The document discusses file management systems and database management systems (DBMS). It describes the different types of file organization including sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access. It also discusses fundamental characteristics of file management systems like creation, updating, retrieval, and maintenance of files. Additionally, it covers topics like data models, DBMS languages, database users, advantages and disadvantages of DBMS, and challenges of data redundancy.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems. It defines a database as a collection of organized data and a database management system as a computer program that allows for creating, accessing, managing and controlling databases. It describes three common data models - relational, network and hierarchical - and explains some fundamental database concepts like tables, keys, relations and normalization.
1. The document discusses how data is organized in a database system using a hierarchy from the bit level up to files, records, fields, and databases.
2. It describes some problems with traditional file-based data storage like redundancy, inconsistency, and lack of flexibility. A database addresses these issues through centralization of data.
3. The key components of a database system are described as people, hardware, software, and data. The database management system (DBMS) acts as an interface between users, applications, and the stored data.
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers data models and their categories, including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It describes the history of data models such as network, hierarchical, relational, object-oriented and object-relational models. It also discusses schemas, instances, states, the three-schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages, interfaces, utilities, centralized and client-server architectures, and classifications of DBMSs.
Basic Concept Of Database Management System (DBMS) [Presentation Slide]Atik Israk
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in database management systems (DBMS). It defines key terms like database, DBMS, software examples, purposes of DBMS, applications, and terminology. Specifically, it outlines what a database is, the role of a DBMS in providing management and control of data access. It lists example DBMS software and how DBMS reduce data redundancy and ensure security. Applications of DBMS mentioned include libraries, banking, education and telecommunications. Terminology defined includes entity, attribute, record, key, and relationship.
Relational database management system (rdbms) iRavinder Kamboj
This document provides an overview of file systems and databases. It discusses the traditional method of data storage using file systems and some of the problems with that approach, such as data redundancy, security issues, and concurrent access anomalies. The document then introduces database management systems (DBMS) as a solution, highlighting advantages like controlling redundancy, enforcing integrity constraints, better security and flexibility, effective data sharing, and enabling backup and recovery. It also compares operations in file systems versus DBMS.
This document summarizes key aspects of a database management system (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as software that allows access to data contained in a database. The document outlines advantages like reduction of data redundancy, shared data access, security controls, and integrity checks. Disadvantages mentioned include costs, processing overhead, and complexity of backup/recovery. It also describes the three levels of architecture in a DBMS - the external view seen by users, the conceptual data model, and the internal view of physical storage.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as a collection of related data and describes a DBMS as software that enables users to create, maintain and share databases. It provides an example of a university database with files for students, courses, grades and prerequisites. It outlines key characteristics of the database approach such as self-describing nature, insulation between programs and data, support of multiple views, and sharing of data.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems. It defines a database as a collection of organized data and a database management system as a computer program that allows for creating, accessing, managing and controlling databases. It describes three common data models - relational, network and hierarchical - and explains some fundamental database concepts like tables, keys, relations and normalization.
1. The document discusses how data is organized in a database system using a hierarchy from the bit level up to files, records, fields, and databases.
2. It describes some problems with traditional file-based data storage like redundancy, inconsistency, and lack of flexibility. A database addresses these issues through centralization of data.
3. The key components of a database system are described as people, hardware, software, and data. The database management system (DBMS) acts as an interface between users, applications, and the stored data.
This document discusses database system concepts and architecture. It covers data models and their categories, including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It describes the history of data models such as network, hierarchical, relational, object-oriented and object-relational models. It also discusses schemas, instances, states, the three-schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages, interfaces, utilities, centralized and client-server architectures, and classifications of DBMSs.
Basic Concept Of Database Management System (DBMS) [Presentation Slide]Atik Israk
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in database management systems (DBMS). It defines key terms like database, DBMS, software examples, purposes of DBMS, applications, and terminology. Specifically, it outlines what a database is, the role of a DBMS in providing management and control of data access. It lists example DBMS software and how DBMS reduce data redundancy and ensure security. Applications of DBMS mentioned include libraries, banking, education and telecommunications. Terminology defined includes entity, attribute, record, key, and relationship.
Relational database management system (rdbms) iRavinder Kamboj
This document provides an overview of file systems and databases. It discusses the traditional method of data storage using file systems and some of the problems with that approach, such as data redundancy, security issues, and concurrent access anomalies. The document then introduces database management systems (DBMS) as a solution, highlighting advantages like controlling redundancy, enforcing integrity constraints, better security and flexibility, effective data sharing, and enabling backup and recovery. It also compares operations in file systems versus DBMS.
This document summarizes key aspects of a database management system (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as software that allows access to data contained in a database. The document outlines advantages like reduction of data redundancy, shared data access, security controls, and integrity checks. Disadvantages mentioned include costs, processing overhead, and complexity of backup/recovery. It also describes the three levels of architecture in a DBMS - the external view seen by users, the conceptual data model, and the internal view of physical storage.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as a collection of related data and describes a DBMS as software that enables users to create, maintain and share databases. It provides an example of a university database with files for students, courses, grades and prerequisites. It outlines key characteristics of the database approach such as self-describing nature, insulation between programs and data, support of multiple views, and sharing of data.
A database is a collection of logically related data organized for convenient access, usually by programs for specific purposes. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, construct and manipulate databases for various applications. The database and DBMS together form a database system. A DBMS provides advantages like reducing data redundancy and inconsistency, restricting unauthorized access, and enforcing data integrity and security.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how a DBMS organizes related information into tables with rows and columns to create a database. It also describes common database operations like insertion, updation, deletion, and retrieval. Additionally, it outlines the key components of a DBMS including hardware, software, data, users, and procedures. The document highlights advantages like data sharing and integrity as well as disadvantages such as complexity and costs of a DBMS compared to traditional file management systems.
This document compares database management systems (DBMS) to traditional file-based systems. A DBMS organizes related data across multiple tables and provides interfaces for defining, manipulating, and securing data. It reduces redundancy and improves consistency, integrity, and concurrent access. Traditional file systems store flat files that are less structured and do not allow relationships between files. A DBMS provides advantages like redundancy control, data security, and sharing that file systems lack.
The document discusses database management systems. It defines a database as an organized collection of stored data that can be accessed electronically. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users and applications to capture, analyze, and interact with a database. A DBMS performs tasks like data definition, updates, retrieval, and administration. It stores data on dedicated database servers for security, reliability, and high-performance access and management of the stored data. A DBMS provides multiple logical views of the database data for different user groups and roles.
Database Management System IntroductionSmriti Jain
The document discusses key concepts in databases including:
- Data refers to raw facts and details, while entities are things that data describes with attributes.
- A record combines all details of an entity, files group related records, and a database collects logically related files and records.
- A database management system (DBMS) enables users to define, create and maintain databases and provides flexible data management.
- DBMS benefits include centralized data control, consistency, sharing, and independence from applications.
A database management system (DBMS) consists of an interrelated set of data and programs to access that data. The DBMS provides several levels of abstraction to simplify interaction between users and the stored data. It defines data structures to store information and mechanisms to manipulate the data while ensuring data safety, integrity, and security. The DBMS is controlled by a database administrator and provides advantages like reduced data redundancy, data sharing, and integrity. It uses data models and definition/manipulation languages to define, retrieve, modify, and maintain the stored data.
The document discusses database management systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It covers key concepts such as:
1) Databases organize data into tables with rows and columns to allow for easier querying and manipulation of data compared to file systems which store data in unstructured files.
2) Database management systems employ concepts like normalization, transactions, concurrency and security to maintain data integrity and consistency when multiple users are accessing the data simultaneously.
3) The logical design of a database is represented by its schema, while a database instance refers to the current state of the data stored in the database tables at a given time.
A database management system (DBMS) is system software that manages organization, storage, access, modification and integrity of data in a structured database. A DBMS allows end users to create, read, update and delete data systematically and serves as an interface between the database and end users. Common applications of DBMS include banking, airlines, universities, telecommunications, finance, sales, manufacturing and human resources. Popular DBMS software includes Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, SAP Sybase ASE, Teradata, ADABAS, MySQL, FileMaker, Microsoft Access and Informix. Common types of DBMS are relational, hierarchical, network and object-oriented.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines them and explains some of their key advantages, including data independence, consistency, control over redundancy, and greater security. It also describes the roles of a database administrator (DBA) and how they design, implement, and maintain the database environment. Finally, it provides brief definitions of data warehousing as a repository for organizational data and data mining as the process of extracting patterns from stored data.
This document discusses database languages used in database management systems (DBMS). It describes three types of database languages: data definition language (DDL) used to define and modify the database schema; data manipulation language (DML) used to insert, update, delete and retrieve data; and data control language (DCL) used to control access privileges. Examples are provided for common statements in each language type like CREATE, ALTER, DROP for DDL and INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT for DML. Case sensitivity and data types are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of basic database concepts including:
- Definitions of data, information, and databases
- Components of database systems like users, software, hardware, and data
- Data models including entity-relationship, hierarchical, network, and relational models
- Database architecture types such as centralized, client-server, and distributed
- Advantages and disadvantages of database management systems
A database management system (DBMS) like MS Access is software that manages data stored in a database. It reduces data redundancy, creates links between users and programs, and makes it easy to add, edit and remove data. However, using a DBMS can be costly and time-consuming to set up and operate, and may require additional hardware and software. MS Access provides facilities to store structured data, organize it for retrieval, and includes objects like tables to store records, forms to enter and edit data, queries to extract specific data, and reports to present data.
This document provides an introduction to database concepts. It discusses the advantages of a database system compared to file processing, including reduced data redundancy, controlled inconsistency, shared data, standardized data, secured data, and integrated data. It also describes three levels of abstraction in a database - the physical level, conceptual level, and external or view level. Additionally, it covers database models including the relational, network, and hierarchical models as well as key database concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys, candidate keys, and alternate keys.
This document provides information about Sayed Ahmed and his company Justetc Technologies. It also shares learning objectives and free training resources on various topics related to databases and database management systems (DBMS) such as the concept of databases, relational databases, data security, encryption, and SQL. Contact information and references for further study are provided at the end.
The document summarizes key concepts in database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as a collection of logically related data for a specific purpose. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, create, and manipulate this database. Together, the database and DBMS are called a database system. The document then covers database concepts like data models, normalization, queries, and more. It provides examples to illustrate database management system concepts.
This document describes four types of databases: hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Hierarchical databases organize data in a tree structure with parent-child relationships. Network databases use a many-to-many relationship structure like a graph. Relational databases organize data into tables with rows and columns. Object-oriented databases store reusable software objects that contain data and instructions.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
The document defines key terms related to database management systems (DBMS). It states that a DBMS is a collection of programs that allows users to store, retrieve, modify, and update data stored in a database. A DBMS also allows users to create or drop databases. Popular DBMS platforms include Oracle, Sybase, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server. The document also defines data, information, databases, database administrators, schemas, primary keys, and foreign keys as important concepts relating to DBMS.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as a collection of data and set of programs used to access and manage that data. The document then briefly discusses the history of DBMS development from early hierarchical models in the 1960s to relational models today. It describes the purposes of a DBMS in ensuring data integrity, reducing redundancy, and improving security and access. The document outlines several data models used in DBMS, including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and semi-structured models. It describes the typical architecture of a DBMS including external, conceptual, and internal levels. Key components and advantages/disadvantages of DBMS are also summarized, along with
The three-level ANSI-SPARC architecture model provides a conceptual framework for understanding DBMS functionality. It consists of three levels - the external level describing different user views, the conceptual level representing a common view of data, and the internal level describing physical storage. This architecture aims to achieve logical and physical data independence by mapping between levels and allowing changes to lower levels without affecting higher ones.
A database is a collection of logically related data organized for convenient access, usually by programs for specific purposes. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, construct and manipulate databases for various applications. The database and DBMS together form a database system. A DBMS provides advantages like reducing data redundancy and inconsistency, restricting unauthorized access, and enforcing data integrity and security.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how a DBMS organizes related information into tables with rows and columns to create a database. It also describes common database operations like insertion, updation, deletion, and retrieval. Additionally, it outlines the key components of a DBMS including hardware, software, data, users, and procedures. The document highlights advantages like data sharing and integrity as well as disadvantages such as complexity and costs of a DBMS compared to traditional file management systems.
This document compares database management systems (DBMS) to traditional file-based systems. A DBMS organizes related data across multiple tables and provides interfaces for defining, manipulating, and securing data. It reduces redundancy and improves consistency, integrity, and concurrent access. Traditional file systems store flat files that are less structured and do not allow relationships between files. A DBMS provides advantages like redundancy control, data security, and sharing that file systems lack.
The document discusses database management systems. It defines a database as an organized collection of stored data that can be accessed electronically. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users and applications to capture, analyze, and interact with a database. A DBMS performs tasks like data definition, updates, retrieval, and administration. It stores data on dedicated database servers for security, reliability, and high-performance access and management of the stored data. A DBMS provides multiple logical views of the database data for different user groups and roles.
Database Management System IntroductionSmriti Jain
The document discusses key concepts in databases including:
- Data refers to raw facts and details, while entities are things that data describes with attributes.
- A record combines all details of an entity, files group related records, and a database collects logically related files and records.
- A database management system (DBMS) enables users to define, create and maintain databases and provides flexible data management.
- DBMS benefits include centralized data control, consistency, sharing, and independence from applications.
A database management system (DBMS) consists of an interrelated set of data and programs to access that data. The DBMS provides several levels of abstraction to simplify interaction between users and the stored data. It defines data structures to store information and mechanisms to manipulate the data while ensuring data safety, integrity, and security. The DBMS is controlled by a database administrator and provides advantages like reduced data redundancy, data sharing, and integrity. It uses data models and definition/manipulation languages to define, retrieve, modify, and maintain the stored data.
The document discusses database management systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It covers key concepts such as:
1) Databases organize data into tables with rows and columns to allow for easier querying and manipulation of data compared to file systems which store data in unstructured files.
2) Database management systems employ concepts like normalization, transactions, concurrency and security to maintain data integrity and consistency when multiple users are accessing the data simultaneously.
3) The logical design of a database is represented by its schema, while a database instance refers to the current state of the data stored in the database tables at a given time.
A database management system (DBMS) is system software that manages organization, storage, access, modification and integrity of data in a structured database. A DBMS allows end users to create, read, update and delete data systematically and serves as an interface between the database and end users. Common applications of DBMS include banking, airlines, universities, telecommunications, finance, sales, manufacturing and human resources. Popular DBMS software includes Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, SAP Sybase ASE, Teradata, ADABAS, MySQL, FileMaker, Microsoft Access and Informix. Common types of DBMS are relational, hierarchical, network and object-oriented.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines them and explains some of their key advantages, including data independence, consistency, control over redundancy, and greater security. It also describes the roles of a database administrator (DBA) and how they design, implement, and maintain the database environment. Finally, it provides brief definitions of data warehousing as a repository for organizational data and data mining as the process of extracting patterns from stored data.
This document discusses database languages used in database management systems (DBMS). It describes three types of database languages: data definition language (DDL) used to define and modify the database schema; data manipulation language (DML) used to insert, update, delete and retrieve data; and data control language (DCL) used to control access privileges. Examples are provided for common statements in each language type like CREATE, ALTER, DROP for DDL and INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT for DML. Case sensitivity and data types are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of basic database concepts including:
- Definitions of data, information, and databases
- Components of database systems like users, software, hardware, and data
- Data models including entity-relationship, hierarchical, network, and relational models
- Database architecture types such as centralized, client-server, and distributed
- Advantages and disadvantages of database management systems
A database management system (DBMS) like MS Access is software that manages data stored in a database. It reduces data redundancy, creates links between users and programs, and makes it easy to add, edit and remove data. However, using a DBMS can be costly and time-consuming to set up and operate, and may require additional hardware and software. MS Access provides facilities to store structured data, organize it for retrieval, and includes objects like tables to store records, forms to enter and edit data, queries to extract specific data, and reports to present data.
This document provides an introduction to database concepts. It discusses the advantages of a database system compared to file processing, including reduced data redundancy, controlled inconsistency, shared data, standardized data, secured data, and integrated data. It also describes three levels of abstraction in a database - the physical level, conceptual level, and external or view level. Additionally, it covers database models including the relational, network, and hierarchical models as well as key database concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys, candidate keys, and alternate keys.
This document provides information about Sayed Ahmed and his company Justetc Technologies. It also shares learning objectives and free training resources on various topics related to databases and database management systems (DBMS) such as the concept of databases, relational databases, data security, encryption, and SQL. Contact information and references for further study are provided at the end.
The document summarizes key concepts in database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as a collection of logically related data for a specific purpose. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, create, and manipulate this database. Together, the database and DBMS are called a database system. The document then covers database concepts like data models, normalization, queries, and more. It provides examples to illustrate database management system concepts.
This document describes four types of databases: hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Hierarchical databases organize data in a tree structure with parent-child relationships. Network databases use a many-to-many relationship structure like a graph. Relational databases organize data into tables with rows and columns. Object-oriented databases store reusable software objects that contain data and instructions.
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses how databases evolved from file systems to address flaws in data management. It describes what a DBMS is and its functions in managing the database structure and controlling data access. The document also summarizes different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models. It highlights advantages and disadvantages of each model.
The document defines key terms related to database management systems (DBMS). It states that a DBMS is a collection of programs that allows users to store, retrieve, modify, and update data stored in a database. A DBMS also allows users to create or drop databases. Popular DBMS platforms include Oracle, Sybase, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server. The document also defines data, information, databases, database administrators, schemas, primary keys, and foreign keys as important concepts relating to DBMS.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as a collection of data and set of programs used to access and manage that data. The document then briefly discusses the history of DBMS development from early hierarchical models in the 1960s to relational models today. It describes the purposes of a DBMS in ensuring data integrity, reducing redundancy, and improving security and access. The document outlines several data models used in DBMS, including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and semi-structured models. It describes the typical architecture of a DBMS including external, conceptual, and internal levels. Key components and advantages/disadvantages of DBMS are also summarized, along with
The three-level ANSI-SPARC architecture model provides a conceptual framework for understanding DBMS functionality. It consists of three levels - the external level describing different user views, the conceptual level representing a common view of data, and the internal level describing physical storage. This architecture aims to achieve logical and physical data independence by mapping between levels and allowing changes to lower levels without affecting higher ones.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as a collection of data and applications used to access and manage that data. The document then briefly discusses the history of DBMS development from early hierarchical models to today's dominant relational model. It describes the key purposes of using a DBMS, including reducing data redundancy and improving data integrity, security and consistency. The document outlines the main components and architecture of a DBMS, including its internal, conceptual and external levels. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS, as well as common DBMS languages like SQL.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as a collection of data and applications used to access and manage that data. It briefly outlines the history of DBMS development from early hierarchical models to today's dominant relational model. It describes the purpose of a DBMS in ensuring data integrity, security, and consistency. It also covers data models, DBMS architecture including three levels (external, conceptual, internal), components, advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses DBMS languages including data definition language to define schemas and data manipulation language to manage data.
The document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses the key concepts of database schema and instance, the three schema architecture consisting of the internal, conceptual and external schemas, and the goals of data independence. It also describes database languages like DDL and DML used at different levels, common DBMS interfaces, components and utilities. Finally, it covers centralized and client-server architectures and classifications of DBMS based on data model, number of users/sites, software, cost and purpose.
This document defines key terms related to relational database management systems (RDBMS). It discusses databases and database management systems, comparing them to traditional file-oriented systems. The benefits of RDBMSs include reduced data redundancy, maintained data integrity and consistency, shared data access, and enforced standards and security. Data independence allows applications to work regardless of how the data is physically stored or accessed. Relational models use domains, relations, candidate keys, primary keys, foreign keys, and referential integrity to structure data.
The document summarizes key concepts in distributed database systems including:
1) Distributed database architectures have external, conceptual, and internal views of data. Common architectures include client-server and peer-to-peer.
2) Distributed databases can be designed top-down using a global schema or bottom-up without a global schema.
3) Fragmentation and allocation distribute data across sites for performance and availability. Correct fragmentation follows completeness, reconstruction, and disjointness rules.
Database management system full theory portion is covered. It's helpful to students who are in any management courses.all the best to all of you, this ppt might be helpful for you.Database management system full theory portion is covered. It's helpful to students who are in any management courses.all the best to all of you, this ppt might be helpful for you.Database management system full theory portion is covered. It's helpful to students who are in any management courses.all the best to all of you, this ppt might be helpful for you.Database management system full theory portion is covered. It's helpful to students who are in any management courses.all the best to all of you, this ppt might be helpful for you.
The document discusses database concepts including the advantages and disadvantages of flat file systems versus database systems, database design including normalization and entity relationship modeling, distributed databases including issues around concurrency and replication, and the role of accountants in ensuring data integrity through proper database design. Key topics include data redundancy, database modeling, normalization to avoid anomalies, and concurrency controls for distributed databases.
The document discusses the components of a database management system (DBMS). It describes the main components as the DBMS software, hardware, data, procedures, database access language, and users. The software controls and manages the database. The hardware includes storage devices and computers. Data is the most important component, which is stored, updated, and retrieved from databases. Procedures provide instructions for using the DBMS. A database access language like SQL is used to interact with the data. Users include application programmers, database administrators, and end-users.
1) Database systems provide several key advantages over file-based systems, including controlling redundancy, restricting unauthorized access, and representing complex relationships among data. They allow data to be stored logically in one place while supporting multiple views.
2) A DBMS allows defining data structures, manipulating and sharing databases for applications. It provides facilities for backup/recovery and enforcing integrity constraints.
3) A database administrator is responsible for authorizing access, coordinating use, and acquiring resources for the database and DBMS. Their role is to oversee the primary resource of the database and secondary resources of related software.
The document provides an overview of database systems concepts and architecture. It discusses three key topics: 1) modern DBMS packages use a client-server architecture with functionality distributed between client and server modules, 2) data models, schemas, and instances where a schema describes the database structure and an instance is the current data, and 3) the three-schema DBMS architecture with internal, conceptual, and external schemas to achieve data independence through mapping between levels.
The document discusses key concepts related to database management systems (DBMS), including:
1. A DBMS allows for the creation, organization, and management of structured data in a centralized database that can be easily accessed and shared.
2. The three-level architecture of a DBMS separates the database into an internal, conceptual, and external schema to abstract the physical storage from the logical design and user view.
3. Key components of a DBMS include hardware for storage and input/output, software for managing the database, and users who design, implement and query the database system.
The document discusses various data models, database system architectures, database languages, and components of database management systems. It provides details on hierarchical, network, and relational data models including their advantages and disadvantages. It also describes physical centralized and distributed database architectures. Key database languages covered are DDL, DML, DCL, and transaction control language. DBMS interfaces and utilities are also summarized.
It includes:
Introduction to Database Management System
DBMS vs File System
View of data
Data models
Database Languages: DML, DDL
Database users and administrators
Transaction Management
Database System Structure
Application architectures
The document defines key concepts related to database management systems (DBMS) including what a DBMS is, the different levels of database architecture (external, conceptual, internal), data definition language (DDL), normalization, entity relationship (ER) modeling, and database normalization forms. It provides examples to illustrate database concepts and discusses the advantages of using a DBMS compared to traditional file management systems.
This document provides an introduction to database design and applications (DBDA). It discusses the differences between file systems and database management systems (DBMS)/relational database management systems (RDBMS). It also covers the three schema architecture of a DBMS, including the conceptual, internal, and external schemas. Additionally, it discusses data independence and the advantages of using a DBMS compared to a file system. The document provides a brief history of DBMS and describes some popular DBMS software. It also outlines the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of using a DBMS.
A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows organizations to develop databases for applications and control their creation, organization, and use. A DBMS consists of a collection of persistent data and programs to access, update, and manage that data. Early DBMS used hierarchical and network data models, while most modern DBMS are relational and use SQL. A DBMS provides data independence, security, integrity, and concurrent access. It addresses issues like data redundancy, inconsistency, and isolation that arise without a DBMS.
Distributed databases allow data to be stored across multiple computers or sites connected through a network. The data is logically interrelated but physically distributed. A distributed database management system (DDBMS) makes the distribution transparent to users and allows sites to operate autonomously while participating in global applications. Key aspects of DDBMS include distributed transactions, concurrency control, data fragmentation and replication, distributed query processing, and ensuring transparency of the distribution.
This document discusses data, information, databases, database management systems (DBMS), and the architecture of DBMS. It defines data as raw unorganized facts and information as processed data that provides meaning. A database is a shared collection of interrelated data designed to meet an organization's information needs. A DBMS is a collection of programs used to create and maintain a database. The document then describes the components of a typical DBMS architecture including the query processor, file manager, data manager, and data dictionary. It also discusses database users such as administrators, designers, analysts, and various types of end users.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
A concept of dbms
1. A concept of dbms
WRITTEN BY
S O U R AV M I S H R A
2.
3. What is file management system ?
The technique is used to represent and store a record on file is called file organization.
This is three types
sequential file organization.
Indexed sequential organization.
Direct access.
Fundamental characteristics of file management system :
Creation of file : to create a file.
Updating :It includes insertion ,deletion ,updation.
Retrieval :retrieval means access the file. It have two way
Inquiry.
Report generation.
Mentainance :It includes restructuring and reorganizing .restructuring means structural change are
made to file.re organizing means changes are made from one file organization to another.
4. Sequential file organization: in sequential file organization records are arranged in
either ascending or descending order.
Advantage: the advantage of sequential file is the ability to access the nest record
quickly.
Disadvantage: in sequential file when we access a record from file organization at
that time the key value search the whole record.
Index sequence file: In index sequential file organization ,to access the record in
individually and sequentially by same key value.
Advantage: in index sequential file index provide for random access for record.
Disadvantage: it is more expensive for reorganizing the records in overflow area.
Direct file organization :in this organization the mapping from search key value is
mapped directly to the storage location.
Advantage: the advantage of relative file is the ability to access the indivual record
directly.
5.
6. Use of Hashing and hash function
Keys Buckets overflow area
Sm 000 *
001
G.m 9932 . * R.K 9932
003
G.m S.m 8935 .
051
*
J.P 052
053 J.p 5562 .
R.K *
Keys Hash function Hashing
S.M 00
G.m 01
Rk 02
Jp ..
04
7. Comparision of Hash function
The division remainder technique given the best overall
performance . It is the best hush function . The midsquare method
can be applied to a file with low loading factor . So it given poor
performance .
: Data redundancy occurs in database system which
have a field that is repeated in two or more tables. Due to this other
data or field can not be inserted into database properly. To maintain
this reduction of redundancy is very much essential for every
database design.
Data redundancy leads to data anomalies and corruption and
generally should be avoid by design. Database normalizes prevent
redundancy and remove the anomalies data.
8. Hash addressing
Hash addressing: In direct file organization the key value is mapped
directly to the storage location.
Hash function
Key value Address.
Advantage : Hash addressing depend on hash function. It depend upon
1. The distribution of key values directly map to location of the table.
2. The collision resolution technique must be used.
Disadvantage : the main disadvantage is collision. A collision occur
when two distinct key values are mapped to the same storage location.
Collision is resolved by linear probing and double hashing.
9. Approach to problem of collision: When a hash function mapped to the large key
value to a small address .there are certain to be collision. More than one key value
will be mapped to a single location .Due to this a collision is occurred and this
solved by linear and double hashing.
Linear probing: The process of finding the slot in hash table is called probing. In this
method key value transfer home address to empty location.
It uses the following hash function.
h(k,i)=[h`(k)+i]mod m where h`(k) =k mod m and i=1,2,…
Double hashing: double hashing is a computer technique used in a hash table to
resolved hash collision. It uses following hash function
h(k,i)= [h1 (k)+ih2(k) ] mod m
where h1 (k) =k mod m and h2(k) =k mod m`
10.
11. Database and DBMS.
Database schema and 3D schema.
Data abstraction and data independence.
DBMS Language.
Database user.
Data model.
Advantage Disadvantage of DBMS.
E.R model.
DBMS architecture and data dictionary.
12. Database and DBMS
Concept of database: Database is a collection of related data.
A database is logically coherent collection of data with inherent meaning.
A database is designed populated with data for specific purpose.
A database may be generated & maintain manually or it may be computerised.
Ex: Library card catalog is a database that may be created &maintain manually.
Uses: the database use to store information ,useful to an organization.
DBMS: Database management system is a mega software system that allows access to data contain in
a database.
It allow user to maintaining, managing, utilising database .
It facilitate process of defining, constructing and manipulating data.
Database schema: Description of database is known as database schema which is specified during
database designing.
Database state or instances: The data in database at a particular moment in timing is called a
database state.
13. 3-schema architecture
Internal schema: The internal schema describes the internal level of database.
It describes the physical storage of database.
Conceptual schema:
It describe conceptual level which includes structure of whole database for community of user.
External schema:
It describes the external level such as user view.
User 1 User 2 User 3
Conceptual schema
Internal schema
14.
15. DBMS languages
DBMS have different language to describe the database.
1. Extended host languages: It is a system provide extension to cable to enable the user to interact with database.
2. Query languages: It provides more powerful facilities to interact with database. It again divided into two types.
a) Data definition language.(DDL)
b) Data manipulation language.(DML)
DDL: DBMS provides a languages called data definition language which can be used to define the conceptual
schema and also gives details about storage of data in physical device.
DML: DML involve the following task
1. Retrieve the data from the database.
2. Insertion the new data in database .
3. Deletion and modification of existing the data.
There are two types of DML .
A. High-level DML: high level DML such as SQL (standard query language ) can specify and retrieve many records in
a single DML statement.
B. Low-level DML : Low level DML specify how to retrieve the data.
16. user
1. Actor on the screen: Many person are involved in design, use and maintenance of database. The people
whose job involve day to day use of large database, these type of user known as actor on the screen.
The actor are
Database administer: The user who can control the centralized database system is called DBA.
any organization where many person use same resources ,there is a need for a chief administrator to
oversee & manage these resources.
B. In a database ,the primary resources is database itself & secondary resource is DBMS and related
software. All these resources are responsibility of DBA.
Database designer :It is responsibility of database designer to communicate with all prospective database
users in order to understand their requirements & to come up with a design meets these requirements.
End user: End user are the people whose jobs require access to the database for querying, updating, &
generating reports. The four type of end user are casual end user, parametric end user, sophisticated
end user, stand alone user.
Application programmer: They are the user who are responsible for writing application programme in
programming language(c, c++,java etc).
17. 2.Worker behind the screen: Some person are associated with the design, development &
operation of DBMS software &system environment. These person are typically not interested
in database itself. These person are known as worker behind the screen.
DBMS designer & implementers: They are the person who design & implement the DBMS
modules & interface as a software package.
Tool developer: Tool means software system that facilitate database system design & use.
The person who design & implement tools is known as tool developer.
Operators maintains person: They are the system administrator person, who are
responsible for the actual running & maintenance of hardware & software environment for
the database.
Data model: A data model is a collection of concept that can be used to describe the structure of
a database. There are four type of data model. File based system, Traditional data
model, Semantic data model or high level data model, low level data model.
18. Advantage and disadvantage of DBMS
Reduction of redundancies: The main advantage of DBMS is avoiding
duplication of data.
Shared data: Database allow the sharing of data under its control by
any no of application programmers or user.
Data independence: Data independence is advantages in database
environment since it allow for changes at one level of database without
affecting other levels.
Security:
19. E.R model(Entity relationship model
The E-R model consist of the following component.
Entity :An entity is a class of person, places, object, event that exist in real world.
Attribute: Each attribute can have no of characteristics. The characteristics of an
entity are called attribute. For ex: name, roll no.
Simple vs. composite: The attribute which can be divided into smaller,
independent, meaningful attributes are called composite attribute. ex: Address is a
composite attribute. Age of a person is simple attribute.
Street City
Address
Single value vs. multivalve: Most attribute have a single value for a particular
entity such attribute are called single value attribute. Ex: age of a person. Dual
color car contain multiple value.
20. E.R Model
Stored attribute vs. Derive attribute: For a particular person , age can be determine
from current date and value of DOB. So age is derive attribute and DOB is called
stored attribute.
Null attribute: The attribute having null value is called null value attribute. For ex:
phone no of a person may be unknown.
Relationship:
1:1,1:n,m;n :This relationship exist among the entities.
Department Father Customer
HOD Children Item
Key attribute: The key attribute is an attribute that unique identify a entity set.
Ex emp-code can identify the entity set employee.
21. Symbol of E.R Model
Symbol Meaning
ENTITY
ATTRIBUTE
WEAK ENTITY
RELATIONSHIP ENTITY
____
_
KEY ATTRIBUTE
22. DBMS Architecture and Data dictionary
DBMS Architecture:
Different abstraction level: Database describe by three abstract level.
A. Internal schema.(physical database)
B. Conceptual schema.(conceptual database)
C. External schema.(view)
Objectives:
A. Support of multiple user view.(meta data)
B. Use of schema to store DB description.
Data dictionary: Data dictionary also known as system catalog. It contain all the
information about the database structure that means it also describes all the
primary structure of a database and these information are known as metadata.
24. Hierarchical data model
Hierarchical data model is used the tree concept to represent data and relationship among data. But no clear
document are there to describe HDM. Only IMS information management system from which HDM is driven. IMS is
HDBMS used in banking sector, privet firm that managed the DBMS from HDM.
Relationship : The relationship is two type
Record.
PCR.
Record :A record is a collection of field. A record type is collection of similar record.
PCR :A PCR type is a 1:n relationship among two record. One side of record is parent record type and n side of
record type is known as child record type.
An occurrence of PCR type consist of 1:n relationship between parent and child record type.
A hierarchical database schema is a collection of hierarchical schema. A diagrammatically representation of
hierarchical schema is known as hierarchical diagram. In a hierarchical diagram one single parent record have
more than one child record type then link representation PCR type are connected .
Department
Employee Project
25. Characteristics of HDM
1. Each HDM diagramed can have only one record and this
record does not have parent record.
2. One parent record may have more than one child record
type.
3. The record type does not have any child record type is called
leaf.
4. All record type except root must be connected to a PCR type.
5. When one parent record type have more than one child record
type in that case child record must be ordered.
26. Explanation of relationship
1:1
As in PCR one parent record type corespond to n child record where n >=0 ,so 1:1
relationship can be represented with the general concept of HDM. Similarly 1:n
relationship can be represented.
When two record type have M:N relationship with each other. In that case in a PCR
type concept is not sufficient enough to represent M:N relationship. This problem
can be solve by storing child record multiple times. So one problem arises of storing
the same record multiple time.
To solve this problem HDM assume one of parent record type as parent and raster
virtual parent type bring a new concept of virtual PCR
Department Department Employee
1:1
M:N M:M
Employee Project
Manager
28. These are constant on database such that database must obey these constant
Any record type can not be exist without being related to a parent record type. It
has three implementation.
Whenever a parent record type is deleted .Then its corresponding child record
type is also deleted.
Whenever a child record is inserted then its corresponding parent record type
also linked
.Whenever a virtual parent is deleted then its corresponding parent record is not
deleted.
• Any record type that have more than one parent record type can exist only one
record type as real parent & virtual parent.
• One virtual record type may have any no of child record type but IMS restrict to
this only one .
29. Dept
Project
D loc D Employee D Manager
P Worker
Typically a hierarchical schema by means of schema diagram forms a tree data structure.
For ex the above diagram can be represented by tree structure.
Each node represent a record type. Link is representation of a PCR type in a hierarchical
schema diagram .
In hierarchical data model except root all child record type are dependent segment. Inertly
we say that in every PCR type the child record type depend upon the parent record
type by the root of PCR . So root is full independent segment & leaf is full dependent
segment.
30. Networking data model
It also known as DBTG (database task group) as it also proposed by
codasyl.
The network data model is based on the set construct and record type.
1. Record: A record is a collection of field. The similar collection of record is
called is record type.
2. Set construct: The set construct defines 1:n relationship between two
record type. The record type is one side is known as owner record type
and at n side is known as member record type.
3. Batchman diagram: In batchman a set type has three parts.
a) Owner record type. owner
b) Member record type. Dept Dept-student
c) Name of the set type. Member
Student
31. construct m
Network data model construct are two type. Structural and Behavioral.
Behavioral construct are of two main category. Insertion and retention option.
Insertion option deals with roots applied to a member record type when a record is
inserted.
Retention option gives how a record can when inserted, deleted or
updated.
option: A new record can be inserted in two ways one is automatically and
other is manually. The new record when inserted is automatically associated with a
set instance. This is maintain by system.
option: It is three type.
1. Optional: It mince a record may related to any set instance.
2. Mandatory: A record can not be exist without being related to a owner record or to
any set instance.
3. Fixed: Once a record is inserted it must be owner record and it is fixed.
32. Unit:4
Keys and types.
Integrity rule.
Relational algebra.
Tuple and Domain.
Relational algebra.
33. Keys And Types
Keys: A key is that data item that exclusively identifies a record. For ex: account-no, product-id, emp-
no and customer-no are used as key fields because they specifically identifies a record stored in a
database.
Super key: A super key for a set of one or more attributes which combine value uniquely identifies the
entity in entity set. For ex entity set employee, the set of attributes (emp-name, address)can consider
to be a super key.
Primary key: The primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table and must never be the same
for records ex: emp-code can be the primary key for the entity emp.
Candidate keys: A candidate key in the minimum set of attribute to identify a record within a entity set.
Secondary key: After choosing primary key and candidate keys, the others are called secondary key.
Foreign key: it is a set of field in a relation that refers to field in another relation.
Here primary key name super key: roll name, roll sex, roll class. Secondary key: name, sex, class.
roll : roll no, Stu code sex class
Stu code is candidate key.
34. Integrity rule
When many users enter data items into a database it becomes important that all data item and
association among such data item not destroy.
Hence, data insertion, updation, etc have to be carried out in such a way that database integrity
is maintain.
Integrity rule 1(entity integrity):
If a attribute of a table is of prime attribute, it can not accept null value or in other words, primary
key may not be null.
Integrity rule 2 (referential integrity):
1. To ensure that a value that appears in one relation for given set of attributes also appears
for a certain set of attributes in another relation .such a condition is called referential
integrity.
2. Integrity rule 2 is concern with the concept of foreign key.
3. The value of a primary key which appears in a base table. Whenever there is a cardinality
then the value of a primary key, which becomes a foreign key in the entity relation, the value
of foreign key and primary key should be same.
35. Relational algebra
It is a formal foundation of relational model.
It is used for implementing and optimizing queries in relational database
management system.
It is two type. Set oriented operation, relational oriented operation.
Set oriented operation: There are four type of this operation.
set union, set intersection, set difference, Cartesian product.
Relational oriented operation: There are two type of operation.
Select: The select operation extract specific touple from a relation. We can
use the lower Greek latter to denote selection. In general we allow
Comparision using relational operators.
Project: The project operation is a unary operation. The project operation
select the column from the table and discard the other column.
36. There are twelve rules formulated by E.F CODD ,for RDBMS in 1970.
The twelve rules are having the following main points:
1. Information Representation.
2. Granted Access.
3. Systematic treatment of null value.
4. Database description rule.
5. Comprehensive data sub language.
6. View updating.
7. High level update, insert, delete.
8. Physical data independence.
9. Logical data independence.
10. The distribution rule.
11. Non sub-version.
12. Integrity rule.
37.
38. Anomalies.
Functional dependency.
Closer and axiom rule.
Normalization and types.
BCNF and database security.
Concurrency operation.
39. Anomalies & F.D
Anomalies: The aim of the database system is to reduce redundancy meaning
information is to be stored only once. Storing information several times leads to the
wastage of storage space and increase in the total size of the data store update to the
database with such redundancy is becoming in consistence.
Functional dependency: F.D are the relationships among the set of attributes with
relationship.
A F.D denoted by A B between two set of attributes A & B.
There are different types of F.D.
Full functional dependency: When all non-key attributes are dependent on the key
attributes is called full functional dependency.
In following example non-key attribute (name, adds, age course) are depend on key
attribute roll no.
Roll no name address age course
40. Functional dependency
Partial dependency: In partial dependency when some non-key
attributes depends on the key attributes and the remaining non-key
attributes depend on one are more non-key attributes.
Roll no Name Address Age Coerce Date of join
Transitive dependency: When one non-key attribute Distance
snow Origin Destination depends on other
non-key attribute, it is called transitive dependency.
41. Closer and axiom rule of F.D
Multivalued dependency:
Multivalued dependency are a consequence of first normal form.
F.D are also referred to as a equality generating dependency and multivalued
dependency are referred to as touple generating dependency.
Closer of F.D: The set of all dependency that include F as well as all dependency that
can be inferred from F.
There are six rules are known as axiom rule.
1. Reflexive rule. If x
2. Augmenting rule.
3. Transitive rule.
4. Decomposition rule.
5. Union rule.
6. Pseudo transitive rule.
42. Normalization And Types
Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database.
The first step of normalization is to convert E.R model into table. Then to examine the table for
redundancy & if necessary change to non-redundancy form.
The normal form are used to ensure that various type of anomalies and inconsistencies are not
introduces into the database.
There are five type of normal form.
1st normal form: A relation schema is said to be in first normal form if the values of domain of
each attribute of relation are atomic.
It disallow having a set of values, a touple of values or a combination of both.
2nd normal form: A relation schema is said to be second normal form, if it is in 1 st normal form
and if all non prime attribute are fully functionally depend on relation key.
3 rd normal form: To be in 3rd normal form, the relation must be in 2 nd normal form and no transitive
dependency may exist without the relation.
4th and 5th normal form based on the concept of multivalue dependency & join dependency.
43. BCNF & Database Security
BCNF:
1. When a relation has more than one candidate key, anomalies may result
even through the relation in 3nf.
2. It based on the concept of determination.
3. If a table contains only one candidate key the 3nf and BCNF is
equivalent. BCNF only violated if table contain more than one candidate
key.
Security: Database security are of two types .
1. System security: System security deals with providing security to
database at system level. For ex :DBMS cheeks.
2. Database security: It protecting the data individual level. For ex: a user
with insufficient privileges can not view a table.
44. Concurrent Operation
Locking and timestamp are two best concurrent operation.
Locking:
A data item can be locked by a transaction in order to prevent this data item being
accessed and updating by any other transaction.
Locks are two types.
Exclusive lock: A transaction which want to modify a data item and not read if can
make exclusive lock on the data item. Hence it is also known as write lock.
Shared lock: A transaction which only read a data item and not modify it, can make
shared lock on the data item.
Time stamped ordering: In this method a serial order is created among the
concurrent transaction by assigning a unique non decreasing number to each
transaction.