I gave this talk at a Nigeria Health Summit in March 2016. It was an introduction to impact evaluation: what it is, when it's a good idea, and some possible approaches.
An overview of impact evaluation for organizations based on a program's Theory of Change, highlighting the need for a counterfactual and randomization (when possible) in order to convincingly demonstrate the effect of the program.
Presentation by Lini Wollenberg, Low Emissions Development Leader, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the Green Climate Fund Independent Evaluation Unit Learning-Oriented Real-Time Impact Assessment (LORTA)
Program Inception Workshop
July 24-26, 2018 Bangkok, Thailand
An overview of impact evaluation for organizations based on a program's Theory of Change, highlighting the need for a counterfactual and randomization (when possible) in order to convincingly demonstrate the effect of the program.
Presentation by Lini Wollenberg, Low Emissions Development Leader, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the Green Climate Fund Independent Evaluation Unit Learning-Oriented Real-Time Impact Assessment (LORTA)
Program Inception Workshop
July 24-26, 2018 Bangkok, Thailand
Presentation Training on Result Based Management (RBM) for M&E StaffFida Karim 🇵🇰
Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation & Reporting together for developmental results: Results-based Management-RBM (RBM)?
Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
Planning for results
Monitoring for results
Evaluating for results
Enhancing the use of knowledge from monitoring and evaluation
Introduction to the Logical Framework ApproachDamien Sweeney
An introduction into the Logical Framework Approach, and its use and usefulness for project design, project planning, in the international development sector and beyond.
Impact evaluation in-depth: More on methods and example of impact evaluation ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Colas Chervier (CIRAD) at "Workshop on impact evaluation methods and research collaboration kick-off", Samarinda, Indonesia, on 10 October 2022
This presentation explains the difference between Monitoring and Evaluation; the types of M&E frameworks; steps in logical framework and its difference from theory of change.
Presentation by Rachel Steinacher, on IPA and RCTsTwaweza
A presentation by Rachel Steinacher, Research Manager for IPA-Kenya (Innovations for Poverty Action), on IPA and RCTsThis was presented at the Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, on June 19, 2014, to an audience of researchers.
Presentation Training on Result Based Management (RBM) for M&E StaffFida Karim 🇵🇰
Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation & Reporting together for developmental results: Results-based Management-RBM (RBM)?
Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
Planning for results
Monitoring for results
Evaluating for results
Enhancing the use of knowledge from monitoring and evaluation
Introduction to the Logical Framework ApproachDamien Sweeney
An introduction into the Logical Framework Approach, and its use and usefulness for project design, project planning, in the international development sector and beyond.
Impact evaluation in-depth: More on methods and example of impact evaluation ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Colas Chervier (CIRAD) at "Workshop on impact evaluation methods and research collaboration kick-off", Samarinda, Indonesia, on 10 October 2022
This presentation explains the difference between Monitoring and Evaluation; the types of M&E frameworks; steps in logical framework and its difference from theory of change.
Presentation by Rachel Steinacher, on IPA and RCTsTwaweza
A presentation by Rachel Steinacher, Research Manager for IPA-Kenya (Innovations for Poverty Action), on IPA and RCTsThis was presented at the Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, on June 19, 2014, to an audience of researchers.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a three days Training Workshop on ‘Monitoring and Evaluation Methods’ on 10-12 March 2014 in New Delhi, India. The workshop is part of an IFAD grant to IFPRI to partner in the Monitoring and Evaluation component of the ongoing projects in the region. The three day workshop is intended to be a collaborative affair between project directors, M & E leaders and M & E experts. As part of the workshop, detailed interaction will take place on the evaluation routines involving sampling, questionnaire development, data collection and management techniques and production of an evaluation report. The workshop is designed to better understand the M & E needs of various projects that are at different stages of implementation. Both the generic issues involved in M & E programs as well as project specific needs will be addressed in the workshop. The objective of the workshop is to come up with a work plan for M & E domains in the IFAD projects and determine the possibilities of collaboration between IFPRI and project leaders.
Presentation is about the uniqueness of Implementation Research and Role of the Government, specially in Indian context of health programme implementation.
Evidence for Public Health Decision MakingVineetha K
The presentation gives an overview of evidence based public health with emphasis on the seven steps of EBPH Framework. It also includes the data sources to search for evidence and relevant articles explaining the current trend in decision making. One of the sources of the presentation is from EBPH training series by Rocky Mountain foundation. The link is provided in the end slide. Do contact me if you need any help with the resources.
Assessment 7 Course Textbook Edberg, M. (2015). Essentials .docxdavezstarr61655
Assessment 7
Course Textbook: Edberg, M. (2015). Essentials of health behavior: Social and behavioral theory in public health (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Q.1 MUST BE ANSWERED ON SATURDAY, Mar. 10 NLT 10 PM EST (200 words A MUST for each question. Please provide reference for each question for each question. Keep them numbered.)
1. This unit provided the 10-step approach of putting a communication campaign together. Step 6 involves selecting the appropriate communication channels. Why would selecting the right channel or channels be so important? What would be some of the examples of those channels if you were trying to put a communication campaign together that was designed to increase awareness for young people about the need for physical exercise and better eating habits to address the problem of obesity?
2. What are some of the key components in the overall ecology of global health? Are these different from the ecological context for domestic health? If so, how? Please explain and provide supporting examples.
3. Does mobile technology and social media change the way communications theory can be applied? Or do these developments change the theory itself?
4. Imagine you are in charge of putting an anti-smoking communication campaign together (geared towards young adults) in your local community. Correctly identifying your target audience would be an important step. Who would be your target audience or audiences in this example? Are there any groups or sub-groups? Also, would you need to segment your audience in any way? Please address each of these questions and explain the overall importance of correctly identifying your target audience as part of your intended communication campaign.
Q.1 MUST BE ANSWERED ON SATURDAY, Mar. 10 NLT 10 PM EST (A PARAGRAPH ONLY)
Q. 1 Why is it important to specifically identify those individuals who are the most vulnerable in terms of getting a certain disease or diseases?
· Why do general or mainstream approaches typically not work on those high-risk populations or groups?
ARTICLE REVIEW (READ INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY AND PAY ATTENTION TO THE ITEM HIGHLIGHTED IN RED)
· MUST BE ANSWERED BY MONDAY, MAR. 12 NLT 10 PM EST
For this assignment, choose a peer-reviewed article to review. Use source that contains peer-reviewed articles, and find an article about a concept tied to the unit outcomes in this unit.
Write a three- to five-page review (not counting the cover page and references page) of the article that includes the following information:
Briefly introduce and summarize the article.
Identify the author’s main points.
Who is the author’s intended audience?
How does the article apply to this course? Does it support the information in your textbook?
How could the author expand on the main points?
The article must be no more than three years old. Use APA style when writing your review.
UNIT VII STUD.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a three days Training Workshop on ‘Monitoring and Evaluation Methods’ on 10-12 March 2014 in New Delhi, India. The workshop is part of an IFAD grant to IFPRI to partner in the Monitoring and Evaluation component of the ongoing projects in the region. The three day workshop is intended to be a collaborative affair between project directors, M & E leaders and M & E experts. As part of the workshop, detailed interaction will take place on the evaluation routines involving sampling, questionnaire development, data collection and management techniques and production of an evaluation report. The workshop is designed to better understand the M & E needs of various projects that are at different stages of implementation. Both the generic issues involved in M & E programs as well as project specific needs will be addressed in the workshop. The objective of the workshop is to come up with a work plan for M & E domains in the IFAD projects and determine the possibilities of collaboration between IFPRI and project leaders.
Farla Medical, one of the UK's largest supliers of medical technologies, commodities and consumables shared best practices from the UK. Including in infection prevention and control, tooling HRH and improving heath service delivery efficiencies.
Do the Poor Waste Transfer Income? Evidence from Around the WorldDavid Evans
This is a presentation of the study "Cash Transfers and Temptation Goods," subsequently published in the journal Economic Development and Cultural Change 2017 - https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/689575.
This presentation was given at the World Bank in 2014 at the Africa Big Ideas event.
Como melhorar a educação na África: Evidencias mais recentesDavid Evans
Nesta apresentação, analiso as evidências recentes de países africanos sobre como expandir e melhorar a educação em todo o continente. || In this presentation, I review recent evidence from African countries on how to expand and improve education across the continent.
The presentation is based on the paper "Education in Africa: What Are We Learning?" by Evans and Mendez Acosta. https://academic.oup.com/jae/article/30/1/13/5999001
Teachers and Technology in the Time of COVID-19David Evans
These are my slides on how to maximize complementarity between technology in teachers in general, as well as specifically during the COVID-19 crisis, from a webinar at the World Bank on May 19, 2020.
Successful Teachers, Successful Students: Recruiting and Supporting Society's...David Evans
This presentation was given by Tara Béteille and David Evans at the launch of the World Bank's approach paper on teachers on January 31, 2019. It reviews recent evidence on attracting, preparing, recruiting, and supporting teachers, as well as the role of technology in helping teachers to be more effective. The underlying paper is available here: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/235831548858735497/Successful-Teachers-January-2019.pdf.
¿Cómo obtener lo mejor de las evaluaciones de impacto en educación?David Evans
En el seminario «Educar con Evidencia», presentado por el Ministerio de Educación en Chile, di esta presentación sobre porque las evaluaciones son tan importantes y cómo podemos sacar la mejor ventaja de ellas.
This is a presentation I gave at an impact evaluation field coordinator training on how to help policymakers to incorporate research into their decisionmaking.
Quelles sont les évidences sur les programmes de formation professionnelle?David Evans
This is a brief presentation I gave during an impact evaluation workshop in Côte d'Ivoire in May 2018. It covers evidence on both job skills and socioemotional skills.
Inside Teacher Training: What Works to Make It Better?David Evans
I prepared this talk on how to improve the quality of in-service teacher training -- with a light treatment of pre-service training -- last week for a conference with the Ministry of Education in Brazil.
Reporting on Education: What You Need to KnowDavid Evans
This presentation provides tips for journalists covering education, gives a broad overview of education issues in Africa, and poses a few solutions. It was delivered as part of the impactAfrica webinar series, available here: http://impactafrica.fund/webinars.
Inside in-service teacher training (RISE)David Evans
In this study, we examine in-service teacher training to improve the quality of education in low and middle income countries. We propose an instrument to more consistently capture elements of the program.
This work is joint with Anna Popova and Violeta Arancibia.
How much does it cost to get that impact? Measuring cost effectivenessDavid Evans
This presentation, on cost effectiveness and cost benefit analysis for impact evaluations, was delivered at the World Bank DIME Field Coordinator workshop on June 8, 2016.
A range of resources for carrying out cost analysis are included in the final slides.
The Challenge and Success of Impact Evaluation for Tanzania Community-Based C...David Evans
This presentation, made by Godfrey Mkelemi and David Evans at an IFAD/3ie workshop on May 31, 2016, highlights some of the challenges and successes associated with the evaluation of a pilot conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in Tanzania.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
3. WHAT IS IMPACT
EVALUATION?
“An impact evaluation assesses
changes in the well-being of
individuals, households,
communities or firms that can
be attributed to a particular
project, program or policy.”
-World Bank
4. WHAT IS IMPACT
EVALUATION?
“An impact evaluation assesses
changes in the well-being of
individuals, households,
communities or firms that can
be attributed to a particular
project, program or policy.”
-World Bank
5. OBJECTIVE
Evaluate the causal impact of a program or an
intervention on some outcome
Examples
How much do exposure to a television soap opera affect HIV/AIDS
awareness and testing?
How much do monetary incentives reduce turnover among midwives?
What about non-monetary incentives?
How much do a Quality Improvement Plan and coaching increase the
quality of care at primary health care facilities?
How much does providing improve housing for midwives reduce
turnover in rural areas?
6. WHY EVALUATE?
1. Evaluation helps to learn whether programs
are actually achieving their objectives.
2. Evaluation helps to improve program
effectiveness.
3. Evaluation helps to garner resources for
scale-up.
7. WHAT DO WE NEED?
A COUNTERFACTUAL
What would have happened in the absence
of the program?
8. COUNTERFACTUAL CRITERIA
Treated & comparison groups
1. Have identical average characteristics (observed &
unobserved)
2. The only difference is the treatment
3. Therefore the only reason for any difference in
outcomes is the treatment
Key question: What would participant look like if she
hadn’t received the program?
11. PERFECT EXPERIMENT
Observe some time later
Because the groups are identical (inside &
out), the difference is due to the bednets!
Kami
Tami
12. FINDING A GREAT CONTROL GROUP
What would the participant look like if she
weren’t in the program?
Room For Improvement Control Groups
Before – After
Participants – Non Participants
13. RFI: BEFORE-AFTER
Before bednets
6 malaria episodes in 6
months
After bednets
2 malaria episodes in 6
months
What else might be going on besides the bednets?
• Seasonal differences
• Rising incomes: Households invest in other
measures
14. RFI: BEFORE-AFTER
Important to monitor before-after
Monitoring systems tell us if things are moving in
the right direction
Insufficient to show impact of program
Too many factors changing over time
Example of cash transfers in Nicaragua!
Counterfactual: What would have happened
in the absence of the project, with everything
15. RFI: PARTICIPANTS VS NON-
PARTICIPANTS
Compare recipients of a program
to
People who were not eligible for the program
People who chose not to enroll in the program
Home births Clinic births
Example: Complications in
childbirth Impact of clinic
births?
What else might explain
the difference?
17. No way to know how much of difference is because of clinic
RFI: Participants vs Non-
Participants
Home births Clinic births
Example: Complications in
childbirth
Impact of clinic
births
Other factors!
18. SELECTION BIAS
People who choose to join the program are
different!
If we cannot account completely for those
differences in our data…
We usually cannot
How do you capture attitudes toward health systems? Initiative?
…then our comparison will not show the true
impact of the program
20. RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
Randomly assign potential beneficiaries to be
in the treatment or comparison group
Treatment and comparison have the same
characteristics (observed and unobserved), on
average
Any difference in outcomes is due to
treatment
21. Randomization with two doesn’t work!
But differences average out in a big sample
On average, same number of Kamis and Grovers
Observable AND unobservable
Result: Measure true impact of program
RANDOMIZED
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
We don’t even look
similar!
Compariso
nTreatment
Compariso
n
Treatment
22. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
Random sample
Gather data from random
sample of population
No guarantee of unbiased
impact measure
Random
assignment
Randomly assign program
Unbiased impact measure!
Treatment Control Treatment Control
23. CAN WE RANDOMIZE?
Randomization does not mean denying people the
benefits of the project
Usually there are existing constraints within project
implementation that allow randomization
Randomization is the fairest way to allocate treatment
Tanzania CCT: Randomized across needy villages
Nigeria Quality Improvement: Lottery among eligible facilities
24. RANDOMIZATION OPPORTUNITIES
STAGGERED ROLL-OUT OF
PROGRAM
Roll-out to 200
clinics
Roll-out to 200
more clinics
Roll-out to 400
more clinics
Jan
2013
July
2013
Jan
2014
• Randomize the order in which clinics receive
program
• Compare Jan 2013 group to Jan 2014 group at
end of first year• Example: Mexico parent health training –
staggered roll-out among vulnerable
25. Example: Program for children in Kenya
Orphans – Must have program now!
Randomized among less vulnerable children
RANDOMIZATION OPPORTUNITIES
SOME GROUPS MUST GET THE
PROGRAM!
Highly
vulnerable
Moderately
vulnerable Not
vulnerable
26. RANDOMIZATION OPPORTUNITIES
VARY TREATMENT
intensity nature
Malaria
information
campaign
100 villages
Malaria
information
campaign +
SMS
reminders
100 villages
Randomizeacross
communities
Radio
campaign
100 villages
Newspaper
campaign
100 villages
Randomizeacross
communities
Additional impact of SMS
reminders?
Which approach has greater
impact?
27. UNIT OF RANDOMIZATION
At what level should I randomize?
Individual
Household
Clinic
Community
Considerations
Political feasibility of randomization at individual level
Spillovers within groups
Implementation capacity: One clinic administering
different treatments
28. UNIT OF RANDOMIZATION
Bigger unit = Bigger study
(Because of intra-community correlation)
Individual randomization:
630 participants
(315 treatment, 315 control)
Clinic-level randomization:
150 clinics
(75 treatment, 75 control)
Number of units you randomize matters more than total
3,000 participants!
29. WHAT IF RANDOMIZATION IS
IMPOSSIBLE?
Think again: It often is possible on some
level, and it’s the best way to get a clear
measure of impact
Some situations, not possible
Evaluate the effect of a national health policy
Interventions in the past
Life saving vaccination (volunteers for control
group?)
Alternative methods available, compelling
in some circumstances
I volunteer!
31. WE SHOULD DO AN
EVALUATION IF A PROGRAM
IS…
1. Innovative: This approach hasn’t been used
before
2. Replicable: The program may be scaled up
3. Strategically relevant: The program could
involve significant resources or affect many people
4. Untested: We don’t know how well it works
5. Influential: The results will be used to make a
policy decision
Adapted from Impact Evaluation in
32. WHAT MAKES A GREAT
IMPACT EVALUATION
QUESTION?
1. Cause-effect
• YES: “What is the impact of ______ on ______?”
• NOT “Who is taking up our antenatal care
program?”
2. Prospective (future-looking)
YES: “What is the impact of this program we are
about to roll out?”
NO: “What was the impact of a program we rolled
out 5 years ago?”
33. KEY CONCLUSIONS
Impact evaluation tells us if our programs are
working
Randomization of treatment leads to unbiased
estimate of impact
Other methods rely on more assumptions
Lots of opportunities for randomization
No withholding of benefits
Staggered roll-out
Varied treatment
In Nicaragua, a cash transfer program was followed by a significant reduction of income. But then there was also a massive drop in coffee prices. It turns out, the cash transfer recipients had less of a reduction.
