Graham Brown (Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society) discusses the importance of maintaining a strong evidence base for health promotion.
Presentation is about the uniqueness of Implementation Research and Role of the Government, specially in Indian context of health programme implementation.
Gender and Essential Packages of Health Services: Exploring the Evidence BaseReBUILD for Resilience
Presented by Val Percival of Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Canada.
Part of a session - 'Context, gender, and sustainability in introducing and scaling-up essential health care packages in fragile and crisis-affected countries' - at the Fifth Global Symposium for Health Systems Research in October 2018. The essential package of health services is a mechanism for expanding equitable coverage of primary health care and essential hospital services in countries recovering from conflict. The session explores the evidence-base on such healthcare packages in different contexts and prioritizes areas for strengthening research.
Seven Steps to EnGendering Evaluations of Public Health ProgramsMEASURE Evaluation
Because international development increasingly focuses on gender, evaluators need a better understanding of how to measure and incorporate gender—including its economic, social, and health dimensions—in their evaluations. This interactive training, consisting of this presentation and a tool, will help participants learn to better evaluate programs with gender components. Access the tool at https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/tl-19-40
Qualitative Research in Results-Based Financing: The Promise and The RealityRBFHealth
A presentation by Kerina Kielmann and Fabian Cataldo, delivered at the RBF Health Seminar, Qualitative Research in RBF: The Promise and The Reality on February 18, 2015.
Presentation is about the uniqueness of Implementation Research and Role of the Government, specially in Indian context of health programme implementation.
Gender and Essential Packages of Health Services: Exploring the Evidence BaseReBUILD for Resilience
Presented by Val Percival of Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Canada.
Part of a session - 'Context, gender, and sustainability in introducing and scaling-up essential health care packages in fragile and crisis-affected countries' - at the Fifth Global Symposium for Health Systems Research in October 2018. The essential package of health services is a mechanism for expanding equitable coverage of primary health care and essential hospital services in countries recovering from conflict. The session explores the evidence-base on such healthcare packages in different contexts and prioritizes areas for strengthening research.
Seven Steps to EnGendering Evaluations of Public Health ProgramsMEASURE Evaluation
Because international development increasingly focuses on gender, evaluators need a better understanding of how to measure and incorporate gender—including its economic, social, and health dimensions—in their evaluations. This interactive training, consisting of this presentation and a tool, will help participants learn to better evaluate programs with gender components. Access the tool at https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/tl-19-40
Qualitative Research in Results-Based Financing: The Promise and The RealityRBFHealth
A presentation by Kerina Kielmann and Fabian Cataldo, delivered at the RBF Health Seminar, Qualitative Research in RBF: The Promise and The Reality on February 18, 2015.
Using Case-based Methods for Evaluating Complexity in the Health SectorJSI
Anne LaFond presented as part of a panel at the 2015 Evaluation Conference on using case-based methods for evaluating complexity in the health sector, sharing insights from various JSI case studies.
Presentation from Professor Sophie Witter at the Institute of Development Studies' learning session 'Health financing priorities in the time of Covid-19?'
Health system strengthening – what is it, how should we assess it, and does i...ReBUILD for Resilience
This presentation was given to the UK's Department for International Development on 30th July 2019.
Comprehensive reviews of health system strengthening interventions are rare, partly because of lack of clarity on definitions of the term but also the potentially huge scale of the evidence. In our talk, we will reflect on the process of undertaking such an evidence review for DFID recently (attached again), drawing out suggestions on definitions of HSS and approaches to assessment, as well as summarising some key conclusions from the current evidence base. Most HSS interventions have theories of change relating to specific system blocks, but more work is needed on capturing their spill-over effects and their contribution to meeting over-arching health system process goals. We will make some initial suggestions about such goals, to reflect the features that characterise a ‘strong health system’. We will highlight current findings on ‘what works’ but also that these are just indicative, given the limitations and biases in what has been studied and how, and argue that there is need to re-think evaluation methods for HSS beyond finite interventions and narrow outcomes. Clearer concepts, frameworks and methods can support more coherent HSS investment.
The research on “Maximizing Positive Synergies” project (MPS) engaged an ad hoc alliance of researchers from many countries and disciplines grouped in 3 consortia: Academic; Civil society; and Implementers.
Led by the GHD Project, the academic consortium comprised 15 of the world’s leading universities and institutions spanning all 6 of the WHO’s global regions. More than 75 individual researchers have contributed, and the consortium has generated case study evidence from more than 20 countries.
Health system strengthening evidence review – A summary of the 2021 updateReBUILD for Resilience
A presentation given by Professor Sophie Witter to the UK government's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. This summarises a 2021 review of a health systems strengthening evidence review originally undertaken for the office in 2019.
Acting on Social Determinants and Health Equity: Opportunities and Promising ...Wellesley Institute
This presentation looks at the opportunities and practices that establish an effective public health system.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
I gave this talk at a Nigeria Health Summit in March 2016. It was an introduction to impact evaluation: what it is, when it's a good idea, and some possible approaches.
Using Case-based Methods for Evaluating Complexity in the Health SectorJSI
Anne LaFond presented as part of a panel at the 2015 Evaluation Conference on using case-based methods for evaluating complexity in the health sector, sharing insights from various JSI case studies.
Presentation from Professor Sophie Witter at the Institute of Development Studies' learning session 'Health financing priorities in the time of Covid-19?'
Health system strengthening – what is it, how should we assess it, and does i...ReBUILD for Resilience
This presentation was given to the UK's Department for International Development on 30th July 2019.
Comprehensive reviews of health system strengthening interventions are rare, partly because of lack of clarity on definitions of the term but also the potentially huge scale of the evidence. In our talk, we will reflect on the process of undertaking such an evidence review for DFID recently (attached again), drawing out suggestions on definitions of HSS and approaches to assessment, as well as summarising some key conclusions from the current evidence base. Most HSS interventions have theories of change relating to specific system blocks, but more work is needed on capturing their spill-over effects and their contribution to meeting over-arching health system process goals. We will make some initial suggestions about such goals, to reflect the features that characterise a ‘strong health system’. We will highlight current findings on ‘what works’ but also that these are just indicative, given the limitations and biases in what has been studied and how, and argue that there is need to re-think evaluation methods for HSS beyond finite interventions and narrow outcomes. Clearer concepts, frameworks and methods can support more coherent HSS investment.
The research on “Maximizing Positive Synergies” project (MPS) engaged an ad hoc alliance of researchers from many countries and disciplines grouped in 3 consortia: Academic; Civil society; and Implementers.
Led by the GHD Project, the academic consortium comprised 15 of the world’s leading universities and institutions spanning all 6 of the WHO’s global regions. More than 75 individual researchers have contributed, and the consortium has generated case study evidence from more than 20 countries.
Health system strengthening evidence review – A summary of the 2021 updateReBUILD for Resilience
A presentation given by Professor Sophie Witter to the UK government's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. This summarises a 2021 review of a health systems strengthening evidence review originally undertaken for the office in 2019.
Acting on Social Determinants and Health Equity: Opportunities and Promising ...Wellesley Institute
This presentation looks at the opportunities and practices that establish an effective public health system.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
I gave this talk at a Nigeria Health Summit in March 2016. It was an introduction to impact evaluation: what it is, when it's a good idea, and some possible approaches.
Evidence for Public Health Decision MakingVineetha K
The presentation gives an overview of evidence based public health with emphasis on the seven steps of EBPH Framework. It also includes the data sources to search for evidence and relevant articles explaining the current trend in decision making. One of the sources of the presentation is from EBPH training series by Rocky Mountain foundation. The link is provided in the end slide. Do contact me if you need any help with the resources.
The scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other evidence-based practices into routine practice and hence improve the quality and effectiveness of health services
NHS Improving Quality was invited to take part in a recently held event that celebrated the work that is being done in partnership between the Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust and AQuA to deliver a Quality Improvement Methodologies Programme (QuIMP).
Gillian Phazey, Learning and Organisational Development Manager at Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust explains:
'The Learning and Organisational Development and Governance teams at the Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust have been working collaboratively with AQuA to deliver a Quality Improvement Methodologies Programme (QuIMP) to support staff in developing knowledge and skills in this topic. The programme has been specifically designed to support colleagues wanting to gain an introduction to the fundamentals and concepts of quality improvement. So far, two cohorts of staff, from clinical and non-clinical areas of the Trust have completed the programme, and have completed quality improvement projects in their own work area to apply their knowledge. On 17th July a celebration event was held for cohort 2 where staff presented their work in poster or presentation form, the aim of which is to share and spread learning across the Trust. Projects were wide ranging, from introducing new processes to reduce complaints and drug errors, to improving patient experience by implementing new tools and techniques. The day was a great success with the Chief Executive and Chief Nurse in attendance. The Trust is highly supportive of this approach in equipping staff with these important techniques, and the programme supports not only our internal quality agenda and objectives, but more widely responds to the recommendations of the Berwick report. The next cohort is starting in September this year.'
Fiona Thow, Patient Safety Collaborative Delivery Lead at NHS Improving Quality delivered a keynote speech, (link to presentation slides) providing a national perspective on the plans for improving patient safety and took the opportunity to introduce the national safety collaboratives. She also highlighted the need for organisations and individuals to think differently about safety for both patients and staff.
Community Engagement of Sexual & Gender Minority PopulationsCHICommunications
This session, tailored for intermediate learners, offers a deep dive into patient and community engagement in health research, specifically focusing on its pivotal role in driving policy change. Learners will emerge equipped with:
🟠 A comprehensive understanding of the benefits of patient and community engagement in health research.
🟠 The ability to articulate the principles of authentic patient and community engagement.
🟠 A clear definition of intersectionality and practical insights into incorporating its principles into their patient and community engagement strategies.
🟠 An appreciation for the pivotal role of advocacy and the development of public- and stakeholder-facing materials in research programs aimed at influencing health policy.
Assessing Your Alcohol Misuse and Sexual Assault Prevention Efforts PresentationMaria Candelaria
CHASCo and the Sexual Assault Center have teamed up with EVERFI to provide Tennessee colleges and universities with powerful diagnostic tools to help benchmark your prevention efforts against best practices in the field.
Learn more about EVERFI’s free diagnostic tools and how they can help you drive cultural transformation on your campus.
WHO Implementation Research Program on Factors Explaining Success and Failure...RBFHealth
A presentation by Maryam Bigdeli, delivered during "Transforming Health Systems Through Results-Based Financing," an event held during the Third Global Symposium on Health Systems Research in Cape Town on September 30, 2014. This event was hosted by the Health Results Innovation Trust Fund at The World Bank, in partnership with the PBF Community of Practice in Africa.
This presentation on AFAO's recent work with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) communities was given by Michael Frommer at the SiREN Symposium in Perth, June 2016.
Scott McGill discusses ASHM's plan for developing online health promotion resources for people from CALD backgrounds. This presentation was given at AFAO's HIV and Mobility Forum in May 2016.
Darryl O’Donnell, Executive Director of AFAO, outlines changes to the organisation and sets out its priorities for 2016/17. In this context, he invited input on AFAO's future policy work from from participants at AFAO's HIV and Mobility Forum on 30 May 2016.
This presentation on key strategies for addressing HIV among people from CALD communities and people who travel to high prevalence countries was given by Corie Gray from Curtin University and CoPAHM at AFAO'S HIV and Mobility Forum on 30 May 2016.
This presentation on a directory of HIV health promotion programs and resources that engage with people from CALD communities was given by Jill Sergeant from AFAO at AFAO'S HIV and Mobility Forum on 30 May 2016.
This presentation on findings from a trial of providing HIV medication to people not eligible for Medicare was given by Tony Maynard from the National Association of People With HIV Australia (NAPWHA) at AFAO'S HIV and Mobility Forum on 30 May 2016.
This presentation on HIV diagnoses among people from CALD communities was given by Praveena Gunaratnam from the Kirby Institute at AFAO'S HIV and Mobility Forum on 30 May 2016.
Drawing upon HIV surveillance data and the Seroconversion Study, this presentation explores reasons for late diagnosis of HIV and barriers to testing among gay men and other MSM in Australia. The presentation was given by Phillip Keen from the Kirby Institute at AFAO's National Gay Men's HIV Health Promotion Conference in April 2016.
In 2015, AFAO developed a directory of health promotion programs and resources related to HIV and culturally and linguistically diverse communities. This presentation outlines how the directory was developed and can be used. This presentation was given by Jill Sergeant at AFAO's National Gay Men's HIV Health Promotion Conference in April 2016.
A report on findings from the AHOD Temporary Resident Access Study, which looked at access to HIV treatments for people not eligible for Medicare. This presentation was given at the AFAO Community Hub at the ASHM 2015 conference.
Lea Narciso from SA Health discusses the changing epidemic in South Australia, which now includes an increasing number of people born overseas, and the government's policy response. This presentation was given at the AFAO Community Hub at the ASHM 2015 conference.
This Report Card provides an overview of national momentum on HIV and mobility, highlighting areas with strong momentum and areas that are limited. This presentation was given at the AFAO Community Hub at the ASHM 2015 conference.
ComePrepd is the Queensland AIDS Councils (QuAC) new campaign for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) which aims to encourage open discussion in the gay community. This presentation discusses the design of the campaign and its various stages. This presentation was given at the AFAO Community Hub at the ASHM 2015 conference.
Alison Coelho from the Centre for Culture, Ethnicity and Health describes a program which partnered with faith & community leaders around preventing BBV/STI transmission in migrant and refugee communities. This presentation was given at the AFAO Community Hub at the ASHM 2015 conference.
An overview of how the 2 Spirits Program at the Queensland AIDS Council adapts a western health promotion framework into a cultural framework to engage Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander communities around HIV and sexual health. This presentation was given at the AFAO Community Hub at the ASHM 2015 conference.
This presentation on the priorities and challenges for the HIV response in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities was given by Michael Costello-Czok (Executive Officer – Anwernekenhe National HIV Alliance - ANA) at the AFAO Members Forum - May 2015.
This presentation on the expansion of AFAO's African communities project to encompass other CALD and mobile populations was given by Jill Sergeant, AFAO Project Officer, at the AFAO Members Forum - May 2015.
This presentation on using a systems approach to improve understandings of peer-based health promotion programs was given by Dr Graham Brown, Australian Research Centre for Sex, health and Society (ARCSHS), at the AFAO Members Forum - May 2015.
This presentation on what social research indicates will be effective anti-stigma interventions was given by Prof John de Wit, Centre for Social REsearch in Health (CSRH), at the AFAO Members Forum - May 2015.
More from Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations (20)
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 9719300533 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Practice project
1. ESAPP Review
A draft report of the
Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Practice project
May 2013
Graham Brown, Kylie Johnston and Jeanne Ellard
Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society
www.latrobe.edu.au/arcshsMelbourne, Australia
2. HIV response in Australia
• Australian HIV response has long recognised that interventions working across
multiple social, political, economic, behavioural and health service
conditions, operating within supportive environments, are more likely to affect
behaviour than those interventions working at one level
• Resurging and emerging epidemics
• Role of antiretroviral (ARV) treatments in preventing HIV transmission
• Continued barriers at a structural level reducing or undermining impact
• Recognising the need to better integrate biomedical, individual, community and
structural approaches for HIV prevention - coined “combination prevention”
3. Evidence gaps
• Shared evidence base is not consistent across strategies or has not been
maintained as the contexts have continued to change.
• Understanding of what works - but less so why, or in what combination.
• This undermines the strength of programs and organisations, and the capacity to
adapt to changing environments with confidence.
• Highlighted within Implementing the UN Declaration Report and Melbourne Declaration
4. identify the areas of HIV prevention where the published evidence of
effectiveness and quality practice is most, modest, or least developed; Section 2.0 of full report
identify the monitoring and evaluation methods used in day to day practice
in community organisations to contribute to that evidence (Australia and
similar epidemics); Section 3.0 of full report
review of capacity-building approaches in Australia and internationally to
increase the quality of evidence being developed in community-based HIV
health promotion; Section 4.0 of full report
develop a draft Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning framework for
community HIV prevention to support building evidence for policy and
practice
Section 5.0 of full report
Develop an draft example application of the Monitoring, Evaluation and
Learning Framework to community based HIV prevention and health
promotion
Section 6.0 of full report
5. Evidence most, modest and least developed
• Review of systematic reviews, economic reviews, narrative reviews and
commentaries on the evidence to guide the prevention of sexual
transmission of HIV in concentrated epidemics (2005+).
• Published evidence from research and practice (reduced to ~130 articles)
• Additional focus - three priority groups identified due to the likely impact of
testing and treating approaches as well as experiencing resurging or emerging
epidemics.
– PLHIV -Gay Men -Priority culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities
6. Generally Implementation evaluation and quality practice indicators with
specific target groups
Example program Evidence on what does
or does not work
Evidence on how it
works (including how to
adapt to context)
Gay men PLHIV Priority CALD
communities in
western countries
Health promotion
Systems
how the interventions
interact and impact
together
Least developed Least developed Least developed Least developed Least developed
Structural Reduction of HIV
stigma, policy reform
Least developed Least developed Least developed Least developed Least developed
Community Mass media, social
media, community
mobilisation
Moderately
developed
Least developed –
varies across modes and
target groups
Moderately
developed
Least developed Least developed
Small Group Structured peer based
workshops
Most developed moderate– varies across
modes and target groups
Moderately
developed
Moderately
developed
Least developed
Individual Peer and professional
counselling
Most developed Most developed Most developed Most developed Moderately
developed
Biomedical
Prevention
Increased testing,
Treatment as
Prevention
Most developed Moderately
developed
Least developed Least developed Least developed
Summary of where published evidence about HIV prevention and health promotion is most, moderately or least developed
7. Recommendations for Improving Evidence Base
Two key interrelated factors:
• Research: Intervention research trials that use a broad range of rigorous designs applied
appropriately to interventions at different levels of health promotion, and investigate what works as
well as why it works and in what context.
• Practice: Stronger implementation research within CBOs with a focus on program theory, quality
practice indicators, and development of sustainable evaluation and quality improvement
approaches that recognise the need to continuously adapt and reorient programs.
Without these reorientations in both research and practice, evidence will =
• Limited to the impact of parallel but unconnected strategies
• Provide little insight to what are the most effective leverage points, and what to change as the situation
evolves.
8. Where MEL&QI is most, modest and least developed
• Rapid review of current practices used in Australia (building on previous work undertaken
by AFAO in 2008)
• Rapid review of evaluation practice in international contexts similar to Australia
(primarily Europe and North America).
• Reviewed the published work, abstracts of key conferences attended by HIV educators in
Australia and internationally and supplement this with other targeted online searches
with organisations. (~reduced to ~100 documents)
• While not a complete audit of all work undertaken - reasonable overview of most key
developments in monitoring and evaluation since 2008 with least intrusion on the
community sector organisations
9. Intervention level Strategies (examples) Process and quality
practice indicators
Impact Indicators Combination
prevention or system
wide synergy indicators
Structural Policy and law reform,
advisory structures,
Moderately developed Least developed Least developed
Community Community engagement
and mobilisation
Moderately developed Least developed Least developed
Online Social Media Least developed Least developed Least developed
Mass media Moderately developed Moderately developed Least developed
Small Group Structured peer based
workshops
Moderately developed Moderately developed Least developed
Individual Peer Counselling Models Most developed Moderately developed Moderately developed
Professional Counselling
models
Most developed Most developed Moderately developed
Summary of where MEL approaches are most, moderately or least developed
10. CBO Capacity Building Initiatives
• In broad terms, most programs aimed to move organisations or sectors through
stages of evaluation capacity
– compliance (fulfilling funding source requirements),
– investment (beyond compliance, evaluation is used to improve programs and is
supported by leadership), and
– advancement (beyond investment, evaluations are increasingly ambitious and contribute
to prevention theory and practice). (Gilliam et al., 2003)
• Full Report gives examples of Australian and International Initiatives
– (incl Acon PEKM)
11. CBO Capacity Building Initiatives
These and other similar initiatives have generally included among their aims
to increase:
• capacity to determine why an intervention works, not just if it works,
• capacity for continuous quality improvement approaches, and
• understanding of, and methods to, identify impact within a combination
prevention or health promotion system,
• documenting and sharing of the knowledge and learning.
12. Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) and Quality
Improvement (QI) framework
The framework endeavours to acknowledge:
• the complexity of the evolving health, social and political systems in which
HIV prevention operates;
• the strengths of the partnership response and combination approaches;
and
• the rigour of program logic, program theory, quality improvement and
systems thinking.
13. Priority Community Y
IndividualGroupCommunityStructural
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Organisational and
systemic change
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketing
Population
Health
Outcome
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
14. Priority Community Y
IndividualGroupCommunityStructural
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Organisational and
systemic change
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketing
Population
Health
Outcome
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
Across Priority Communities
15. Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
Priority Community Y
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Organisational and
systemic change
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketingIndividualGroupCommunityStructural
Population
Health
Outcome
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
16. Priority Community Y
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Organisational and
systemic change
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketing
Sector Wide
National Strategy
outcomes
Longer term /
Combined Program
Level Impact
Short Term
/Individual Project
Level Impact
Population
Health
Outcome
IndividualGroupCommunityStructural
Improved relevant
knowledge, attitud
es, skills, and self
efficacy
Enhanced quality
practice indicators
Indicators of
strengthened
community
capacity and
responses
Project level
quality and
impact
indicators
Increased access to
health
services, testing and
treatment
Impact on peer
norms and
experience
Participation of
affected
communities
Increased health
promoting social
norms within priority
communities
Increase in levels of
protective sexual risk
behaviour and
testing in at risk
groups
Strengthened
integration across
health promotion
strategies
Program level
quality and
impact indicators
Increased indicators of
sustained community
responses among
priority populations
Increased sustained
testing and treatment
uptake
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
Reduced risk
behaviours
Decrease
undiagnosed HIV
Prevention
system level
outcomes (linked
to National HIV
Strategy and Targets)
Improve QoL of
PLWHIV
Increase PLWHIV on
Treatment with UVL
Strengthened systems
in research, evaluation
and workforce
Reduced incidence of
HIV
Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
Across Priority Communities
17. Priority Community X Priority Community Y Priority Community Z
IndividualGroupCommunityStructural
Sector Wide
National Strategy
outcomes
Longer term /
Combined Program
Level Impact
Short Term
/Individual Project
Level Impact
Population
Health
Outcome
Organisational and
systemic change
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Individual
and clinical
focus services
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Improved relevant
knowledge,
attitudes, skills,
and self efficacy
Enhanced quality
practice indicators
Indicators of
strengthened
community
capacity and
responses
Project level
quality and
impact
indicators
Increased access to
health
services, testing and
treatment
Impact on peer
norms and
experience
Participation of
affected
communities
Increased health
promoting social
norms within priority
communities
Increase in levels of
protective sexual risk
behaviour and
testing in at risk
groups
Strengthened
integration across
health promotion
strategies
Program level
quality and
impact indicators
Increased indicators of
sustained community
responses among
priority populations
Increased sustained
testing and treatment
uptake
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
Reduced risk
behaviours
Decrease
undiagnosed HIV
Prevention
system level
outcomes (linked
to National HIV
Strategy and Targets)
Improve QoL of
PLWHIV
Increase PLWHIV on
Treatment with UVL
Strengthened systems
in research, evaluation
and workforce
Reduced incidence of
HIV
Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
Across Priority Communities
18. Priority Community X Priority Community Y Priority Community Z
IndividualGroupCommunityStructural
Sector Wide
National Strategy
outcomes
Longer term /
Combined Program
Level Impact
Short Term
/Individual Project
Level Impact
Population
Health
Outcome
..
Organisational and
systemic change
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Individual
and clinical
focus services
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Individual
and clinical
focus services
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Improved relevant
knowledge,
attitudes, skills,
and self efficacy
Enhanced quality
practice indicators
Indicators of
strengthened
community
capacity and
responses
Project level
quality and
impact
indicators
Increased access to
health
services, testing and
treatment
Impact on peer
norms and
experience
Participation of
affected
communities
Increased health
promoting social
norms within priority
communities
Increase in levels of
protective sexual risk
behaviour and
testing in at risk
groups
Strengthened
integration across
health promotion
strategies
Program level
quality and
impact indicators
Increased indicators of
sustained community
responses among
priority populations
Increased sustained
testing and treatment
uptake
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
Reduced risk
behaviours
Decrease
undiagnosed HIV
Prevention
system level
outcomes (linked
to National HIV
Strategy and Targets)
Improve QoL of
PLWHIV
Increase PLWHIV on
Treatment with UVL
Strengthened systems
in research, evaluation
and workforce
Reduced incidence of
HIV
Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
Across Priority Communities
19. Priority Community X Priority Community Y Priority Community Z
IndividualGroupCommunityStructural
Sector Wide
National Strategy
outcomes
Longer term /
Combined Program
Level Impact
Short Term
/Individual Project
Level Impact
Population
Health
Outcome
.
.
.
Organisational and
systemic change
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Individual
and clinical
focus services
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Individual
and clinical
focus services
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Improved relevant
knowledge, attitud
es, skills, and self
efficacy
Enhanced quality
practice indicators
Indicators of
strengthened
community
capacity and
responses
Project level
quality and
impact
indicators
Increased access to
health services,
testing and
treatment
Impact on peer
norms and
experience
Participation of
affected
communities
Increased health
promoting social
norms within priority
communities
Increase in levels of
protective sexual risk
behaviour and
testing in at risk
groups
Strengthened
integration across
health promotion
strategies
Program level
quality and
impact indicators
Increased indicators of
sustained community
responses among
priority populations
Increased sustained
testing and treatment
uptake
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
Reduced risk
behaviours
Decrease
undiagnosed HIV
Prevention
system level
outcomes (linked
to National HIV
Strategy and Targets)
Improve QoL of
PLWHIV
Increase PLWHIV on
Treatment with UVL
Strengthened systems
in research, evaluation
and workforce
Reduced incidence of
HIV
Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
Across Priority Communities
Inputs/ Resources
Community
Organisations
and advocacy
Clinical and
primary care
Services
(medical and
Counselling)
Advisory
structures, P
olicy, and
resource
allocation*
External
Influences
Social
Determinants
Social Drivers
Community
capacity ,
strength and
participation
Biomedical
testing,
treatment and
prevention
developments
Population
impacts of
testing and
treatments
Social capital
Stigma and
discrimination
Partnership*,
Governance
and
Leadership*
Guiding
Principles
and ethics
Human rights
Research
organisations
20. Inputs/ Resources
Community
Organisations
and advocacy
Clinical and
primary care
Services
(medical and
Counselling)
Advisory
structures,
Policy, and
resource
allocation*
External
Influences
Social
Determinants
Social Drivers
Community
capacity ,
strength and
participation
Biomedical
testing, treatm
ent and
prevention
developments
Population
impacts of
testing and
treatments
Social capital
Stigma and
discrimination
Individual and
interpersonal
theories
Structural and
System theory
Social /
Behavioural
theories
Social and
Epidemiological
Research
Project, Program and
system level evidence
and evaluation
Continuous Quality Improvement, refinement of practice
guidelines and standards, and development of workforce*
Partnership*,
Governance
and
Leadership*
Information Systems* (Monitoring,
Evaluation and Learning)
Priority Community X Priority Community Y Priority Community Z
IndividualGroupCommunityStructural
*Prevention System
Strengthening building
blocks identified by WHO
Sector Wide
National Strategy
outcomes
Longer term /
Combined Program
Level Impact
Short Term
/Individual Project
Level Impact
Population
Health
Outcome
.
.
.
Organisational and
systemic change
Targeted Community
development and social
influence
Individual
and clinical
focus services
Peer group development
and network focused
projects
Community Targeted
Social marketing
Individual and
clinical focus
services
Individual
and clinical
focus services
Structural , policy and
social change
Mass Media Social marketing
Community venues and
settings based engagement
Improved relevant
knowledge, attitud
es, skills, and self
efficacy
Enhanced quality
practice indicators
Indicators of
strengthened
community
capacity and
responses
Project level
quality and
impact
indicators
Increased access to
health
services, testing and
treatment
Impact on peer
norms and
experience
Participation of
affected
communities
Increased health
promoting social
norms within priority
communities
Increase in levels of
protective sexual risk
behaviour and
testing in at risk
groups
Strengthened
integration across
health promotion
strategies
Program level
quality and
impact indicators
Increased indicators of
sustained community
responses among
priority populations
Increased sustained
testing and treatment
uptake
Reducedtransmission
andimpactofHIV
Reduced risk
behaviours
Decrease
undiagnosed HIV
Prevention
system level
outcomes (linked
to National HIV
Strategy and Targets)
Improve QoL of
PLWHIV
Increase PLWHIV on
Treatment with UVL
Strengthened systems
in research, evaluation
and workforce
Reduced incidence of
HIV
Integrated Combination of Health Promotion Actions and Outputs
Across Priority Communities
International
practice and
developments
Guiding
Principles
and ethics
Human rights
Research
organisations
21. Example
inputs and
resources
Example
Project
Example indicators for Project level MEL&QI
(preferably drawn from project’s own project logic)
Example Program Level MEL&QI
(such as range of peer based projects)
Example quality
practice
indicators
Example
Indicators of
Inter-project
quality links
Example
Project
Output
Indicators
Example Project level impact
indicators.
(immediate to 3 month)
Example Program
level quality
indicators
Example Inter-
program quality links
Program level
impact indicators
(3 to 12 month)
Community
organisation
resources
Principles of
peer based
programs
Peer based
staff and
volunteers
Evaluation
from
previous
programs
Small Group
Level Project:
eg- Peer
Group
workshop for
gay men
Quality practice
involvement of target
group in development and
improvement.
Satisfaction measures
Group interaction and
dynamics indicators
Evidence of reciprocal
learning between
participants
Proportion of participants
who complete workshops
Peer referrals /
recommendations
Referrals from
outreach, online
initiatives,
counselling
Discussion or
use of social
marketing
campaign within
workshop
Community
volunteer
engagement
indicators
Number of
workshops
conducted
Average number
of participants
completing
workshops
Alignment of
intended target
group and
activity
participants
A workshop would be focused on only
three or four of a set of project level impact
indicators – depending on the focus of the
workshop. The following is an example of a
set of indicators from which a workshop
may draw:
1. Increase in sexuality related health literacy and support
seeking knowledge.
2. Increase in knowledge and confidence to interact in
diverse and sexualised environments (eg online, SOPV,
etc).
3. Increase in skills and confidence to negotiate sexual
interactions including safe sex practices
4. Increase in confidence to manage HIV disclosure in
sexual and social settings
5. Increase in knowledge and confidence regarding sexual
technique and repertoire
6. Increase in confidence to develop relationships
(intimate and friendship).
7. Increase in indicators of participants influencing their
peers regarding peer program messages
Indicators of participants
influencing their peers in
relation to program
aims
Increased indicators of
sustained community
responses among
priority populations
Indicators of community
level engagement with
strategies
Volunteer recruitment
from peer programs
Strategic links between
peer group project and
community
development projects
Strengthened
integration and
strategic links across
peer based programs
and other promotion
strategies
Referrals to and from
venue outreach, online
initiatives, or
counselling
Increased health
promoting social norms
within priority
communities
Indicators of testing and
treatment uptake
Increase in levels of
protective sexual risk
behaviour and testing
among program
participants
Application of MEL&QI framework to a hypothetical peer group workshop for gay men
22. Project level quality,
monitoring and
evaluation
Program Level quality,
monitoring and
evaluation
Prevention system level
quality, monitoring,
surveillance and evaluation
Project /Service staff Yes Possibly No
Agency/Program Yes Yes Possibly
External evaluators Possibly Yes Possibly
Health Services Data Possibly Yes Yes
Epidemiology and Social
Research Centres /
Department
No Possibly Yes
Guidelines for responsibility for collecting and summarising MEL data
23. Final Comments
This is a draft and at a conceptual level
– Draft summary and full report available for comment
– Presented as a discussion monograph in July
Possibly more than ever our community sector needs to
• look at frameworks and approaches to building and expanding the evidence
base, particularly where it is less developed
• Recognise that the projects and programs will continuously evolve and change
• Understanding the what, why, and in what combination or system of approaches
• Turning this into a useable shared evidence base