Reinforced concrete overhead water tanks are used to store and supply safe drinking water. Design and cost estimation of overhead water tanks is a time consuming task, which requires a great deal of expertise. This study therefore examines the efficiency of Rectangular and Circular tanks. Tanks of 30m3, 90m3, 140m3 and 170m3 capacities were used in order to draw reasonable inferences on tank‟s shape design effectiveness, relative cost implications of tank types and structural capacities. Limit state design criteria were used for basic tank‟s construction materials- steel reinforcement, concrete and formwork were taken-off from the prepared structural drawings. Results of the material take-offs showed that, for each of the shapes, the amount of each structural materials increase as the tank capacity increases. Also Circular-shaped tank consumed lesser individual material as compared to Rectangular ones. Hence, this will give Circular-shaped tanks a more favoured selection over the rectangular shaped tanks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Time History Analysis of Circular and Rectangular Elevated Water Storage Tank...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the world, there are large number of storage tanks which are used as water and oil storage facilities. Elevated water tank is one of the most important structures in earthquake event. As known from very upsetting experiences, elevated water tanks were heavily damaged or collapsed during earthquake Hence different configurations of liquid storage tanks have been constructed. Water tanks are play an important role in municipal water supply and firefighting systems. Due to post earthquake useful desires, seismic safety of water tanks is most important. In the current study time history analysis of rectangular and circular elevated water storage tank were analyzed using SAP 2000 software. In this study the concrete baffle wall was used to reduce sloshing effect of the water tank. The tank responses such as maximum nodal displacement, base shear and result were compared for empty and full tank water fill condition. From IS 11682:1985provision when seismic loading is considered only two cases may be taken one is tank empty condition and other is tank full condition. Finally, study discloses the importance of suitable supporting baffle wall to remain withstand against heavy damages of circular and rectangular elevated water tanks during earthquake. As per IITK-GSDMA guidelines for seismic design of liquid storage tanks, hydrodynamic pressure for impulsive and convective mode was calculated.
In this you will find some of the basic thing regarding the elevated water tank and this is our one of the team project work in college. Hope you will enjoy it....
Seismic behavior of rc elevated water tankunder different types of staging pa...CADmantra Technologies
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
The presentation summarizes the project work done on "Seismic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank". Elevated water tanks are important structures that serve the function of supplying municipal water to the civil community. The stability of such structure is highly uncertain in the eve of earthquake. This project analyses the performance of such a structure in the eve of earthquake.
The project is done as a course requirement for undergraduate degree in May 2013. The degree in pursuit was "Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering" in National Institute of Technology in Tiruchirappalli (INDIA). The authors were in final year of the study during the making of the project.
Design analysis & comparsion of intze type water tank for different wind ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Any design of Water Tanks is subjected to Dead Load + Live Load and Wind Load or Seismic Load as per IS codes of Practices. Most of the times tanks are designed for Wind Forces and not even checked for Earthquake Load assuming that the tanks will be safe under seismic forces once designed for wind forces. In this study Wind Forces and Seismic Forces acting on an Intze Type Water tank for Indian conditions are studied. The effect of wind on the elevated structures is of prime importance as Wind flows relative to the surface of ground and generates loads on the structures standing on ground. Most of the designers consider the wind effect and neglect the seismic effect on the structure. The Indian Standard Code IS 875(Part-3) 2003 and IS 1893-2000 for Wind & Seismic effect is used in this study. The Elevated Structure is designed for various Wind forces i.e. 39 m/s, 44 m/s, 47 m/s & 50 m/s and the same is cross checked with different Seismic Zones i.e. Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV, & Zone-V by ‘Response Spectrum Method’ and the maximum governing condition from both the forces is further used for design & analysis of staging. It is found from the analysis that the Total load, Total moments and Reinforcement in staging i.e. Columns, Braces & also for Raft foundation varies for Case-1, Case-2, Case-3 & Case-4. Key Words: Wind Load, Seismic Load, Intze Tank, and I.S.Codes etc…
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Time History Analysis of Circular and Rectangular Elevated Water Storage Tank...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the world, there are large number of storage tanks which are used as water and oil storage facilities. Elevated water tank is one of the most important structures in earthquake event. As known from very upsetting experiences, elevated water tanks were heavily damaged or collapsed during earthquake Hence different configurations of liquid storage tanks have been constructed. Water tanks are play an important role in municipal water supply and firefighting systems. Due to post earthquake useful desires, seismic safety of water tanks is most important. In the current study time history analysis of rectangular and circular elevated water storage tank were analyzed using SAP 2000 software. In this study the concrete baffle wall was used to reduce sloshing effect of the water tank. The tank responses such as maximum nodal displacement, base shear and result were compared for empty and full tank water fill condition. From IS 11682:1985provision when seismic loading is considered only two cases may be taken one is tank empty condition and other is tank full condition. Finally, study discloses the importance of suitable supporting baffle wall to remain withstand against heavy damages of circular and rectangular elevated water tanks during earthquake. As per IITK-GSDMA guidelines for seismic design of liquid storage tanks, hydrodynamic pressure for impulsive and convective mode was calculated.
In this you will find some of the basic thing regarding the elevated water tank and this is our one of the team project work in college. Hope you will enjoy it....
Seismic behavior of rc elevated water tankunder different types of staging pa...CADmantra Technologies
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
The presentation summarizes the project work done on "Seismic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank". Elevated water tanks are important structures that serve the function of supplying municipal water to the civil community. The stability of such structure is highly uncertain in the eve of earthquake. This project analyses the performance of such a structure in the eve of earthquake.
The project is done as a course requirement for undergraduate degree in May 2013. The degree in pursuit was "Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering" in National Institute of Technology in Tiruchirappalli (INDIA). The authors were in final year of the study during the making of the project.
Design analysis & comparsion of intze type water tank for different wind ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Any design of Water Tanks is subjected to Dead Load + Live Load and Wind Load or Seismic Load as per IS codes of Practices. Most of the times tanks are designed for Wind Forces and not even checked for Earthquake Load assuming that the tanks will be safe under seismic forces once designed for wind forces. In this study Wind Forces and Seismic Forces acting on an Intze Type Water tank for Indian conditions are studied. The effect of wind on the elevated structures is of prime importance as Wind flows relative to the surface of ground and generates loads on the structures standing on ground. Most of the designers consider the wind effect and neglect the seismic effect on the structure. The Indian Standard Code IS 875(Part-3) 2003 and IS 1893-2000 for Wind & Seismic effect is used in this study. The Elevated Structure is designed for various Wind forces i.e. 39 m/s, 44 m/s, 47 m/s & 50 m/s and the same is cross checked with different Seismic Zones i.e. Zone-II, Zone-III, Zone-IV, & Zone-V by ‘Response Spectrum Method’ and the maximum governing condition from both the forces is further used for design & analysis of staging. It is found from the analysis that the Total load, Total moments and Reinforcement in staging i.e. Columns, Braces & also for Raft foundation varies for Case-1, Case-2, Case-3 & Case-4. Key Words: Wind Load, Seismic Load, Intze Tank, and I.S.Codes etc…
Effect of Different Staging Configurations on Seismic Performance of Circular...IJERA Editor
As known from very upsetting experiences adequately designed Elevated water tanks were heavily damaged or
collapsed during earthquakes. Most of the damages observed during the seismic events arise due to causes like
the lack of knowledge regarding the behavior of supporting system, improper selection and design of supporting
system of elevated water tanks. This paper presents the study of seismic performance of the elevated water tanks
for various seismic zones of India with variation in staging heights and different types of staging configurations.
Total 27 combinations were analyzed using Response Spectrum Method (RSM) in finite element based software
SAP2000 by considering two mass idealization systems. Tank responses including base shear, overturning
moment and roof displacement have been observed with the aim of recommendation of best staging
arrangement for different earthquake zones in India.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance of an rcc frame building subjected to hydrodynamic force at each ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Buildings are essential in all populated cities. To increase value in certain buildings there are associated risks that we take like providing swimming pool at each floor level. Water carrying structures are more important that must remain functional following disasters such as earthquake. Most of the failures of structures after earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. This paper investigates the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic behavior of water in the swimming pool when subjected to earthquake forces. The main object of this paper is 1). To compare the static and dynamic analysis of the building. 2) The study of hydrodynamic effects. Keywords: hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic, time history analysis,response spectrum method, displacement
This work presents hydrodynamic characterization and comparative analysis of high speed crafts
(HSCs). HSCs performance characterizing is a serious concern to Hydrodynamicists because of the wide
variation of total resistance with hull-form, trim, draft and speed. Conversely, these parameters are not duly
analyzed during design due to inadequate theories. Therefore, this research investigates total resistance, wetted
surface and effective trim of four different HSC hull-forms. An interactive computer-program is developed based
on Savitsky and CAHI algorithms, and the results compared against test-data. The analysis correctly predicts
quantitatively the resistances of the four hull-forms at high speeds but with some discrepancies at speeds below
12 knots. The average standard-deviation for resistance predictions by CAHI = 4.69 kN and Savitsky= 6.13 KN.
Also, the results indicate that the transition from bow-wetting to full-planing occurs at 12 knots, and beyond
which the effective trim is fairly constant. Again, the wetted length-beam ratio (λm) drops rapidly from bowwetting
speeds to a plateau at speeds >12knot where hydrodynamic lift prevails. Standard-deviations of λm by
Savitsky’s and CAHI are 1.07 and 1.41, respectively. In conclusion, model-predictors are reasonably in good
agreement with measurement.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank Frame Staging an...IOSRJMCE
This paper presents comparative study of elevated water tanks subjected to dynamic loading supported on RC framed structure and concrete shaft structure with different capacities and placed in different seismic zones. History of earthquake reveals that it have caused numerous losses to the life of people in its active time, and also post earthquake time have let people suffer due to damages caused to the public utility services. Either in urban or rural areas elevated water tanks forms integral part of water supply scheme, so its functionality pre and post earthquake remains equally important. These events showed that importance of supporting system is uncompromising for elevated tank as compared to any other type of tank. Damages caused are the results of unsuitable design of supporting system; wrong selection of supporting system, etc. These structures have heavy mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting system hence these structures are especially vulnerable to horizontal forces due to earthquakes. This paper presents the dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks with respect to the latest IS code published for liquid retaining structures by Bureau of Indian Standards i.e. IS 1893 (Part 2) : 2014. Comparison of elevated tanks with different supporting system, capacities and seismic zones states that these parameters may considerably change the seismic behaviour of tanks.
This chapter is based on the book Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators By Rajnikant M. Khatsuria ,concerned with the general procedure of an overall design. An evaluation of the basic data should be the first step in the preparation of the design. This includes the topography and geology as well as flood hydrography, storage, and release requirements.
Effect of Different Staging Configurations on Seismic Performance of Circular...IJERA Editor
As known from very upsetting experiences adequately designed Elevated water tanks were heavily damaged or
collapsed during earthquakes. Most of the damages observed during the seismic events arise due to causes like
the lack of knowledge regarding the behavior of supporting system, improper selection and design of supporting
system of elevated water tanks. This paper presents the study of seismic performance of the elevated water tanks
for various seismic zones of India with variation in staging heights and different types of staging configurations.
Total 27 combinations were analyzed using Response Spectrum Method (RSM) in finite element based software
SAP2000 by considering two mass idealization systems. Tank responses including base shear, overturning
moment and roof displacement have been observed with the aim of recommendation of best staging
arrangement for different earthquake zones in India.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance of an rcc frame building subjected to hydrodynamic force at each ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Buildings are essential in all populated cities. To increase value in certain buildings there are associated risks that we take like providing swimming pool at each floor level. Water carrying structures are more important that must remain functional following disasters such as earthquake. Most of the failures of structures after earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. This paper investigates the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic behavior of water in the swimming pool when subjected to earthquake forces. The main object of this paper is 1). To compare the static and dynamic analysis of the building. 2) The study of hydrodynamic effects. Keywords: hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic, time history analysis,response spectrum method, displacement
This work presents hydrodynamic characterization and comparative analysis of high speed crafts
(HSCs). HSCs performance characterizing is a serious concern to Hydrodynamicists because of the wide
variation of total resistance with hull-form, trim, draft and speed. Conversely, these parameters are not duly
analyzed during design due to inadequate theories. Therefore, this research investigates total resistance, wetted
surface and effective trim of four different HSC hull-forms. An interactive computer-program is developed based
on Savitsky and CAHI algorithms, and the results compared against test-data. The analysis correctly predicts
quantitatively the resistances of the four hull-forms at high speeds but with some discrepancies at speeds below
12 knots. The average standard-deviation for resistance predictions by CAHI = 4.69 kN and Savitsky= 6.13 KN.
Also, the results indicate that the transition from bow-wetting to full-planing occurs at 12 knots, and beyond
which the effective trim is fairly constant. Again, the wetted length-beam ratio (λm) drops rapidly from bowwetting
speeds to a plateau at speeds >12knot where hydrodynamic lift prevails. Standard-deviations of λm by
Savitsky’s and CAHI are 1.07 and 1.41, respectively. In conclusion, model-predictors are reasonably in good
agreement with measurement.
Planning analysis design the overhead circular water tank in seerapalayam pan...Subash thangaraj
To forecasting the population of the seerapalayam panchayat. To calculate the estimation of water quantity need in Domestic, and industrial purpose. After the calculation planning analysis and design the overhead circular water tank in economically.
Comparative Study on Dynamic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank Frame Staging an...IOSRJMCE
This paper presents comparative study of elevated water tanks subjected to dynamic loading supported on RC framed structure and concrete shaft structure with different capacities and placed in different seismic zones. History of earthquake reveals that it have caused numerous losses to the life of people in its active time, and also post earthquake time have let people suffer due to damages caused to the public utility services. Either in urban or rural areas elevated water tanks forms integral part of water supply scheme, so its functionality pre and post earthquake remains equally important. These events showed that importance of supporting system is uncompromising for elevated tank as compared to any other type of tank. Damages caused are the results of unsuitable design of supporting system; wrong selection of supporting system, etc. These structures have heavy mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting system hence these structures are especially vulnerable to horizontal forces due to earthquakes. This paper presents the dynamic analysis of elevated water tanks with respect to the latest IS code published for liquid retaining structures by Bureau of Indian Standards i.e. IS 1893 (Part 2) : 2014. Comparison of elevated tanks with different supporting system, capacities and seismic zones states that these parameters may considerably change the seismic behaviour of tanks.
This chapter is based on the book Hydraulics of Spillways and Energy Dissipators By Rajnikant M. Khatsuria ,concerned with the general procedure of an overall design. An evaluation of the basic data should be the first step in the preparation of the design. This includes the topography and geology as well as flood hydrography, storage, and release requirements.
Effect of Thermo-Diffusion and Chemical Reaction on Mixed Convective Heat And...IJERA Editor
A finite element study of combined heat and mass transfer flow through a porous medium in a circular cylindrical annulus with Soret and Dufour effects in the presence of heat sources has been analyzed. The coupled velocity, energy, and diffusion equations are solved numerically by using Galerkin- finite element technique. Shear stress, Nusslet number and Sherwood number are evaluated numerically for different values of the governing parameters under consideration and are shown in tabular form.
Graphical Password by Watermarking for securityIJERA Editor
The most common authentication method is to use alphanumerical usernames and passwords. This method has
been shown to have considerable disadvantage. For example, users tend to pick passwords that can be easily
guessed. On the other hand, if a password is very difficult to guess, then it is often difficult to remember. To
address this problem, some researchers have developed authentication methods that use pictures as passwords.
Graphical Password based on the fact that humans tend to remember images better. In this paper, we will
propose a new algorithm that using watermarking technique as the solution to solving image gallery attacks and
using the random character set generation for each image for resistance to shoulder surfing attack to provide
better system security. All the information images in registration phase will be process by copy right protection
of watermarking where the login page will check this information for security purposes.
human recourse information system; public sector; performance; satisfaction o...IJERA Editor
Electric Water Heaters are widely used all over the world that can be categorized in two types i.e. Instant Water Heaters & Storage type Water Heaters. The energy consumption for 6 liter water heaters is much higher in the storage type of water heater. As energy is an important factor for economic development of country, therefore there is need to save the energy which implies the focus to use Storage type Water Heaters. In 6 Liter water heater, Existing model converting from 4 star rating to 5 star rating by thermal analysis & insulation. After the theoretical calculation of thickness of glass wool is the practical testing of product with BEE norms & got results for 5 Star Calculation. Finally we are doing the thermal analysis for theoretical & practical verification of the product
Agent Oriented Patient Scheduling System: A Concurrent Metatem Based ApproachIJERA Editor
The Problem of Patient Scheduling[6] is a major issue in a Medical Healthcare System[4]. In India, Healthcare
is an 80 billion dollar Industry and is growing at an average rate of 17% annually. However, quality healthcare
is still out of reach for many. Each year thousands of fatalities arise simply due to the fact that patient could not
be provided with proper medical facilities at the right time. A software agent may be a member of a Multi-Agent
System[2][5] (MAS) which is collectively performing a range of complex and intelligent tasks. Using
Concurrent Metatem[3], a Multi-Agent Language, we have attempted to model a patient scheduling
system[4][6] that can help hospitals collaborate among them through a Liaison-Agent, in order to provide
patients with the best care possible. Patients should no longer have to be turned down when hospitals are packed
to capacity; instead, they could simply be shifted to another hospital. Hospitals and even doctors are assigned to
patients after an automated process of matching patient needs with doctor expertise and hospital infrastructureleading
to reduced waiting-time while maximizing efficiency and potentially saving lives.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation of Euclidean and Manhanttan Metrics In Content Based Image Retriev...IJERA Editor
Content-based Image Retrieval is all about generating signatures of images in database and comparing the signature of the query image with these stored signatures. Color histogram can be used as signature of an image and used to compare two images based on certain distance metric. Distance metrics Manhattan distance (L1 norm) and Euclidean distance (L2 norm) are used to determine similarities between a pair of images. In this paper, Corel database is used to evaluate the performance of Manhattan and Euclidean distance metrics. The experimental results showed that Manhattan showed better precision rate than Euclidean distance metric. The evaluation is made using Content based image retrieval application developed using color moments of the Hue, Saturation and Value(HSV) of the image and Gabor descriptors are adopted as texture features.
On-chip Optical Communication Using GrapheneIJERA Editor
Advancement in technology is increasing day by day. Accordance to Moore‟s Law, the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year. In this way, Graphene research so far has focused on electronics and photonic applications, in spite of its impressive optical properties, graphene can be used as optical communication devices which are more efficient than any other materials. It has as unique photonic and electronic extraordinary properties. This leads to remarkable high bandwidth, zero source-drain bias, better modulation of light, and good internal quantum efficiency.
Pesticides Occurrence in an Alfisol of Sudano-Sahelian Agricultural Watershed...IJERA Editor
Soil contamination by pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphates and pyrethroids) has been studied in the agricultural watershed (60.6 km2) of Korokoro in Mali. Farmers of this watershed produce cotton and cereals (sorghum, maize, millet). Soil samples (0-20 cm) of an alfisol used for cotton cropping were collected at the end of the cropping seasons 2010 and 2011. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer for quantifying the main pesticides (profenofos, acetamiprid, atrazine and cypermethrin) frequently used in the watershed and others organochlorine pesticides (DDT, endosulfan and HCH) that could be still detected. The results showed that soils were contaminated by DDT and its metabolites (0.1 to 3.5 μg.kg-1) due to past agricultural uses for African migratory locust control while those of endosulfan sulfate (detection limit to 4.2 μg.kg-1) and cypermethrin (2.5 to 6.2 μg.kg-1) were due to their actual application on cotton. According to mass balances calculation cypermethrin residues are stocked in the soil compartment of the watershed after its application on cotton. This accumulation was evaluated at 13 ± 0.4% of applied quantities.
Effect of Different Occlusion on Facial Expressions RecognitionIJERA Editor
Occlusions around facial parts complicate the task of recognizing facial expressions from their facial images. We propose facial expressions recognition method based on local facial regions, which provides better recognition rate in the presence of facial occlusions. Proposed method uses Uniform Local Binary pattern as a feature extractor, which extract discriminative features from some important parts of facial image. Feature vectors are classified using simplest classifier that is template matching with chi square distance measure. Extensive experiments are performed on JAFFE database.
Optimization of Pre Engineered BuildingsIJERA Editor
Pre-engineered buildings have become quite popular in the last few years. The main advantages are speed of construction and good control over quality. However there is not much information on its economy. There are several parameters like the inclination of the gable, spans, bay spacing, which control the cost of the structure. In the present paper the above parameters are varied systematically and in each case the gable frame designed for the common loads DL, LL, EQ, and WL. The quantity in each case is obtained and finally the structure which regulates the lowest quantity of steel is recommended.
Routing Enhancement of MANETs using Hybrid Protocol Combined with PBOIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) show an astonishing qualities in the concept of networks which are used without wires. MANETs experience numerous communication medium restrictions such as constrained storage of memory and development of effectual routing protocols. Furthermore, multihop routing mechanism employed in MANETs gives rise to the contention in the channel and jamming within the network. This limits the effectiveness of the network which reduces the energy efficiency of the network and also lessens the routing performance of MANETs. Hence, the major matter in MANETs is to minimize the congestion and contention in order to enhance the routing mechanism. Hence, in this paper, a novel protocol is put into practice having an enhanced route discovery mechanism which is implemented in order to avoid the congestion during the routing. The proposed protocol chooses the route for the transference of information on the basis of load within the traffic on the node and then resets the route with the change in topology. The protocol is then integrated with the proposed algorithm Pollination Based Optimization (PBO) algorithm. This is an efficient technique for transmission that requires a link for longer period of time. The simulator used for the simulation of the work is Network Simulator-2 (NS-2). Simulation results have been carried out showing that the route optimization and enhancement in the route discovery using Pollination Based Optimization (PBO) algorithm.
Survival function Of Realization process for Hemodynamic and hormonal effects...IJERA Editor
Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of human ghrelin in healthy volunteers. To investigate hemodynamic and hormonal effects of ghrelin, a novel growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide, we gave six healthy men an intravenous bolus of human ghrelin or placebo and vice versa 1–2 wk apart in a randomized fashion. Ghrelin elicited a marked increase in circulating GH. The elevation of GH lasted longer than 60 min after the bolus injection. Injection of ghrelin significantly decreased mean arterial pressure without a significant change in heart rate .In summary, human ghrelin elicited a potent, long lasting GH release and had beneficial hemodynamic effects via reducing cardiac after load and increasing cardiac output without an increase in heart rate. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate hemodynamic and hormonal effects of intravenous ghrelin in healthy volunteers. This paper discussed the constant stress level of healthy volunteers with times to damage of stress effect and recoveries
Cfd Studies of Two Stroke Petrol Engine ScavengingIJERA Editor
This project deals with the numerical analysis of 2 stroke engine scavenging in two cases. One with an existing condition (Flat headed pistons) and another with a new design (Dome headed piston) .The numerical analysis is done with help of CFD software ANSYS FLUENT 14.5. Here, the modeling of engine piston with flat headed type and with dome headed types was done in workbench. In ANSYS FLUENT after the geometrical design, for the dynamic motion meshing is used and set up species transport model also. At first the scavenging effect of flat headed piston is analyzed. Later the simulation of piston with dome headed type was also checked. Analyzing the variations from each and selected the best method for scavenging. Finally the scavenging efficiency is calculated for both type arrangements.
A Model For Integrating Environmental Considerations Into The Valuation Of In...IJERA Editor
In Nigeria, the Estate Surveyor and Valuer has been bestowed with the responsibility of interpreting value of properties for various purposes. In carrying out this responsibility, the Valuer depends on models which were developed decades ago. These models in themselves have implied environmental considerations by way of neighbourhood analysis. The models do not consider serious environmental problems such as air, water, soil, noise pollutions and industrial health and safety. This work developed a model for integrating these variables into the valuation of industries using Enugu as a study area. The model developed is referred to as The Environmental Factor Adjusted Cost Approach to Valuation (or in short from “The E-factor Model”). The model was found to conform with the provisions of the Nigerian Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations of 1991. The model is therefore recommended for use by the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the Valuation of Industries and other facilities generating waste in Nigeria.
Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shaft Support Water Storage TankIJERA Editor
This paper compares the results of Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shaft Support Water Storage Tank
carried out in accordance with IS: 1893- 1984 and IS: 1893-2002 (Part-2) draft code. The analysis is carried out
for shaft supported water tank of 500,750 and 1000 Cu.m capacity, located in four seismic zones (Zone-II, Zone
-III, Zone-IV, Zone-V) and on three different soil types (Hard rock, Medium soil, Soft soil). Further, 1000 kl
tank for conditions - tank full, tank empty are also considered in this study. The analysis was performed using
MAT LAB. The parameters of comparison include base shears, base moments and time history analysis. The
above models are analyzed for different time history data such as El Centro, Kobe, Ji-Ji, Erzincan. The
comparison is made between the structural responses of one mass and two mass models of above capacity.
Seismic Analysis and Optimization of RC Elevated Water Tank Using Various Sta...IJERA Editor
As known from very upsetting experiences, poorly designed elevated water tanks were heavily damaged or
collapsed during earthquakes. This might be due to the lack of knowledge regarding the behaviour of supporting
system of the tank, and also due to improper selection of geometry of staging patterns. For certain proportions of
the tank and the structure, the sloshing of the water during earthquake may be one of the dominant
factors.Dynamic analysis of tank containing liquid is complex involving fluid-structure interaction.In this paper,
the seismic behavioural effect of circular elevated water tank is studied for specific capacity of tank for various
staging arrangements in plan, variation in number of periphery columns and variation in number of stages in
elevation. Two mass idealizations suggested by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority are considered
here. Under earthquake loads; a complicated pattern of stresses is generated in the tanks. Total 36 combinations
were analysedwith SAP2000 using Response Spectrum Method (RSM) and results are presented. It is observed
that increase in number of columns, does not assure the increase in the improvement of structural responses.
Radial arrangement with six staging levels is found to be best for the number of columns used. To suggest
number of columns with suitable diameter cost optimization is done for the radial staging arrangement with six
staging levels consideringcritical direction of seismic force, quantity of concrete and steel required. It is found
that eight numbers of columns gives less cost as compared to six, ten and twelve with optimized diameter of
300mm.
Economic Design of Water Tank of Different Shapes With Reference To IS: 3370 ...IJMER
The conventional method of designing water tanks which is working stress method
outlined in the previous version of IS: 3370 1965 is irrational and leads to relatively thicker sections
with a substantial amount of reinforcement. Limit state method which is widely used has been recently
adopted in the new version of IS 3370-2009 concrete structures for storage of liquids – code of
practice. For quick cost prediction of tanks, this study therefore examines the cost effectiveness in terms
of amount of materials and formwork used for Circular, Square and Rectangular overhead water tanks
each of three capacities of 100kl, 150kl, 200kl and draw reasonable inferences on tank’s shape design
effectiveness . Each water tank was designed by Limit State method and then the crack width was
checked by limit state of serviceability IS 3370 (2009). The results have been presented in the form of
graphs and tables and it has been observed that Circular-shaped tank consumed lesser of each
material as compared to Square and Rectangular ones. The amount of formwork required for circular
tank is also less than that for square and rectangular tanks thereby giving Circular-shaped tanks a
more favorable selection over the rectangular and square shaped tanks
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Comparative Study on the Design of Square,Rectangular and Circular Concrete Water Tanks
1. S.Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 5) June 2015, pp.122-126
www.ijera.com 122 | P a g e
Comparative Study on the Design of Square,Rectangular and
Circular Concrete Water Tanks
S.Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy1
S.Raja shekar2
, Srinivas vasam3
P,Srinivasa Rao 4
1
Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Kandlakoya, Medchal, Hyderabad,
India
2
UG Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, CMR Technical Campus, Kandlakoya, Medchal, Hyderabad, India
3
Research Scholar, JNTUH, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hyderabad, India
4
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, JNTUH-Hyderabad, India
Abstract—
Reinforced concrete overhead water tanks are used to store and supply safe drinking water. Design and cost
estimation of overhead water tanks is a time consuming task, which requires a great deal of expertise. This study
therefore examines the efficiency of Rectangular and Circular tanks. Tanks of 30m3, 90m3, 140m3 and 170m3
capacities were used in order to draw reasonable inferences on tank‟s shape design effectiveness, relative cost
implications of tank types and structural capacities. Limit state design criteria were used for basic tank‟s
construction materials- steel reinforcement, concrete and formwork were taken-off from the prepared structural
drawings. Results of the material take-offs showed that, for each of the shapes, the amount of each structural
materials increase as the tank capacity increases. Also Circular-shaped tank consumed lesser individual material
as compared to Rectangular ones. Hence, this will give Circular-shaped tanks a more favoured selection over the
rectangular shaped tanks.
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important needs of any
community development is a safe and adequate supply
of potable water. Unfortunately, there is still a
shortage of clean water supply in rural regions of
many developing countries. A large proportion of the
rural population in such countries, rely on the
availability of man-made wells, natural springs and
rivers, and recently on limited piped water supply
schemes. The majority of such sources are not at
economical distances from the dwellings. The
effectiveness of piped water supply depends on the
availability of water storage tanks (Shirima, 1996).
According to Patentscope (1998), in small towns or in
rapidly growing urban areas it is common place to use
concrete water reservoirs of 2 to 50 megalitres or even
greater as "header" or "surge" tanks to store water
pumped from a remote source. The stored water is
then distributed to a specific community at a generally
constant head. Reinforced concrete overhead water
tanks are used to store and supply safe drinking water.
With the rapid speed of urbanization, demand for
drinking water has increased by many folds. Also, due
to shortage of electricity, it is not possible to supply
water through pumps at peak hours. In such situations
overhead water tanks become an indispensable part of
life. As demand for water tanks will continue to
increase in coming years, quick cost prediction of
tanks before its design will be helpful in selection of
tanks for real design. Quick cost prediction of tanks of
different geometry and capacity is a difficult job and a
time consuming task especially for less experienced
design engineers (Pathak and Agarwal, 2003, and Pall
and Pall, 2004). Many times it is required to know the
cost of a tank of known capacity and geometry before
its detailed design (Slatter, 1985). Gray and Manning
(1964), Ludwig (2008), Manning (1967), Elliot
(2006), Charles (2007) and Patentscope (1998) have
also contributed to the stability and the economy of
water tank design. This study attempted the
achievement of some measure of the best practical
solution, that is, the optimum design of elevated
reinforced concrete water tanks for a specified
performance in which the major objectives are to
reveal the degree of effectiveness of the geometric
shapes for the functional requirement, to assess the
possible cost implications of each of the choices and
to eventually generate Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet
Design Programs as a tool for the rather quick
assessment of various tank capacities.
II. DESIGN REQUIREMENT
A. IS:3370 is Indian code of practice for concrete
structures for the storage of liquids.this was
adopted dec 1967 .
Part1: general requirements
Part2:reinforcement concrete structures
Part3:prestressed concrete structures
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. S.Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 5) June 2015, pp.122-126
www.ijera.com 123 | P a g e
B. Structural Layouts:
The rectangular and circular walls were
considered to be propped cantilevers. Each of the
propped cantilevers was made rigidly fixed to its base
slab and was expected to be drawn inward at the top
by the Comparative Study on the Design of Elevated
Rectangular and Circular Concrete Water Tanks
23wall/top slab connecting reinforcements; in
response to the outward hydrostatic loading on the
wall. This was put in view based on the fact that
continuity reinforcement must be provided at corners
and at member-junctions to prevent cracking
(Durgesh, 2001 and Rao, 2000). The base slabs were
typically a double overhanging single-spanned
continuous slab, with wall point load and its applied
fixed end moment at each overhang end. And the top
slabs were laid out to be either two-way spanning or
simply supported as stated by Anchor (1992 and
1981). The tank dimensions were deduced by the
application of the related formula for solid shapes‟
volume calculations. Therefore, (L x B x H) for
cuboid (or cube ) was used for the rectangular tank
and (π x R2 x H) for cylinder was applied for the
circular tank; where L, B, H and R are Length,
Breadth, Height and Radius respectively. For each
tank, the preliminary member sizing were done for
the walls, base slab and top slab. Water free-board
was also provided for the possible volume increase
above the require capacity in order to limit or check
the overflow of the tanks in accordance with
recommendations by BS 8007 (1987), and Reynolds
and Steedman (1988). This was practically allowed to
ease the reinforcing and construction of joints.
C. Wall Loading:
The average water force or load, P in kN per
metre width of the rectangular tank walls under
flexural tension was derived as a point or
concentrated load by calculating the areas of the
triangular pressure diagrams of the water content on
the walls, to be (ρH) x H/2, where ρ is the water
density. By the centroidal consideration of loading of
the pressure diagram, one-third distance from the
base, up each wall, was chosen as the point of
application of the concentrated load. The circular tank
wall would be clearly in a state of simple hoop
tension and its amount in kN per metre height of wall
would be (ρH) x D/2. And it would still act at one-
third distance from the base up each wall. The wall
total working loads for both options were assumed
purely hydrostatic. And the inclusion of wind load in
the working load was purely made to be dependent on
tank elevation above the ground level, but would
always be applicable in the design of its support. The
wind load‟s application point, if considered, would
be at one-half the tank‟s height and acting against the
lateral water force. Hence, the resultant lateral force,
from the combination of the water force and wind
force; if applicable, would be one-half way between
the two forces, that is, five-twelfth of the tank‟s
height. For the purpose of this study, tanks elevated at
12 m and above were considered to be influenced by
wind load.
D. Base Slab Loading:
For each of the water tank options, the base slab‟s
characteristic serviceability uniformly distributed
load in kN/m per m run, was the sum of its dead load;
the concrete self weight and its finishes, and its live
load; that is, the weight of water to be contained. And
the serviceability point load in kN per metre run,
acting on each of the base slabs, at the extremes of
the overhangs was derived by adding up the wall
dead load; i.e. the base projection‟s weight and a
calculated fraction of the top slab load. But some
noticeable difference might be experienced in the
calculations of the fractions of the loads from the
rectangular and the circular top slabs.
E. Top Slab Loading:
The top slab uniformly distributed load, in kN/m
per metre run was calculated by adding up its
combined dead load; that is, concrete self weight,
waterproof finish and its live load (for tank access), to
derive the characteristic serviceability load. Factors
of safety of 1.4 and 1.6 were applied to the combined
dead and live loads respectively before their sum was
made to achieve the required ultimate design load for
the top slab. The ultimate requirement, that is,
stability would dictate its design and serviceability
requirements; basically, deflection would be checked
(BS 8007, 1987, and UFC, 2005).
F. Structural Analyses- General:
This entails the analyses of the loaded structural
elements; walls, base and top slabs in order to
determine their bending moments for the required
design conditions. Serviceability loadings were
considered for the general analysis to concentrate on
crack width and reinforcement tensile stress limit
except for top slab where this requirement would only
be a check on the structural performance through
measure of deflection. The maximum bending
moment from the support and span for each condition
was generally used and confirmed less than the
moment of resistance, , where fcu is the 28-day
concrete characteristic strength, b is one metre width
of slab, and d is the effective slab depth (BS 8110,
2007).
G. Wall Analysis:
The Clayperon‟s three-moments equation
approach was used for the propped cantilever walls of
the water tanks to get their serviceability bending
moments, that is, the fixed base of cantilever and
span moments. The applied analysis approach is
applicable to statically indeterminate beams or slabs
3. S.Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 5) June 2015, pp.122-126
www.ijera.com 124 | P a g e
(one way continuous spanned elements). Two spans
are to be considered at a time. Its general expression
is: ----- (1) Where LAB and LBC are the slab spans
AB and BC respectively; MA, MB and MC are the
support moments at A, B and C respectively; EIAB
and EIBC are the moments of rigidity of the spans
AB and BC respectively; AAB and ABC are the
diagram areas of span moments, MA, MB and MC,
and XAB and XBC are the centroids of areas AAB
and ABC respectively. The simplified form of the
Clayperon‟s three-moments equation; as applied in
the design is ----------------- (2) Where W is the
combination or sum of all the applicable
expression(s) for types of loading. 2 156 .0bd f M cu
u ) /( 6 ) /( 6 / ) / ( ) / ( 2 / BC BC BC BC AB AB
AB AB BC BC C BC BC AB AB B AB AB A EI L
X A EI L X A EI L M EI L EI L M EI L M
W L M L L M L M BC C BC AB B AB A
) ( 2 Comparative Study on the Design of
Elevated Rectangular and Circular Concrete Water
Tanks 24
H. BaseSlabAnalysis
The double-overhanging single spanned slab was
initially directly analysed to get the equal cantilever
moment; since the structure was symmetrical, by
taking moments about a cut-section through either
support. Dynamic span moment MA-B was
determined as used for the wall analysis above.
I. TopSlabAnalysis:
The rectangular top slab was analysed as two-way
spanning; as deduced from ratio of the long span to
short span which was found to be less than 2. The
circular top slab was assumed to be square. Their
discontinuities on all edges had their midspan
moments only to be calculated using and for the short
and long spans respectively. The moment
coefficients, and were obtained from BS 8110 (1997),
while ω and Lx are uniformly distributed load and the
short span length respectively. Due to the
discontinuity nature of their edges, there was zero
value of the coefficients and hence, the support
moments on each of the edges and no need for
support design.
J. UltimateLimitStateDesign:
For all the designed elements, except the top slab
where contact with the water content was assumed to
be minimal, the ultimate limit state design though a
critical strength or stability requirement assessment
on the structure would not be the guiding design state.
This fact was supported by Oyenuga (2005) that
design for flexure in water retaining structures was
just a little compared to the various checks for
serviceability. Hence, the top slab design was the
only elemental design coordinated by the ultimate
limit state considerations as for normal reinforced
concrete work.
K. ServiceabilityLimitStateDesign:
The limit state design procedure begins with the
stating of the design maximum crack-width limit at
the design outset. Serviceability requirements will
dictate the elemental designs except for the top slab.
Hence, for the top slab, which was expected to have
little or no contact with the water content, crack-
width limit would be of less importance but must be
checked, at least for functionality and aesthetics. The
serviceability limit state cases applied are: (i) flexural
tension in mature concrete for a cracked section
fulfilling the „deemed-to-satisfy‟ condition of not
exceeding the corresponding allowable reinforcement
service stress as required for rectangular walls in
normal calculations, (but used for both the
rectangular and circular walls in the MESDePro-
since both were designed as cantilevered walls and no
hoop or ring design was considered for the circular
wall), (ii) direct tension in mature concrete; for a
cracked section fulfilling the „cracked –width
calculation‟ condition of not exceeding the stated
design maximum crack-width limit: as required for
the circular wall in normal calculations, but not used
for the circular wall in the MESDePro since both
were designed as cantilevered walls and no direct
tension was assumed, (iii) flexural and direct tension
in mature concrete; for a cracked section fulfilling the
„cracked-width calculation‟ condition of not
exceeding the stated design maximum crack-width
limit as required for both rectangular and circular
base slabs, (but further limiting reinforcement service
stress check was made in the MESDePro to improve
its reinforcement provision), (iv) direct tension in
immature concrete; to control the thermal and
shrinkage cracking as required for both rectangular
and circular walls, and base slabs, (v) transverse
reinforcement provision: for longitudinal
reinforcements‟ distribution in the continuous
construction type for full restraint method of control
of thermal contraction and restrained shrinkage. This
would demand for no movement joints, but expansion
joints at wide spacing might be desirable in walls and
roofs that are not protected from solar heat gain or
where the contained liquid is subjected to substantial
temperature range (but this study generally assumed
favourable conditions), and (vi) deflection
calculation; to limit the element‟s depth required, not
to exceed the depth provided for a singly reinforced
section as required and used for the top sla 2x sx L
2x sy L sx sy
III. RESULTS
4. S.Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 5) June 2015, pp.122-126
www.ijera.com 125 | P a g e
TABLE I. COMPARATIVE DESIGN OF HOOP TENSION
IN SIDE WALLS WITH RESPECTIVE VOLUME AND
SHAPES
TABLE II. COMPARATIVE DESIGN MOMENT IN SIDE
WALLS WITH RESPECTIVE DIFFERENT VOLUME
TABLE III. AMOUNT OF REINFORCEMENT IN KG
WITH RESPECTIVE VOLUME AND SHAPES
Table
IV. DISCUSSION
From the above outputs, it could be deduced that
as the capacities increase, the amounts of materials
for the structure also increase. But, a rather non-
perfect proportionality resulted; that is, a proportional
increase in the capacity would not, necessarily lead to
a proportional increase in any of the materials
required. Moreover, the quantities of materials
5. S.Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part - 5) June 2015, pp.122-126
www.ijera.com 126 | P a g e
needed for the rectangular water tank were constantly
more than those needed for the circular water tank, at
each varied capacity. Furthermore, assessing the
relative reductions in the amounts of materials for the
circular tanks when compared with those of
rectangular tanks, it could be deduced that if the
relative ease of putting up the shuttering; that is the
formwork, would be significantly more challenged in
the construction of the circular tanks, their presumed
material-quantity advantage could be given up for a
selection of rectangular tanks (though with potential
increase in material-requirements). This could be
considered if the said reduction in materials is
relatively small or bearable. But, the final choice
would depend on the client‟s desire and the pieces of
advice of the professional(s) taking up the job.
V. CONCLUSION
Generally, the construction material-outputs for all
water tank capacities would be based on the choice of
the design considerations, with the sizes of their
structural elements. Hence, there exists the possibility
of having an equal-capacity and similar geometrically
shaped water tanks but with some measurable
difference in material requirements. For instance, a
tank wall designed as a cantilever would come up
with a relatively difference material-quantity when
compared with its material requirements, if designed
as a two-way spanning wall, (as for rectangular tank)
or ring (or hoop) wall, (as for circular tank). Also, it
can be clearly seen that material needed for the
construction of rectangular water tank is
comparatively more than those required for circular
ones but ease of construction is more difficult in
circular water tank as compared to that of rectangular
water tanks. Hence, it could be concluded that the
outcome of tank design and the possible cost
implication of its material requirements- coupled with
the relative ease of construction, would basically
influence the choice of what geometric shape would
be considered for the proposed water tank of any
capacity -although, some other factors must still be
assessed. Comparative Study on the Design of
Elevated Rectangular and Circular Concrete Water
Tanks 30
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