanto.
The nature of a rock depends on a number of
parameters affecting the dynamic response such as
porosity, permeability, fluid type contained in the
rocks and the interaction between the solid skeleton
with fluid. The equation proposed by Timur in [5]
indicates that the porosity is proportional to the
water saturation obtained from the laboratory test
samples.
Sony [4] and Sismanto [6] has discussed the
relationship between the water saturation obtained
from the linear-frequency relaxation by generating
1D synthetic seismograms with the water saturation
obtained from the relaxation frequency. The results
can be summarized such as;
1. The relationship between water saturation with
porosity indicates that water saturation is
sensitive to porosity. When the porosity is high,
the water saturation will also increase. This
occurs because the medium has a great porosity;
in this case of wide pore space, the probability of
the fluid filling the pores will increase.
2. The medium containing fluid will be able to
reduce the amplitude of seismic waves, the
higher water saturation on the medium, and the
higher the attenuation of the waves. The
attenuation is inversely proportional to the
quality factor of the wave, so that if the water
saturation increases, the quality factor of the
seismic waves will tend to decrease.
3. The seismic wave frequency will be smaller when
the high water content of medium or the rising
water saturation decreases the frequency of
seismic waves.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Sismanto Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 50 | P a g e
4. Water saturation is more sensitive to changes in
porosity, while that of frequency and attenuation
is still very difficult to observe.
II. THE CONCEPT OF WATER SATURATION
ESTIMATION EQUATION
Biot [7],[8] provides a mechanism for the
concept of the wave equation in the elastic, porous,
and fluid saturated rock. The rock is assumed to be
homogeneous isotropic. Turgut and Yamamoto [9]
solve the equation for unconsolidated rocks such as
marine sediments, sandstone, limestone, and porous
rock in general that have a high quality factor. From
these equations, it was derived the attenuation-
frequency relationships. In the experiments, Turgut -
Yamamoto uses ultrasonic wave source, so that it is
difficult enough to implement in low-frequency, due
to the seismic wave having less than 200 Hz [2]. For
practical purposes, Sismanto [2] modify and develop
the equation to be transformed into a linear form that
it is more operational. According to the
approximation for marine sedimentary and
unconsolidated rocks, Turgut and Yamamoto [9]
obtained the attenuation Q-1
relationship with
frequency ω as a quadratic function of,
2
0
2
2
0
2
1
.~
~
1
V
V
q
A
A
q
V
V
Q
i
i
(1)
where iq~ (=/kp) is the imaginary part of q~ and,
/)( 2
fmA , is angular frequency (=
2f), and
/
2
HoV for 0, (2)
)
2
/()2
2
( fmfCMmHV (3)
for .
From equation (1), when the attenuation Q-1
is
plotted to the frequencies, it can be obtained the
dominant frequency which is called the relaxation
frequency and the magnitude is,
V
V
km
f
pf
r
0
2
2
(4)
By using the relaxation frequency, the
permeability can be calculated, if the other
parameters are known. This method is referred to as
Turgut-Yamamoto method or the relaxation
frequency method.
In the low frequency region, the curve of
equation (1) is a straight line; therefore, to obtain the
linear equations, equation (1) is extended through
the Taylor series in frequency and in the linear order
such as [2]:
f
V
Vmk
Q
fp
1
2
2
0
22
1
(5)
Thus, if the attenuation Q-1
is plotted to the
frequency, it can be obtained the slope of straight
line (called slop) in the curve such as
1
2
.5.4
.1
2
4
1
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
22
V
Vk
slop
V
Vk
V
Vmk
slop
p
f
p
fp
or
(6)
Substituting
gwwwm SS ).1(.).1( into
equation (6), it can be calculated the water saturation
by
,
)(
.).1(
gf
gm
wS
(7)
If there is no gas, ρg = 0 and the water saturation is,
f
m
wS
).1(
(8)
Substituting equation (6) to equation (8), will result
in
f
m
p
f
p
w
V
Vk
slop
V
Vk
S
).1(
1
2
.5.4
.1
2
4
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
(9)
Thus, if we know the numerical values of the
permeability kp, the viscosity η, the porosity Φ, the
slope of the curve, the velocity at low frequency,
and the velocity at high frequencies, then the water
saturation can be determined by using equation (9).
Meanwhile, if we make a substitution
gwfwm SS ).1(.).1( for
gas density is zero into equation (5) without any
plotting curves (Q-1
- f), then the water saturation Sw
will be in equation (10).
However, if the water saturation equation is
derived directly from equation (1), the theoretical Sw
can also be obtained by combining the equations
with gas content formulated by equation (11),
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 51 | P a g e
f
p
m
p
m
p
m
p
m
p
pp
p
Qf
V
Vk
mQf
V
Vk
mQf
V
Vk
Qf
V
Vk
Qf
V
Vk
mQf
V
Vk
mQf
V
Vk
mQf
V
Vk
Sw
..1
2
....1
2
4...1
2
4
...1
2
4..1
2
4
.1
2
...1
2
2
....1
2
2
1
2
0
2
22
2
2
0
22
22
2
2
0
22
2
0
2
2
0
2
2222
2
2
0
22
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
(10)
2
0
22
0
1
2
0
122
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
22
0
2
2
122
VVmfkVQ
VQVVfk
VV
VVVVmfk
Sw
gwpgw
m
g
mfp
m
gg
mp
(11)
Saturation is a ratio of the fluid volume to the total
porosity volume. By using equation (10) or (11) it
can also be calculated and plotted the water
saturation as a function of attenuation, frequency,
and porosity when the other parameters have been
computed or known [6] and [9].
Permeability is the ease of fluid flow through
the rock formations. The greater the permeability of
the reservoir rock, the greater the amount of fluid
that can be flow in the reservoir. Geerstma and Smit
[10] examine the Biot’s equations from low to
medium frequencies to find the velocity - frequency
relationships in the fluid saturated rocks, and they
obtained that the permeability depends on the
frequency and velocity in the saturated rock as,
4
0
2
0
2
224
1
2
VVV
VVVf
k
p
p
p
. (12)
Seismic wave attenuation Q-1
can be defined as a
function of the energy absorption by Johnston and
Toksöz [11] such as,
f
V
Q .
1
(13)
Numerical analysis results have been obtained from
the study conducted by Sismanto [6] which is based
the equations (10) and (11). The curve of the water
saturation Sw to the porosity, frequency and wave
attenuation was obtained by equation (10). In
general it can be concluded that, when the porosity is
high, the water saturation increases, and the medium
with high water content will be able to absorb the
seismic waves strongly or rising water saturation
increase the attenuation, and the medium with high
water content, the frequency of seismic wave that
through will be smaller. Water saturation is more
sensitive to changes in porosity, while the change in
frequency and attenuation is insignificant.
III. EXPERIMENT AND DISCUSSION
The steps of calculation can be formulated as
follows;
1.VSP data that have been processed is taken
from well Pasir Cantang [12]. The geophone
intervals of 15m, which shows the layer system,
are 3 layers or 4 layers (with a small layer on
the second layer). The data of each layer is read
for every interval of 15m for the first layer, and
the second layer is 45m and 30m for the third
layer.
2.The VSP data are read and then the attenuation
Q-1
is re-calculated, then we determine the
dominant frequency and the permeability.
Finally those three values (Q-1
, f, and k) are used
to calculate the water saturation through
equation (10).
3.Due to lack of the real water saturation
information of the Pasir Cantang, the estimated
water saturation has not been calibrated. The
equation should be used after calibration with
the standard water saturation in the survey area.
The first layer of VSP data at Pasir Cantang was
read at a depth of 650m with an interval of 15m by
12 trace (geophones). The estimation of water
4. Sismanto Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 4) January 2016, pp.49-52
www.ijera.com 52 | P a g e
saturation on VSP data of Pasir Cantang in the first
layer (Cisubuh Formation) is 5.5% (the calibration
has not been performed). Cisubuh Formations are
consisting of limestone, sandstone, siltstone and
batuserpih.
For the second layer, there are two layers that are
at a depth of 965m-1370m called layer 2a (Parigi
Formation) and at a depth of 1415m-1505m as layer
2b (Zone 16). Each has different velocity i.e, 3440
m/s and 2100 m/s. The geophone interval is 45m;
there are 12 traces (9 geophones in layer 2a and 3
geophones in layer 2b). The estimation of water
saturations are 4.9% and 0.37%. Those values are
not calibrated. The Parigi Formation and Zone 16
consist of limestone, sandstones and clay.
For the third layer (Baturaja Formation) in the
VSP data of Pasir Cantang at a depth of 1685m-
2135m has the velocity of 4820 m/s. The geophone
interval is 30m by 9 trace. The estimated water
saturation is 8.54%. The calibration has not been
performed. The rocks of Baturaja Formation are
limestone, sandstones and clay. The summarized
results are shown in table 1.
Table 1. The estimation of permeability and water
saturation.
Layers Vp
(m/s)
f
(Hz)
Q
(λ/dB)
depth (m) kp(m2
)
x10-13
Sw
(%)
fisrt 2070 18 19 650-830 0.11 5.5
2a 3440 19 11 965-1370 9.7 4.9
2b 2100 18 43 1415-1505 9.1 0.37
third 4820 17 10 1685-2135 46 8.54
IV. CONCLUSION
We have developed a new technique to estimate
the distribution of water saturation values based on
the analysis of seismic wave attenuation, frequency
and porosity of the equation Biot - Turgut -
Yamamoto - Sismanto. We have obtained the results
of the test of the method for estimating water
saturation using real seismic data in vertical profiles
of well Pasir Cantang, West Java. The water
saturation obtained has not been calibrated to the
real water saturation in the well. It is necessary to
ensure that the results have been corrected and then
it can be used to estimate the area around the well of
Pasir Cantang.
.
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the support of
Geophysics Laboratory of Gadjah Mada University
for sponsorship and facilitating this project
throughout its execution. Many other individuals
have also ably assisted the team in the laboratory.
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