3. File System:
• File based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual system.
• It is also called a traditional based approach in which a decentralized approach was taken
where each department stored and controlled its own data
4.
5. What is DataBase?
⮚ A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data,
typically. Stored electronically in a computer system.
⮚ You can organize data into tables, rows, columns, and index it to make it
easier to find relevant information.
⮚ The main purpose of the database is to operate a large amount of information
by storing, retrieving, and managing data.
⮚ There are many databases available like MySQL, Sybase, Oracle, MongoDB,
Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc.
6. DataBase Management System:
⮚ The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and
delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table,
schema, views, and reports, etc.
⮚ Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database.
For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in
different applications.
⮚ DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing data
in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
⮚ It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also
maintains data consistency.
7. Difference Between Conventional
File System & DBMS:
Convention File System DBMS
File system doesn’t have a crash recovery
mechanism. i.e., if the system crashes while entering
some data, then the content of the file will lost.
DBMS provide crash recovery mechanism, i.e., DBMS
protect the user from the system failure.
File system not control data redundancy DBMS control data redundancy.
Data is distributed in many files, and it may be of
different formats, so it isn't easy to share data.
Due to the centralized approach, data sharing is easy.
The file system provides the detail of the data
representation and storage of data.
DBMS gives an abstract view of data that hides the
details.
The file system is a collection of data. In this system,
the user has to write the procedures for managing
the database.
DBMS is a collection of data. In DBMS, the user is not
required to write the procedures.
The file system approach is cheaper to design. The database system is expensive to design.
The flexibility of the system is less as compared to the
DBMS approach.
Changes are often a necessity to the content of the
data stored in any system, and these changes are
more easily with a database approach.
8. Advantages & Disadvantages Of DBMS:
Advantages: (cont.)
• Improves the effectiveness of data exchange:
With DBMS, data can be exchanged between users more effectively, and access to the data can be restricted so
that only authorized users are permitted to view it, as opposed to earlier systems when everyone with access to the
system could access the data. We can more easily manage the data in a DBMS.
• Recovery and Back-up
Data is the most precious resource for the entity, as was described before; therefore, data preservation is just as
critical as data protection. By performing regular backups using a DBMS, a user can store the most recent data on
the drive or the cloud. The user can utilize the restore to retrieve the information from the drive or even the cloud if
it is deleted from the system.
9. • Controls database redundancy:
All the data is stored in one place, and that recorded in the database and hence controls the redundancy in the
database.
• Reduce time:
It reduces the maintenance need and development time.
• It hides the data which is not useful for the user:
DBMS helps the user to provide those data which is useful only for the user and the rest of the useless data it hides
from users.
• It provides data security and privacy:
There is so much data available in a single database so the DBMS helps to provide us the security that no one can
get access to our data easily and hiding the details of our data from other to provide privacy.
Advantages:
10. • Specifications for Hardware and Software
A system with a high configuration is needed to operate the DBMS effectively. We will unavoidably need hardware
that performs well to get this height. As all of this technology and the license for this program are relatively pricey,
it raises the cost of development. On your local system, they also take up comparatively more room. Also necessary
is the upkeep of these systems.
• Huge Dimensions:
For database management software to work correctly, a lot of disc space is needed. It needs extra software, and
that software needs storage space. Gigabytes of space may be needed for the whole DBMS configuration.
• It provides data security and privacy:
There is so much data available in a single database so the DBMS helps to provide us the security that no one can
get access to our data easily and hiding the details of our data from other to provide privacy.
Disadvantages: (cont.)
11. • Failure has an enormous effect:
DBMS stores together all data in one place. Therefore, if there is a problem with that file, it could affect all of the
other processes as well, which would halt everything and bring the process to a total halt.
• Management scope and complexity
Due to the large range of functions, it offers, the database project's scalability is increased. To create a user
interface, it supports many GUIs. It may also be used in conjunction with other potent software. But the
complexities of the system as a whole are increased by this entire situation. The process is highly complicated as a
result of all these implementations. We need to know other SQL languages to maintain the data and operate the
database.
• Cost of Staff Training:
Educated staff (database administrator, application programmers, data entry operations) who maintains the
database management system also requires a good amount. We need the database system designers to be hired
along with application programmers. Alternatively, the services of some software houses need to be taken. So there
is a lot of money which needs to be spent on developing software.
Disadvantages:
13. Three Level Architecture Of DBMS:(Cont.)
• The three schema architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or three-level architecture.
• This framework is used to describe the structure of a specific database system.
• The three schema architecture is also used to separate the user applications and physical database.
• The three schema architecture contains three-levels. It breaks the database down into three different
categories.
1. External Schema
2. Conceptual Schema
3. Internal Schema
14. Three Level Architecture Of DBMS:(Cont.)
• The internal level has an internal schema which describes the physical storage structure of the database.
• The internal schema is also known as a physical schema.
• It uses the physical data model. It is used to define that how the data will be stored in a block.
• The physical level is used to describe complex low-level data structures in detail.
1. Internal Level:
• The internal level is generally is concerned with the following activities:
1. Storage space allocations.
2. Access paths.
3. Data compression and encryption techniques.
4. Optimization of internal structures.
5. Representation of stored fields.
16. Three Level Architecture Of DBMS:(Cont.)
• The conceptual schema describes the design of a database at the conceptual level. Conceptual level is also
known as logical level.
• The conceptual schema describes the structure of the whole database.
• The conceptual level describes what data are to be stored in the database and also describes what
relationship exists among those data.
• In the conceptual level, internal details such as an implementation of the data structure are hidden.
2. Conceptual Level:
• Programmers and database administrators work at this level.
18. Three Level Architecture Of DBMS:(Cont.)
• At the external level, a database contains several schemas that sometimes called as subschema. The
subschema is used to describe the different view of the database.
• An external schema is also known as view schema.
• Each view schema describes the database part that a particular user group is interested and hides the
remaining database from that user group.
• In the conceptual level, internal details such as an implementation of the data structure are hidden.
3. External Level:
• The view schema describes the end user interaction with database systems.
20. Components of DBMS:(Cont.)
• There are many components available in the DBMS. Each component has a significant task in the DBMS.
• A database environment is a collection of components that regulates the use of data, management, and a
group of data.
• Each view schema describes the database part that a particular user group is interested and hides the
remaining database from that user group.
• These components consist of people, the technique of Handel the database, data, hardware, software, etc.
there are several components available for the DBMS.
21. Components of DBMS:(Cont.)
• Here the hardware means the physical part of the DBMS. Here the hardware includes output devices like a
printer, monitor, etc., and storage devices like a hard disk.
• In DBMS, information hardware is the most important visible part. The equipment which is used for the
visibility of the data is the printer, computer, scanner, etc. This equipment is used to capture the data and
present the output to the user.
• With the help of hardware, the DBMS can access and update the database. The server can store a large
amount of data, which can be shared with the help of the user's own system.
• When we try to run any database software like MySQL, we can type any commands with the help of our
keyboards, and RAM, ROM, and processor are part of our computer system.
1. Hardware:
• The database can be run in any system that ranges from microcomputers to mainframe computers. And
this database also provides an interface between the real worlds to the database.
