Susan McGeachie - Sustainability Issues on the HorizonCourtney Craib
Climate change remains a major sustainability issue despite lack of global agreement on solutions. Biodiversity loss and water scarcity also pose growing risks to businesses. Companies face pressure from regulators, investors, and consumers to improve sustainability reporting and disclosure of how they address issues like climate impacts, water use, and impacts on ecosystems. Assessing material issues and impacts on society is important for meaningful sustainability reporting.
Greendex 2009: Consumer Choice and the EnvironmentProjetoBr
Produzido pela National Geogrephic e a GlobeScaon, pesquisa on-line recolheu respostas de 17 mil consumidores de 17 países sobre habitação, uso de transportes, alimentação e bens de consumo.
Global Trends & Issues Presentation On March 20guestb70462
The document discusses several global trends and issues and their implications for Starbucks. It outlines major trends of consumers demanding higher quality products, increased environmental awareness, and healthier options. Global issues discussed include water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and carbon deposits. The document then analyzes how Starbucks has adapted its business practices to stay competitive in light of these trends, such as using higher quality and fresher ingredients, more sustainable operations and packaging, and energy efficient stores.
Teaser to presentation at Grain Ukraine Conference September 2018. Sergiy Bulavin. Published http://landlord.ua/yak-utrimati-pokaznik-virobnichoyi-efektivnosti-agrokompaniyi/.
This document discusses incentives for transforming food systems to address issues like poverty, undernourishment, and overweight populations. It notes that more food production does not automatically lead to less hunger or better nutrition. It identifies some perverse incentives that can lead to unintended outcomes, like higher farm prices reducing food supply or more food production worsening nutrition. The document advocates considering multiple resources, goals, incentives, and drivers of food systems to identify opportunities for transformative change. This includes tailoring interventions to livelihoods, bundling public, private and civic activities, and anchoring solutions in the policy process with enforcement and feedback. The future challenges of mixed strategies, contracts, scaling solutions, and dual-purpose interventions across multiple levels
MEASURE Evaluation PIMA poster on maternal morbidity and mortality. Access a larger version at https://www.measureevaluation.org/pima/maternal-and-reproductive-health/maternal-mortality-poster.
Monitoring and Evaluation Workshops: An approach to improve malaria informati...MEASURE Evaluation
The document summarizes regional monitoring and evaluation workshops held from 2010-2015 for malaria programs in sub-Saharan Africa. The workshops were organized by MEASURE Evaluation in collaboration with academic institutions and aimed to strengthen M&E capacity and skills among national malaria control program staff. Results from assessments found that participants retained knowledge and were able to apply what they learned to their work, but that additional modules were needed on malaria surveillance for pre-elimination contexts. Over 500 people applied to the workshops and 218 participants from 28 countries completed them.
Susan McGeachie - Sustainability Issues on the HorizonCourtney Craib
Climate change remains a major sustainability issue despite lack of global agreement on solutions. Biodiversity loss and water scarcity also pose growing risks to businesses. Companies face pressure from regulators, investors, and consumers to improve sustainability reporting and disclosure of how they address issues like climate impacts, water use, and impacts on ecosystems. Assessing material issues and impacts on society is important for meaningful sustainability reporting.
Greendex 2009: Consumer Choice and the EnvironmentProjetoBr
Produzido pela National Geogrephic e a GlobeScaon, pesquisa on-line recolheu respostas de 17 mil consumidores de 17 países sobre habitação, uso de transportes, alimentação e bens de consumo.
Global Trends & Issues Presentation On March 20guestb70462
The document discusses several global trends and issues and their implications for Starbucks. It outlines major trends of consumers demanding higher quality products, increased environmental awareness, and healthier options. Global issues discussed include water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and carbon deposits. The document then analyzes how Starbucks has adapted its business practices to stay competitive in light of these trends, such as using higher quality and fresher ingredients, more sustainable operations and packaging, and energy efficient stores.
Teaser to presentation at Grain Ukraine Conference September 2018. Sergiy Bulavin. Published http://landlord.ua/yak-utrimati-pokaznik-virobnichoyi-efektivnosti-agrokompaniyi/.
This document discusses incentives for transforming food systems to address issues like poverty, undernourishment, and overweight populations. It notes that more food production does not automatically lead to less hunger or better nutrition. It identifies some perverse incentives that can lead to unintended outcomes, like higher farm prices reducing food supply or more food production worsening nutrition. The document advocates considering multiple resources, goals, incentives, and drivers of food systems to identify opportunities for transformative change. This includes tailoring interventions to livelihoods, bundling public, private and civic activities, and anchoring solutions in the policy process with enforcement and feedback. The future challenges of mixed strategies, contracts, scaling solutions, and dual-purpose interventions across multiple levels
MEASURE Evaluation PIMA poster on maternal morbidity and mortality. Access a larger version at https://www.measureevaluation.org/pima/maternal-and-reproductive-health/maternal-mortality-poster.
Monitoring and Evaluation Workshops: An approach to improve malaria informati...MEASURE Evaluation
The document summarizes regional monitoring and evaluation workshops held from 2010-2015 for malaria programs in sub-Saharan Africa. The workshops were organized by MEASURE Evaluation in collaboration with academic institutions and aimed to strengthen M&E capacity and skills among national malaria control program staff. Results from assessments found that participants retained knowledge and were able to apply what they learned to their work, but that additional modules were needed on malaria surveillance for pre-elimination contexts. Over 500 people applied to the workshops and 218 participants from 28 countries completed them.
The document discusses the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and methodology for assigning disability weights. It provides details on:
- The GBD aims to measure disease burden globally in terms of years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
- Disability weights provide a scale from 0 (perfect health) to 1 (death) to quantify the severity of non-fatal health outcomes.
- The study involved household surveys in multiple countries and an internet survey to derive weights for 220 health states based on paired comparisons of health state descriptions.
- Statistical modeling was used to analyze the paired comparison data and map the results to a 0-1 disability weight
“Follow the money” in order to better understand the framework for global health governance: this presentation by Dr. Tim Mackey employs IHME-coordinated research while teaching the evolution of global health financing.
The document summarizes findings from the Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS) conducted in 2013. Some key findings include:
- 15.1% of Saudis ages 15 or older are hypertensive, 40.5% are borderline hypertensive
- 8.5% are hypercholesterolemic and 20% are borderline hypercholesterolemic
- 13.4% are diabetic and 16.3% are borderline diabetic
- 28.7% of Saudis are obese
This document discusses strengthening routine health information systems in Africa through regional collaboration. It reviews where sub-Saharan Africa is currently in terms of health information system development and global trends. It explores existing networks like the African Centre for eHealth Excellence and the HISP network that can be leveraged. Finally, it proposes next steps like consolidating the efforts of these networks to implement a 5-point call to action and developing a monitoring and evaluation framework for peer review across countries.
The document summarizes key points from the International Open Government Data Conference. It discusses the objectives of the conference, which was to share lessons learned about open government data and demonstrate its power. It also outlines some of the benefits of open data, such as improving accountability and creating economic opportunities. Finally, it emphasizes that successfully implementing open government data requires focusing on creating an ecosystem around the data through activities like skills training, prototyping, and scaling successful projects.
SM2015 is an ambitious project with the Ministry of Health and local support. This presentation outlines the design and activities around the data collection and analysis of the evaluation, as well as the results, conclusions, and future activities.
The document summarizes the work of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington. IHME is a global health research institute funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation that aims to improve population health by providing rigorous analysis and measurements of global health data. IHME manages large quantities of health data from various sources to produce estimates on diseases, risk factors, and measures like disability-adjusted life years. IHME is developing solutions like its Global Health Data Exchange to improve access, transparency, and use of health data through standardized metadata and data sharing.
The document provides an overview of the Access, Bottlenecks, Costs, and Equity (ABCE) research project in Uganda. The project collected data from 247 health facilities and over 3,900 patient interviews between 2012-2013. Key findings include: gaps between reported and functional service capacity at facilities, especially for non-HIV services; high availability of HIV/AIDS services but lower availability for non-communicable diseases; and efficiency scores varied widely both across and within facility platforms, indicating potential for expanded service provision.
This presentation analyzes current trends in public and private financing of health programs worldwide and how these trends may affect progress to reach the Millennium Development Goal targets as the 2015 deadline draws near. Speakers included Christopher Murray, Director, IHME, and Michael Hanlon, Lecturer, IHME.
The document discusses vital records and their importance as inputs for measuring population health through studies like the Global Burden of Disease. It describes how the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation uses vital registration data from over 130 countries, along with other sources, to measure mortality trends and causes of death globally. Challenges with obtaining and standardizing vital records data are addressed, such as accounting for garbage codes, and opportunities for future collaboration on analyzing vital records at subnational levels in countries like the United States are presented.
The ABCE project in Kenya collected data from 254 health facilities and over 4,200 patient exit interviews from 2012. Key findings include:
- Primary care facilities reported providing services but often lacked full capacity, especially in rural areas. Equipment, staffing, and diagnostic capacities were often inadequate.
- Patients generally paid some fees but amounts varied. Over 75% of public health center patients paid 20 KSH or less.
- Efficiency scores averaged 41% and generally declined with lower levels of care. Significant potential existed to increase service production given resources.
- Costs per patient visit varied by facility and output, with outpatient visits generally the lowest cost.
The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation is a global health institute that provides scientific measurements and evaluations of population health. It collects various types of health-related data, including social determinants, risks factors, population surveys, and facility data. However, health data is often difficult to access due to issues like privacy, capacity, and a sense of ownership. Health Data Innovation is changing this by encouraging data sharing through open data portals, funding for innovation, and engaging individuals to manage and share their own health data. This enables a virtuous cycle where more data is collected and shared, fueling further innovation and making more timely data available.
This document discusses Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), a measure used to quantify overall disease burden. It describes the components and methodology used to calculate DALYs, including years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate DALYs for specific health conditions or scenarios using the standard formulas that account for factors like age weighting, discounting, and disability weights. Estimates of DALYs for different age groups and countries are also mentioned.
The document discusses a workshop on measuring maternal mortality. The objectives of the workshop were to discuss maternal mortality trends in Asia, compare estimates from WHO and IHME, define methods to improve estimates, and discuss next steps. It provides background on definitions of maternal deaths, metrics for measurement like maternal mortality ratio, and obstacles to accurate measurement like misclassification of causes of death in places without proper death certification.
IHME professor Rafael Lozano chaired the 2012 meeting of the Regional Advisory Committee on Health Statistics, Comité Regional Asesor sobre Estadísticas de Salud (CRAES), in Havana, Cuba. Dr. Lozano spoke on quality assessment of mortality information, explaining IHME’s work in the identification and redistribution of cause of death codes. This research supports the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study.
This document discusses the Global Burden of Disease study conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The study analyzes big data on global health to quantify the comparative magnitude of health loss from diseases, injuries, and risk factors by location, age, sex, and over time. It involved collaboration with hundreds of individuals from over 50 countries. The 2012 study, published in The Lancet, analyzed data from 187 countries for 1990, 2005, and 2010 on 291 causes of death, 66 risk factors, and key health metrics.
The document summarizes key findings from the ABCE (Access, Bottlenecks, Costs, and Equity) research project in Zambia. The project assessed facility capacity, service provision, patient perspectives, efficiency, and costs of health care delivery. It found gaps in capacity across facility types, with shortages of equipment, staff, and stock-outs of medicines and vaccines. It also found potential for improved efficiency, with the average facility using only 42% of resources. Costs per patient visit varied by facility and service type.
The document discusses how the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington uses maps and spatial analysis to inform global health decision making. It summarizes their work on the Global Burden of Disease study which quantifies health loss from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 187 countries. It describes how they measure and analyze data inputs, manage missing data, use covariates and risk factors, conduct spatial-temporal regression, and perform small area estimation to analyze health patterns at subnational levels. Remaining challenges include adding more spatial covariates and conducting disease burden studies at local levels.
The document provides an overview of the ABCE (Access, Bottlenecks, Costs, and Equity) project in Ghana which collected primary data from 240 health facilities across the country. Key findings include that while facility personnel and capacity have increased in recent years, availability of diagnostic testing and human resources vary substantially between facility types. The study also found opportunities to improve efficiency and increase service outputs given current resource levels. Results of the ABCE project can help inform health policy in Ghana by identifying areas of strength and those needing further development in the country's health system.
This document discusses different data sources that can be used to measure maternal mortality rates, including vital registration data, household survey data, sibling history data from surveys, and peer-reviewed studies using methods like verbal autopsies. It outlines some issues with data sources like miscoding and underreporting of deaths. The document also describes methods used to process and correct the raw data, like redistributing garbage codes and applying weights to survey data to address survivor bias.
Assignment 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions Due Week 9 and wort.docxsherni1
Assignment 3: Long-Term Investment Decisions
Due Week 9 and worth 300 points
Assume that the low-calorie microwavable food company from Assignments 1 and 2 wants to expand and has to make some long-term capital budgeting decisions.
Use the Internet to research government policies and regulation.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
1. Outline a plan that managers in the low-calorie microwaveable food company could follow when selecting pricing strategies for making their products as inelastic as possible. Provide a rationale for your response.
2. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential effects that government policies could have on your company.
3. Determine whether or not government regulation to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry is needed. Cite the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. Provide two (2) examples of government involvement in a similar market economy to support your response.
4. Examine the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects. Propose key actions that the company could take in order to prevent or address these complexities.
5. Suggest the substantive manner in which the company could create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers. Indicate the most likely impact to profitability of such a convergence. Provide two (2) examples of instances that support your response.
6. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia does not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Propose how differences in demand and elasticity lead managers to develop various pricing strategies.
• Analyze the economic impact of contracting, governance and organizational form within organizations.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in managerial economics and globalization.
• Write clearly and concisely about managerial economics and globalization using proper writing mechanics
2
Running Head: Operations Decisions
Assignment 2: Operations Decisions
Toni Washington
Professor J. Elu
Econ 550
February 23, 2014
The Market Structure of the Low calorie Food Company
From the regression results in the previous assignment, it clearly shows that the product inelastic. Considering the elasticitie ...
Presented during the RT9 Conference from the Roundtable on Responsible Soy (RTRS) in May 2014: "Dynamics of certification in a green economy: Greening the economy and the importance of innovative good quality certification standards to enhance a transition", see also: http://www.responsiblesoy.org/rt9-novena-conferencia-anual/programa/agenda/
The document discusses the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and methodology for assigning disability weights. It provides details on:
- The GBD aims to measure disease burden globally in terms of years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
- Disability weights provide a scale from 0 (perfect health) to 1 (death) to quantify the severity of non-fatal health outcomes.
- The study involved household surveys in multiple countries and an internet survey to derive weights for 220 health states based on paired comparisons of health state descriptions.
- Statistical modeling was used to analyze the paired comparison data and map the results to a 0-1 disability weight
“Follow the money” in order to better understand the framework for global health governance: this presentation by Dr. Tim Mackey employs IHME-coordinated research while teaching the evolution of global health financing.
The document summarizes findings from the Saudi Health Interview Survey (SHIS) conducted in 2013. Some key findings include:
- 15.1% of Saudis ages 15 or older are hypertensive, 40.5% are borderline hypertensive
- 8.5% are hypercholesterolemic and 20% are borderline hypercholesterolemic
- 13.4% are diabetic and 16.3% are borderline diabetic
- 28.7% of Saudis are obese
This document discusses strengthening routine health information systems in Africa through regional collaboration. It reviews where sub-Saharan Africa is currently in terms of health information system development and global trends. It explores existing networks like the African Centre for eHealth Excellence and the HISP network that can be leveraged. Finally, it proposes next steps like consolidating the efforts of these networks to implement a 5-point call to action and developing a monitoring and evaluation framework for peer review across countries.
The document summarizes key points from the International Open Government Data Conference. It discusses the objectives of the conference, which was to share lessons learned about open government data and demonstrate its power. It also outlines some of the benefits of open data, such as improving accountability and creating economic opportunities. Finally, it emphasizes that successfully implementing open government data requires focusing on creating an ecosystem around the data through activities like skills training, prototyping, and scaling successful projects.
SM2015 is an ambitious project with the Ministry of Health and local support. This presentation outlines the design and activities around the data collection and analysis of the evaluation, as well as the results, conclusions, and future activities.
The document summarizes the work of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington. IHME is a global health research institute funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation that aims to improve population health by providing rigorous analysis and measurements of global health data. IHME manages large quantities of health data from various sources to produce estimates on diseases, risk factors, and measures like disability-adjusted life years. IHME is developing solutions like its Global Health Data Exchange to improve access, transparency, and use of health data through standardized metadata and data sharing.
The document provides an overview of the Access, Bottlenecks, Costs, and Equity (ABCE) research project in Uganda. The project collected data from 247 health facilities and over 3,900 patient interviews between 2012-2013. Key findings include: gaps between reported and functional service capacity at facilities, especially for non-HIV services; high availability of HIV/AIDS services but lower availability for non-communicable diseases; and efficiency scores varied widely both across and within facility platforms, indicating potential for expanded service provision.
This presentation analyzes current trends in public and private financing of health programs worldwide and how these trends may affect progress to reach the Millennium Development Goal targets as the 2015 deadline draws near. Speakers included Christopher Murray, Director, IHME, and Michael Hanlon, Lecturer, IHME.
The document discusses vital records and their importance as inputs for measuring population health through studies like the Global Burden of Disease. It describes how the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation uses vital registration data from over 130 countries, along with other sources, to measure mortality trends and causes of death globally. Challenges with obtaining and standardizing vital records data are addressed, such as accounting for garbage codes, and opportunities for future collaboration on analyzing vital records at subnational levels in countries like the United States are presented.
The ABCE project in Kenya collected data from 254 health facilities and over 4,200 patient exit interviews from 2012. Key findings include:
- Primary care facilities reported providing services but often lacked full capacity, especially in rural areas. Equipment, staffing, and diagnostic capacities were often inadequate.
- Patients generally paid some fees but amounts varied. Over 75% of public health center patients paid 20 KSH or less.
- Efficiency scores averaged 41% and generally declined with lower levels of care. Significant potential existed to increase service production given resources.
- Costs per patient visit varied by facility and output, with outpatient visits generally the lowest cost.
The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation is a global health institute that provides scientific measurements and evaluations of population health. It collects various types of health-related data, including social determinants, risks factors, population surveys, and facility data. However, health data is often difficult to access due to issues like privacy, capacity, and a sense of ownership. Health Data Innovation is changing this by encouraging data sharing through open data portals, funding for innovation, and engaging individuals to manage and share their own health data. This enables a virtuous cycle where more data is collected and shared, fueling further innovation and making more timely data available.
This document discusses Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), a measure used to quantify overall disease burden. It describes the components and methodology used to calculate DALYs, including years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate DALYs for specific health conditions or scenarios using the standard formulas that account for factors like age weighting, discounting, and disability weights. Estimates of DALYs for different age groups and countries are also mentioned.
The document discusses a workshop on measuring maternal mortality. The objectives of the workshop were to discuss maternal mortality trends in Asia, compare estimates from WHO and IHME, define methods to improve estimates, and discuss next steps. It provides background on definitions of maternal deaths, metrics for measurement like maternal mortality ratio, and obstacles to accurate measurement like misclassification of causes of death in places without proper death certification.
IHME professor Rafael Lozano chaired the 2012 meeting of the Regional Advisory Committee on Health Statistics, Comité Regional Asesor sobre Estadísticas de Salud (CRAES), in Havana, Cuba. Dr. Lozano spoke on quality assessment of mortality information, explaining IHME’s work in the identification and redistribution of cause of death codes. This research supports the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study.
This document discusses the Global Burden of Disease study conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The study analyzes big data on global health to quantify the comparative magnitude of health loss from diseases, injuries, and risk factors by location, age, sex, and over time. It involved collaboration with hundreds of individuals from over 50 countries. The 2012 study, published in The Lancet, analyzed data from 187 countries for 1990, 2005, and 2010 on 291 causes of death, 66 risk factors, and key health metrics.
The document summarizes key findings from the ABCE (Access, Bottlenecks, Costs, and Equity) research project in Zambia. The project assessed facility capacity, service provision, patient perspectives, efficiency, and costs of health care delivery. It found gaps in capacity across facility types, with shortages of equipment, staff, and stock-outs of medicines and vaccines. It also found potential for improved efficiency, with the average facility using only 42% of resources. Costs per patient visit varied by facility and service type.
The document discusses how the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington uses maps and spatial analysis to inform global health decision making. It summarizes their work on the Global Burden of Disease study which quantifies health loss from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 187 countries. It describes how they measure and analyze data inputs, manage missing data, use covariates and risk factors, conduct spatial-temporal regression, and perform small area estimation to analyze health patterns at subnational levels. Remaining challenges include adding more spatial covariates and conducting disease burden studies at local levels.
The document provides an overview of the ABCE (Access, Bottlenecks, Costs, and Equity) project in Ghana which collected primary data from 240 health facilities across the country. Key findings include that while facility personnel and capacity have increased in recent years, availability of diagnostic testing and human resources vary substantially between facility types. The study also found opportunities to improve efficiency and increase service outputs given current resource levels. Results of the ABCE project can help inform health policy in Ghana by identifying areas of strength and those needing further development in the country's health system.
This document discusses different data sources that can be used to measure maternal mortality rates, including vital registration data, household survey data, sibling history data from surveys, and peer-reviewed studies using methods like verbal autopsies. It outlines some issues with data sources like miscoding and underreporting of deaths. The document also describes methods used to process and correct the raw data, like redistributing garbage codes and applying weights to survey data to address survivor bias.
Assignment 3 Long-Term Investment Decisions Due Week 9 and wort.docxsherni1
Assignment 3: Long-Term Investment Decisions
Due Week 9 and worth 300 points
Assume that the low-calorie microwavable food company from Assignments 1 and 2 wants to expand and has to make some long-term capital budgeting decisions.
Use the Internet to research government policies and regulation.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper in which you:
1. Outline a plan that managers in the low-calorie microwaveable food company could follow when selecting pricing strategies for making their products as inelastic as possible. Provide a rationale for your response.
2. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential effects that government policies could have on your company.
3. Determine whether or not government regulation to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry is needed. Cite the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. Provide two (2) examples of government involvement in a similar market economy to support your response.
4. Examine the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects. Propose key actions that the company could take in order to prevent or address these complexities.
5. Suggest the substantive manner in which the company could create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers. Indicate the most likely impact to profitability of such a convergence. Provide two (2) examples of instances that support your response.
6. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia does not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Propose how differences in demand and elasticity lead managers to develop various pricing strategies.
• Analyze the economic impact of contracting, governance and organizational form within organizations.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in managerial economics and globalization.
• Write clearly and concisely about managerial economics and globalization using proper writing mechanics
2
Running Head: Operations Decisions
Assignment 2: Operations Decisions
Toni Washington
Professor J. Elu
Econ 550
February 23, 2014
The Market Structure of the Low calorie Food Company
From the regression results in the previous assignment, it clearly shows that the product inelastic. Considering the elasticitie ...
Presented during the RT9 Conference from the Roundtable on Responsible Soy (RTRS) in May 2014: "Dynamics of certification in a green economy: Greening the economy and the importance of innovative good quality certification standards to enhance a transition", see also: http://www.responsiblesoy.org/rt9-novena-conferencia-anual/programa/agenda/
The document summarizes key concepts related to household behavior and consumer choice in microeconomics. It discusses households making decisions about demand for goods and labor supply based on budget constraints and utility maximization. Households choose consumption bundles that maximize total utility subject to the budget constraint. A rise in price or wage can impact consumption through income and substitution effects. Households also make choices about saving, borrowing, and allocating spending over present versus future periods.
The document discusses economic systems and sustainability. It describes different types of economic systems like free market systems and how governments intervene. It also discusses strategies to shift economies to be more environmentally sustainable, such as full-cost pricing and reducing poverty. Monitoring economic and environmental progress through new indicators is also covered.
This document provides an analysis of Bajaj Finserv's lending schemes in comparison to its competitors. It outlines Bajaj Finserv's primary and secondary objectives, which are to compare its schemes to other lenders and analyze competitors' schemes in relation to Bajaj Finserv's products. The document also provides information on Bajaj Finserv's company profile and the various consumer finance, SME finance, and commercial lending schemes it offers.
This chapter discusses considerations in price planning and different approaches to pricing. It defines key terms like price and examines factors that influence pricing decisions, including consumers, costs, competition, and government regulations. The chapter differentiates between price-based strategies, which rely on changing prices to influence demand, and non-price-based strategies, which create distinctive products. It also addresses the relationship between price, supply, and demand.
The document provides an overview of two demand models: the Linear Expenditure System (LES) and the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). It summarizes the key features of each model, including their basic structure and equations. The LES assumes a linear relationship between income and expenditures, while AIDS allows for more flexibility. AIDS also accounts for substitution effects between goods and can estimate price and income elasticities. The document compares the advantages and limitations of each approach.
Bangalore Presentation Landes Burfisher Paper F N1venkatesan g
The document analyzes the potential effects of improving efficiency in India's agricultural marketing system. It discusses India's current policies that hamper investment in agricultural markets. A model is used to simulate the economic impacts of increasing marketing efficiency by 50% compared to removing agricultural subsidies or tariffs. The results suggest that boosting food retail marketing efficiency could significantly increase incomes, employment, and welfare across the economy. This represents an important complement to other agricultural reforms in India.
Bangalore Presentation Landes Burfisher Paper F N1venkatesan g
The document analyzes the potential effects of improving efficiency in India's agricultural marketing system. It discusses how India's policies have hindered investment in agricultural markets. A model is used to simulate the economic impacts of increasing marketing efficiency by 50% compared to removing agricultural subsidies or tariffs. Increasing marketing efficiency is found to have significant positive impacts on income, employment, and welfare and could complement other reforms. Better data is still needed to strengthen the analysis.
Determinants of Contractual Choice and Relationship Sustainability in Organic...Premier Publishers
Supply chain stakeholders for local organic food face uncertainties. In the present study, the empirical relevance of relationship types, farmers contracting choice and several determining factors which potentially influence both choices of contract types and the relationship with sustainability was tested. The study draws the Williamson’s governance contractual structure of formal and non-formal relationship prevailing between chain actors to see what kind of contractual relationship is prevalent in the chain drawing on transaction cost theory. Data were captured by conducting a survey of 155 respondents (127 farmers, 11 processors and 17 retailers) belonging to Karnataka state in India. The analysis was both quantitative and qualitative and used binary choice models and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyse the key determinants. The analysis revealed that informal relationships were prevalent in the market. Market, sector and enterprise specific characteristics were found to influence the choice of the contract while dyadic, firm level factors influence relationship sustainability in the organic fruits and vegetable supply chains. Results have implications for agribusiness management and policy makers in relation to organic agribusiness development in the study area.
Types of Government Pricing Mechanisms & TendersKakoli Laha
This document discusses various types of government pricing mechanisms and tendering processes. It describes price control mechanisms like control prices and support prices that governments use to regulate markets. It also explains dual pricing, where the government sells part of a good's supply at a controlled price and the rest at market prices. Tendering involves governments or companies inviting bids for projects with clear timelines. The document outlines the different types of tenders and provides a detailed overview of the typical tendering process. It also gives examples of pricing policies and tendering in countries like India, the US, Spain, Canada and the UK.
This document provides an overview of consumer behavior theory and concepts. It discusses the determinants of demand, marginal utility analysis including the law of diminishing marginal utility, and the ordinal and cardinal approaches to measuring utility. It defines key terms like utility, marginal utility, and total utility. It also covers indifference curve analysis and the budget line/budget set that represent the consumption possibilities and constraints for a consumer. The purpose is to understand the various factors that influence how consumers make choices to maximize satisfaction given prices and income.
This document provides an overview of managerial economics. It defines managerial economics as the application of microeconomics, particularly demand analysis and production functions, to managerial decision making. It discusses the differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics, and how each applies to either single firms or the overall economy. Key tools of managerial economics are also summarized, including demand forecasting, cost analysis, and capital budgeting.
Operations DecisionECO550 Assignment 2Lydia L. BrooksRunning.docxhopeaustin33688
Operations Decision
ECO550 Assignment 2
Lydia L. Brooks
Running Head: OPERATIONS DECISION 2
OPERATIONS DECISION 3
February 16, 2014
Operations Decision
Introduction
There are countless low calorie microwavable food options in the market today that are available for purchase. As people experience a higher income, they can afford a better lifestyle than was previously accessible; therefore, people’s cooking style has changed. Instead of using traditional cooking methods, people now use microwaves to cook. With this microwave usage rise, a rise in microwavable food items has also occurred. With so many diverse products available it is so very easy to find and purchase a healthy choice of microwavable food. A low-calorie or healthy selection of diet choice is one that includes a good source of protein; in addition to containing a minimum of 3 grams of fiber (to satisfy), and also has no more than 600 milligrams of sodium (Zelman, n.d.).
Some of the manufacturer options are: Lean Cuisine and Healthy Choice. Both of them are major competitors in the frozen food market. Lean Cuisine, a part of Stouffer’s (which dates back to the 1920’s) was acquired by Nestlé 1981 and has since then expanded its market in the US, Canada and Australia. Lean Cuisine offers a wide variety of frozen foods and is one of the top choices for low calorie food (Nestle', n.d.).
Healthy Choice, manufactured by ConAgra, is another principal low calorie frozen food supplier. They are Lean Cuisine’s biggest competitor. The market segment is decided by three criteria which are the variables behavioralistic, psychographic and profile (Company history, n.d.) (Market segmentation, n.d.).
Behavioralistic segmentation variables are those that are pursued from product and buying patterns such as volume of purchase, brand loyalty, readiness to buy and frequency (to name a few) and may be judged to be the primary basis. This variable has the advantage of using variables that are intimately related to the product itself; it is a somewhat direct beginning point for market segmentation (Market segmentation, n.d.)
Psychographic segmentation variables are used when purchasing behavior compares with consumer lifestyle or personality. Consumers who hold diverse personality and lifestyle trends also become biased towards particular products. Their economic and social standing determine their choices (Market segmentation, n.d.).
Profiling is not the most important gauge for market segmentation. Upon determining the differences in the markets, it also must be decided what channel through which these are exhibited. Profile variables like socio-economic group or physical locations are extremely essential in choosing the target audience (Market segmentation, n.d.).
In deciding the market structure for the food industry, first one would have to keep in mind their target audience. It is vital to do a strong study of the economic growth of the entire food industry. Additionally, the.
1Evaluating Demand and Supply Factors Affecting the Decisi.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
Evaluating Demand and Supply Factors Affecting the Decision to engage in Organic Farming
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.
2. Choice of organic crop.
3. Demand determinants for organic corn.
4. Price elasticity of demand and Demand curve.
5. Supply determinants for organic corn.
6. Price elasticity of supply and Supply curve.
7. Cost of switching to organic.
8. Recommendation.
References
1. Introduction
The subject of the supply and demand analysis of this paper is organic farming in the U.S. In the situation described in scenario D of the assignment, there is a farmer who is experienced in growing (non-organic) corn on his 100 acre field and who is interested in switching to presumably more profitable organic farming. The farmer wants to know what the best (most profitable) organic crop is and how much it will cost to become a certified organic farmer. This paper argues that the organic crop the farmer should be growing instead of regular corn is organic corn, evaluates demand and supply factors for organic corn, estimates demand and supply elasticities and assesses the cost of becoming a grower of organic corn.
2. Choice of organic crop
The key difference between the regular and organic crops is the use of pesticides and fertilizers. According to Kaiser and Ernst (2011), organic crops are the ones that are grown using production methods that are “intended to mimic natural processes”. Such methods include various cultural practices and natural inputs and exclude “most synthetic pesticides and standard commercial fertilizers”.
In our case, the farmer has extensive experience of growing corn and all necessary supplies, tools and equipment. Switching to growing a different crop would require a significant investment in learning about this new crop (and, inevitably, a learning curve) and buying new equipment and supplies. Given that our farmer does not work on a large scale – he only has 100 acres of land to work with – investing in self-education and new props may require a substantial investment outlay (and thus significant fixed costs) which may suppress profits at the initial stages. On the other hand, switching from regular to organic corn will not require a lot of additional investment.
Another reason to switch to organic corn (as opposed to some other organic crop) is that currently U.S. demand is not being met by local supply. There is generally not a lot of data on organic crops – for example, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) only started collecting organic crops data in 2011 – but according to Brat (2015) sales of foods certified as free of synthetic chemicals or genetic engineering by the U.S. were up 11% in 2014 relative to 2013 and amounted to about 5.1% of U.S. grocery spending. The same article also states that the average annual growth of the organic sector was about 10% which is three times higher than that of the overall food sales, citing USDA and trade association data.
According to the data publis.
It is a stream of social sciences and commerce.
It is a study of production, consumption, distribution and regulation of flow of goods and services in an economy.
It has a direct relation with money.
It studies the economic aspect of goods and services provided in the economy.
It is a wider concept and hence affects the overall conditions of the economy.
It has two major segments: micro and macro. It is derived from Greek word ‘Mikros’.
It creates efficiency and smoothens up the process of final consumption of goods and services.
It tries to understand the problems that occur while producing, distributing and consuming a product.
It deepens our understanding.
Consumption is a broader term and it is the essence of economics. Economists generally consider consumption to be the final purpose of economic activity, hence consumption per person is a central measure of an economy’s productive success.
Consumption in economics means utilization of a product or a commodity and to derive benefits from the same. The utility of a product will help us in satisfying our needs and hence it is consumption.
Consumption can be defined in different ways, but is usually best described as the final purchase of goods and services by individuals. The purchase of a new pair of shoes, a burger at the fast food restaurant, or the service of getting your house cleaned are all examples of consumption.
It is a state of maximum satisfaction from a consumption.
A producer will obtain the stage of equilibrium when he will get maximum profit from his production.
In economics, economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change.
Equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal. Market equilibrium in this case refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition.
This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes and the quantity is called "competitive quantity" or market clearing quantity.
The document discusses the concept of demand in business economics. It provides definitions of demand from various economists and discusses factors that influence demand, including:
1) Product/service utilization like durable, perishable, autonomous, and derived demand
2) Consumer status and how it's affected by changes in income, habits, age, taxes, interest rates, and weather
3) Product price and how it relates to substitution goods and compliments
4) Sales promotion tools like advertising
5) Producer consumption including individual and segment demand curves
The document discusses demand and supply. It defines demand as the total quantity of a good or service that customers are willing and able to purchase under various market conditions. Supply is defined as the total quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell. The key determinants of demand include price, income, tastes and preferences. The key determinants of supply include price, costs of inputs, technology and weather. The document explains demand curves and how shifts in demand curves occur due to changes in non-price factors. It also discusses market demand and supply functions.
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1) The document summarizes preliminary findings from a process evaluation of the Salud Mesoamerica Initiative (SMI) which aims to strengthen health systems in Mesoamerica.
2) Key findings include that SMI has improved health facility management, logistics and medical supply availability, information systems, and human resource training.
3) SMI also influenced policies by changing conversations to focus on results and accelerating policy approval processes in Chiapas, Mexico. However, stakeholders disagreed on whether SMI adequately prioritized the poor.
The document summarizes the results of a baseline study conducted as part of the Salud Mesoamérica Initiative, which aims to improve health indicators in Central American and Mexican countries. Key findings from household and health facility surveys in multiple countries are presented. Dried blood spot samples were also collected and tested to estimate measles immunization coverage, identifying gaps between reported vaccination and presence of antibodies. Health facility characteristics associated with discrepancies included lack of internet access and inconsistent receipt of requested vaccine supplies. The study highlights opportunities to strengthen vaccination programs and better measure coverage through biomarkers.
Este estudio evaluó la calidad de la información sobre mortalidad infantil en Yucatán, México entre 2015-2016. El análisis encontró que el sistema de registros vitales mostró buena calidad general pero con problemas en la certificación de causas de muerte, especialmente para neonatos. La concordancia entre registros médicos y estadísticas vitales varió según la causa. La Universidad de Yucatán diseñará intervenciones para mejorar la certificación de muertes infantiles.
The first phase of the “Under-5 Child Health and Mortality Statistics Project” sough to strengthen the evidence and understanding of key factors related to under-5 mortality in Yucatán, Mexico using Verbal Autopsy data collection tools with an added battery on search for care processes for U5 deaths which occurred in Yucatán during 2015-2016, and the triangulation of Verbal Autopsy reports with data from vital registration systems and medical records. This presentation, presented to stakeholders at a results dissemination workshop in October 2017 in Mérida, Yucatán, provides an overview of the project and summarizes key results and learnings from the research.
The second phase of the “Under-5 Child Health and Mortality Statistics Project” sough to strengthen the evidence and understanding of key factors related to under-5 mortality in Yucatán, Mexico through the implementation and evaluation of both community and facility-based interventions, aimed at improving recognition of alarm signs among mothers and caretakers for common causes of death in children and improving the quality of cause of death certification for deaths of children under 5, respectively. This presentation, presented virtually to stakeholders at a results dissemination workshop in January 2021, provides an overview of the project and summarizes key results and learnings from the research.
The Prospective Country Evaluation is an embedded mixed-methods evaluation platform designed to examine the Global Fund business model, investments and contribution to disease program outcomes and impact in eight countries. Findings were synthesized across the 8 countries to provide timely and actionable recommendations to support program improvements and accelerate progress towards the objectives of the Global Fund 2017-2022 Strategy.
Published in The Lancet in November 2018, GBD 2017 provides for the first time an independent estimation of population, for each of 195 countries and territories and the globe, using a standardized, replicable approach, as well as a comprehensive update on fertility. GBD 2017 incorporates major data additions and improvements, using a total of 68,781 data sources in the estimation process.
Expected human capital is a measure that combines education levels, functional health, and learning to assess a population's economic productivity. It is defined as the attributes of a population that contribute to economic growth through technology development and adoption. Expected human capital is calculated for each country by applying age-specific rates of education, health, and learning to demographic data. Higher expected human capital is correlated with higher GDP. Since 1990, many countries have improved their expected human capital through gains in education and health, leading to faster economic growth. Finland currently has the highest expected human capital while Niger, South Sudan and Chad have the lowest.
1. Maternal and child mortality in the United States has increased in recent decades according to findings from the GBD 2013 study, unlike trends in other developed nations which have seen continued declines.
2. The reasons for rising mortality in the US are unclear but may be related to increasing rates of non-communicable diseases and comorbidities among women of reproductive age as well as declining health insurance coverage and access to care.
3. While congenital birth defects have decreased substantially in the US, rates of neonatal disorders and injuries continue to outpace declines in other countries, driving higher rates of child mortality overall.
This document discusses communicating population health data for impact. It notes that population health data from the Global Burden of Disease study can help answer questions about major health problems, diseases causing high mortality, diseases affecting older populations, prioritizing diseases for vaccine research, and the health burden of obesity. The data includes mortality and disability metrics for 301 diseases across 188 countries from 1990 to 2013. The goal is to share this data with global health organizations, governments, researchers, private sector groups, healthcare providers, investors, journalists, and the general public to help inform decision making. It emphasizes tailoring the sharing of data to the right audiences, formats, and timing.
The document discusses the Global Burden of Disease Study, which systematically analyzes health data from various sources to quantify the global burden caused by diseases, injuries, and risk factors. It describes the four steps of big data analysis used: (1) accessing data from various sources like surveys and medical records, (2) preparing the data for analysis by extracting, correcting biases, and standardizing classifications, (3) analyzing the data using statistical modeling and expert review, and (4) translating the results into academic papers, reports, and interactive data visualizations to share key insights. The study has analyzed data from 187 countries from 1990-2010 to understand health loss by age, sex, and cause.
This document outlines an agenda for a data visualization workshop. It discusses why visualizing data is important for exploring patterns, communicating results, and telling stories. Examples are given of historical visualizations that helped identify cholera outbreaks and military campaigns. The main steps for visualizing data are introduced: being clear on objectives, preparing the data, building visualizations using appropriate tools, and ensuring success. Global Burden of Disease visualizations are presented as examples for research settings. The document concludes with encouraging questions and further resources.
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A Model Using Household-Income and Household-Consumption Data to Estimate the Cost and the Effectiveness of Subsidies
1. GLOB MOD
A Model Using Household-Income and
Household-Consumption Data to Estimate the Cost
and the Effectiveness of Subsidies
Lorenzo Sabatelli
GLOB MOD
Dean T. Jamison
University of Washington
2. GLOB MOD
Consumer Choice, Health Risk, and Policy
Global Health-Risk Factors
Childhood underweight
Household air pollution from solid fuel
High blood pressure
Suboptimal breastfeeding
Tobacco smoking and second hand smoking
Ambient particulate matter pollution
Diet low in fruits
Iron deficiency
High fasting plasma glucose
High body-mass index
Diet high in sodium
Alcohol use
Unimproved sanitation
High total cholesterol
Diet low in nuts and seeds
Vitamin A deficiency
Diet low in vegetables
Diet low in grains
Zinc deficiency
Unimproved water source
People do not choose to become ill, choose to be happy
Individuals and Households make choices on the purchase
of goods and services
They try to optimize the use of available resources to
maximize the satisfaction of their perceived needs
(Maximization of Utility)
Some choices may be optimal, but not for health
Governments can use financial instruments, such as
subsidies, to influence consumer choices
Subsidies decrease the out-of-pocket price of certain goods
to the consumer, increasing demand
3. GLOB MOD
Data on
Household
Budget
Allocation
Data on Household
Income and Consumption
Data on
Utility and
Income
Cost and Effectiveness of Subsidizing the Installation of
Household-Based Sanitations in Rural India
Case-Study
MODEL
Cost and Effectiveness of Subsidizing the Purchase
of Health-Relevant Goods
Overview
Do not reproduce without the express written consent of the authors
4. GLOB MOD
Parameter Intuitive Definition
Income Elasticity of Demand
The percent change in the demand for a class
of goods (e.g. food, clothes, housing) due to a
1% increase in income, when prices remain
constant.
Uncompensated Own-Price Elasticity of Demand
The percent change in the demand for a class
of goods (e.g. food, clothes, housing) due to a
1% increase in the average price, when income
and the price of other goods remain constant.
Budget Share
The proportion of a consumer budget used to
purchase goods of the class of interest.
Quantities of Interest
6. GLOB MOD
The Model Recipe
BUDGET
SHARE
OF GOOD
X
INCOME ELASTICITY OF
DEMAND OF GOOD X
ELASTICITY
OF THE
MARGINAL
UTILITY OF
INCOME
Price Elasticity of
Household-Based Sanitations in Rural India
UNCOMPENSATED OWN
PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
OF GOOD X
Do not reproduce without the express written consent
of the authors
7. GLOB MOD
Utility increases with income, with decreasing margins (convexity)
Consumers allocate their own budget to the purchase of goods and services in a way that
maximizes utility
Demand adjusts to changes in prices and in income in a very short (negligible) time
Preference Independence: the utility associated with the consumptions of one class of goods
does not depend on the consumption of goods of a different class (no interaction)
These assumptions are the basis of the so called Florida Preference Independence Model
Model Assumptions
8. GLOB MOD
Uncompensated Own-Price Elasticity vs. Income Elasticity
Model
Assumptions
Demand
Equation
Relationship between
price-elasticity and
income-elasticity
To protect the confidentiality of unpublished results this slide is different from the original used in the GHME 2013 conference
Price Elasticity = function (Income Elasticity; Budget Share; Elasticity of the Marginal Utility)
9. GLOB MOD
Background
60% - 70% of households without latrines
Absence of improved sanitations is a major
public-health risk factor
Data Sources
District Level Household and Facility Survey
(DLHS) provides health care and utilization
indicators at the district level
Asian Development Bank statistics and
policy documents
APPLICATION
Subsidizing the Installation of Sanitations in Rural India
10. GLOB MOD
What is Income, by the way?
Permanent-income was estimated on a log-
scale with a random-effects probit model using
household asset ownership as a (probabilistic)
proxy for household income
Calculation of Income, Income Elasticity and Other Parameters
Calculating the income elasticity with a Mixed-Effect First Difference Regression using
DLHS-2 and DLHS-3 data
Parameter Value
Annual cost of one basic
improved-sanitation facility
5.5-11 US$
Current sanitation coverage ~32%
Total number of households 140 millions
Additional parameters
To protect the confidentiality of unpublished results this slide is slightly different from the original used in the GHME 2013 conference
11. GLOB MOD
Results
Additional Number of Households
with Sanitations
Annual Cost to the Policy Maker
Please note: These results are preliminary. Do not reproduce without the express written consent of the authors
12. GLOB MOD
Within the framework of the Florida Preference Independence Model, a relationship exists
between the uncompensated own price elasticity of demand and the income elasticity of demand
for a given class of market goods.
When used to study the impact of subsidizing sanitations in rural India, the model provides
probabilistic estimates of the achievable increase in coverage and of the potential cost to the
government, as a function of the subsidized fraction of the price
The proposed approach may provide a fast and inexpensive method for broad brush assessments
that could help design policies and set public-health priorities.
Future developments are likely to involve: technical improvements of the model here presented;
expansion to other financial instruments; and developing user-friendly software tools for simulating
the impact of financial instruments in health policy.
Conclusions and Future Developments