This document summarizes three approaches to Pacific history scholarship: indigenous histories, critical empire histories, and connectionist histories. Indigenous histories seek to reconstruct Islander cultures and challenge colonial assumptions. Critical empire histories examine the central role of Pacific empire in nation-building and ideologies. Connectionist histories establish previously separate histories as interconnected, through global, transnational, or Asian American frameworks. However, challenges remain due to power asymmetries between island and rim academics and disciplinary divisions. Emerging work is overcoming barriers by examining restless Pacific natives, Islander agency in empire, and understudied populations in new contexts.
King Afonso I of Kongo and Emperor Qianlong of China both addressed issues involving trade with Western nations in the 15th-17th centuries. Afonso I wrote to Portugal about limiting the slave trade, which undermined his authority. Qianlong wrote to England establishing rules for trade at Guangzhou only. Both leaders provided important goods and sought to reform trade relations by imposing restrictions. The interview discusses two sisters who attended Notre Dame College in the mid-20th century, became nuns, and had careers in education. They grew up on a farm in Ohio and commented on farm life and chores.
This document summarizes research trends on Southeast Asian sea nomads. It discusses how early accounts often portrayed sea nomads negatively but research has improved. It outlines the three main groups of sea nomads and their geographic distributions. Recent works provide more accurate ethnographic details and theoretical insights into issues like social organization, cultural premises, identity, and the impacts of development on mobile populations. Overall the document traces the evolution of research from early colonial reports to modern ethnographic studies.
Treaty Rights Ignored Neocolonialism and the Makah Whale Hunt .docxjuliennehar
Treaty Rights Ignored: Neocolonialism and the Makah Whale Hunt
For Indigenous populations around the world, the last few centuries have been marked by colonization and economic, political, and cul- tural oppression. A few Indigenous populations have narrowly escaped subjugation, but these communities must often fight eco- nomic and political battles to keep rights to their lands and traditions. For other Indigenous communities that do not have access to the resources necessary for economic and cultural survival, it is seem- ingly only a matter of time before their lands are taken or their tradi- tions are lost, but this is not the only possible outcome. Some of the most important ways that Indigenous communities have resisted colonialism and braved the complexity of neocolonialism are through the oral tradition and contemporary literary narratives. It is abso- lutely essential that Indigenous tribal narratives continue to reflect the significance of cultural traditions, and it is critical that individuals outside of Indigenous communities respect these narratives. Many of the current economic, political, and cultural disputes affecting Indigenous communities stem from neo colonialist attitudes about economic resources and cultural traditions. Neocolonialism appears in different guises, and neocolonialist rhetoric is rampant in discourse about Indigenous populations and underdeveloped nations.
Even the relatively recent shift from using "third world" to "underde- veloped" signifies the manifestation of terminology that reinforces a certain economic neocolonialism. The rhetoric of neocolonialism must be exposed to ensure that Indigenous communities are not sub- jected to new forms of colonization, which threaten cultural survival. Moreover, individuals should be sensitive to the persuasive and subtle nature of neocolonialism because the rhetoric of neocolonialism is rampantly apparent in the media, seriously detrimental to Indigenous youth, and undermines Indigenous tribal narratives. While there are numerous examples of neocolonialism in the world today, the focus of this paper will be an analysis of the use of neocolonialist rhetoric in discussions about the Makah Nation. In the last decade, the Makah Nation has been in the process of revitalizing its whaling traditions, and the discourse about this revitalization reveals racist attitudes toward Indigenous peoples and the potential consequences of damaging neocolonialist rhetoric. One might not expect the state of Washington or the Pacific Northwest to be places that support neocolonialism, but the manifestation of neocolonialist rhetoric in a seemingly progressive part of the United States is a testa- ment to the ubiquitous nature of neocolonialism. It is my hope that this discussion will reveal the rhetorical strategies that individuals employ to criticize the revitalization of the Makah whale-hunting tra- dition, while also illustrating how this rhetoric presents dangerous neocolonialist ...
The world in 1492 saw the beginnings of political unification in Europe. Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain through marriage, while Lorenzo maintained balance of power in Italy. China was ruled by the Ming Dynasty but lacked elements like missionary religion that encouraged European exploration. Four major civilizations - Europe, Middle East/Africa, India, East Asia - had developed bureaucracy, technology, and writing. The Americas had the Aztec and Mayan empires, while crops spread between hemispheres, influencing population growth. European developments in commerce, religion, and technology enabled exploration that connected the world.
Native American civilizations were vastly destroyed by history particularly when the Europeans arrived. Diseases, wars of conquest, the eradication of religions and cultures that were not seen as compatible with Christianity, the thirst for gold and other precious metals or gems, and the systematic looting of natural resources caused a depletion of the Native American population by between 50 and 75%. Some say even more in some areas. Today, book after book, pyramid after pyramid, glyph after glyph we are rediscovering the greatness of these civilizations, even if some overdo it in this reevaluation. The Mayas had the concept of zero as a voided empty box containing nothing, though they did not have the concept of zero as the completion of a decimal, in their case a vigesimal group. Yet their mathematics was a lot ahead of what we had in Europe, though probably a lot less than what they had in the Arab world or China. We voraciously devoured the Americas and today these very same Americas are the scene of a new plague, pandemic, or whatever, and this time it also kills more native Americans or Blacks or Browns than whites. History has a tendency in some situations to repeat itself.
This document provides background on the native peoples inhabiting the Americas at the time of European contact. It describes the diversity of tribes and their varying economic systems, including hunter-gatherers, fishers, hunters, and sedentary farmers. The most advanced civilizations were the Aztecs and Incas, who had empires resembling European feudal systems. However, native Americans lacked immunity to Eurasian diseases and technology like iron, putting them at a disadvantage against European invaders. While many natives were conquered, some tribes maintained power by playing European nations against each other or adopting European warfare tactics. Overall, European domination was uneven and contact did not erase all native culture and power.
A U C T U S VCU’s Journal of Undergraduate Research and Cr.docxransayo
A U C T U S // VCU’s Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creativity // SOSCI // February 2016 1
Author No te
This paper was prepared for University 200, Section 066, taught by Professor Fortney.
The Effect of Hawaii’s Vast Diversity on Racial and Social Prejudices
Food is the universal language of the world, and Hawaiians speak SPAM. Hawaii is the
largest consumer of SPAM in the world, with their own signature recipe, as well as an annual
SPAM party which over 20,000 people attend. Hawaiian locals cannot get enough of the stuff,
consuming more than 5 million pounds year. SPAM is just one of many beloved foods in Ha-
waii, all of which are from different cultures. Residents have access to Chinese rice and stir fry,
Korean kimchi and marinated meats, Japanese sashimi and bento boxes, Portuguese tomatoes
and chili peppers, Puerto Rican casseroles and pasteles, Filipino sweet potatoes and adobo,
American macaroni salad and hamburgers, and Hawaiian taro and kalua pig. Food is just one
aspect of a very mixed culture that borrows food, music, religion, and customs that are used
every day. Diversity is not tolerated, but embraced in Hawaii.
What America considers as racial tolerance is very different from the rest of the world. And
yet, as a state of America, Hawaii differs vastly in terms of what racial tolerance means. Like the
state of Alaska or American Samoa, Hawaii is physically and culturally isolated from the United
States, even though it is a state. Modern Hawaii is a case study for diversity and successful in-
tegration of many ethnic groups into one functioning society. While racial tolerance is defined
differently in Hawaii and mainland United States, so is racial prejudice. Both areas have their
struggles on this issue. Prejudices in the islands are more targeted at mainland Caucasians and,
more recently, Micronesians from the Mariana and Marshall Islands region of the Western Pa-
cific. Hawaiian racial diversity and racial prejudices are less understood due to Hawaiian isola-
tion and its particular history. Having no racial majority, the sheer number of different peoples
may have an effect on present-day prejudices. By examining where these cultural and ideolog-
ical differences originated and developed, they can help to better explain racial and ethnic di-
versity in Hawaii and why they differ from that of Mainland U.S. The role of Hawaiian history
and culture, the ways people identify themselves, and the integration of these peoples into a
flourishing community is key in understanding these differences. This explains how Hawaii is a
unique pool of mixed ideas and people, and its diversity is to be appreciated and learned from.
Hawaii has a long history of Pacific settlers and Eurasian immigrants arriving, bringing
with them aspects of modern Hawaiian culture. Within this vast pool of diversity, identifying
factors and characteristics must be modified to accompany this mix of peoples. Today, clas-
sificati.
Worlds ApartAbdulrahman AlbasariDr. Dana M. ReemesHistory .docxambersalomon88660
Worlds Apart
Abdulrahman Albasari
Dr. Dana M. Reemes
History 110A-04
05/13/16
In the ninth and early tenth centuries, after the collapse of Teotihuacan, the central valley of Mexico was divided between many powers. It was only the emergence of Toltecs and Mexica that delivered unification in the area again. The Toltecs started migrating in Mexico at around eight century. They came from an arid land and settled in a new area called Tula. Tula is an important place for the Toltec’s development of their weaving poetry, and obsidian work. The place served as their center of trade between Toltecs and the other places in Mesoamerica. By the end of twelfth century, many civil conflict and nomadic incursion destroyed Tula and eventually caused the destruction of the Toltecs.
One of the migrating groups that entered Tula is Mexica. Its people are also often called Aztecs for being part of the alliance that built the Aztec empire. In 1345, the group settled in a “marshy region of Lake Texcoco and found that city that would become their capital –Tenochtitlan.” The Mexica defeated many of its opposing tribes and started its empire. It conquered nearby cities including those in the gulf coast. The group then formed an alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan creating a powerful empire called Aztec empire.
The Mexica society was formal and “rigidly hierarchical.” The power division is so defined that they were able to establish good warriors who strictly follow orders. The same goes with the priests of the group. They have defined roles and power structure. Having a strong sense of spirituality, the Mexica society put utmost importance to their priests. They bear many rituals which includes bloodletting and sacrificial killing. Also, women in their society do not hold big power and are only limited for child-bearing.
On the other part of the globe, North American societies developed “rich variety of political, social, and cultural tradition.” They depended so much in agriculture and fishing making their people mastered the craft of cultivating and fish catching. Through woodlands and mound of earth they created infrastructures meant for dwelling and burial. The trade system in the region is also well-developed through rivers. Through these rivers, they also developed communication between nearby areas.
There are also empires in South America that developed their own social system. After the twelfth century, the “kingdom of Chucuito dominated the highlands region around Lake Titicaca. The group depended on the cultivation of potatoes and herding of llamas and alpacas. Another group is the Kingdom of Chimu which is a powerful society. Both the Chucuito and Chimu ruled Andean South America. Yet, the two kingdoms eventually fall under the domination of the societies of Incas.
The Incas started to be one of the many people inhabiting the region around Lake Titicaca. In 1438, the group launched military campaigns and expanded its authority. Under the Inca admin.
King Afonso I of Kongo and Emperor Qianlong of China both addressed issues involving trade with Western nations in the 15th-17th centuries. Afonso I wrote to Portugal about limiting the slave trade, which undermined his authority. Qianlong wrote to England establishing rules for trade at Guangzhou only. Both leaders provided important goods and sought to reform trade relations by imposing restrictions. The interview discusses two sisters who attended Notre Dame College in the mid-20th century, became nuns, and had careers in education. They grew up on a farm in Ohio and commented on farm life and chores.
This document summarizes research trends on Southeast Asian sea nomads. It discusses how early accounts often portrayed sea nomads negatively but research has improved. It outlines the three main groups of sea nomads and their geographic distributions. Recent works provide more accurate ethnographic details and theoretical insights into issues like social organization, cultural premises, identity, and the impacts of development on mobile populations. Overall the document traces the evolution of research from early colonial reports to modern ethnographic studies.
Treaty Rights Ignored Neocolonialism and the Makah Whale Hunt .docxjuliennehar
Treaty Rights Ignored: Neocolonialism and the Makah Whale Hunt
For Indigenous populations around the world, the last few centuries have been marked by colonization and economic, political, and cul- tural oppression. A few Indigenous populations have narrowly escaped subjugation, but these communities must often fight eco- nomic and political battles to keep rights to their lands and traditions. For other Indigenous communities that do not have access to the resources necessary for economic and cultural survival, it is seem- ingly only a matter of time before their lands are taken or their tradi- tions are lost, but this is not the only possible outcome. Some of the most important ways that Indigenous communities have resisted colonialism and braved the complexity of neocolonialism are through the oral tradition and contemporary literary narratives. It is abso- lutely essential that Indigenous tribal narratives continue to reflect the significance of cultural traditions, and it is critical that individuals outside of Indigenous communities respect these narratives. Many of the current economic, political, and cultural disputes affecting Indigenous communities stem from neo colonialist attitudes about economic resources and cultural traditions. Neocolonialism appears in different guises, and neocolonialist rhetoric is rampant in discourse about Indigenous populations and underdeveloped nations.
Even the relatively recent shift from using "third world" to "underde- veloped" signifies the manifestation of terminology that reinforces a certain economic neocolonialism. The rhetoric of neocolonialism must be exposed to ensure that Indigenous communities are not sub- jected to new forms of colonization, which threaten cultural survival. Moreover, individuals should be sensitive to the persuasive and subtle nature of neocolonialism because the rhetoric of neocolonialism is rampantly apparent in the media, seriously detrimental to Indigenous youth, and undermines Indigenous tribal narratives. While there are numerous examples of neocolonialism in the world today, the focus of this paper will be an analysis of the use of neocolonialist rhetoric in discussions about the Makah Nation. In the last decade, the Makah Nation has been in the process of revitalizing its whaling traditions, and the discourse about this revitalization reveals racist attitudes toward Indigenous peoples and the potential consequences of damaging neocolonialist rhetoric. One might not expect the state of Washington or the Pacific Northwest to be places that support neocolonialism, but the manifestation of neocolonialist rhetoric in a seemingly progressive part of the United States is a testa- ment to the ubiquitous nature of neocolonialism. It is my hope that this discussion will reveal the rhetorical strategies that individuals employ to criticize the revitalization of the Makah whale-hunting tra- dition, while also illustrating how this rhetoric presents dangerous neocolonialist ...
The world in 1492 saw the beginnings of political unification in Europe. Ferdinand and Isabella unified Spain through marriage, while Lorenzo maintained balance of power in Italy. China was ruled by the Ming Dynasty but lacked elements like missionary religion that encouraged European exploration. Four major civilizations - Europe, Middle East/Africa, India, East Asia - had developed bureaucracy, technology, and writing. The Americas had the Aztec and Mayan empires, while crops spread between hemispheres, influencing population growth. European developments in commerce, religion, and technology enabled exploration that connected the world.
Native American civilizations were vastly destroyed by history particularly when the Europeans arrived. Diseases, wars of conquest, the eradication of religions and cultures that were not seen as compatible with Christianity, the thirst for gold and other precious metals or gems, and the systematic looting of natural resources caused a depletion of the Native American population by between 50 and 75%. Some say even more in some areas. Today, book after book, pyramid after pyramid, glyph after glyph we are rediscovering the greatness of these civilizations, even if some overdo it in this reevaluation. The Mayas had the concept of zero as a voided empty box containing nothing, though they did not have the concept of zero as the completion of a decimal, in their case a vigesimal group. Yet their mathematics was a lot ahead of what we had in Europe, though probably a lot less than what they had in the Arab world or China. We voraciously devoured the Americas and today these very same Americas are the scene of a new plague, pandemic, or whatever, and this time it also kills more native Americans or Blacks or Browns than whites. History has a tendency in some situations to repeat itself.
This document provides background on the native peoples inhabiting the Americas at the time of European contact. It describes the diversity of tribes and their varying economic systems, including hunter-gatherers, fishers, hunters, and sedentary farmers. The most advanced civilizations were the Aztecs and Incas, who had empires resembling European feudal systems. However, native Americans lacked immunity to Eurasian diseases and technology like iron, putting them at a disadvantage against European invaders. While many natives were conquered, some tribes maintained power by playing European nations against each other or adopting European warfare tactics. Overall, European domination was uneven and contact did not erase all native culture and power.
A U C T U S VCU’s Journal of Undergraduate Research and Cr.docxransayo
A U C T U S // VCU’s Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creativity // SOSCI // February 2016 1
Author No te
This paper was prepared for University 200, Section 066, taught by Professor Fortney.
The Effect of Hawaii’s Vast Diversity on Racial and Social Prejudices
Food is the universal language of the world, and Hawaiians speak SPAM. Hawaii is the
largest consumer of SPAM in the world, with their own signature recipe, as well as an annual
SPAM party which over 20,000 people attend. Hawaiian locals cannot get enough of the stuff,
consuming more than 5 million pounds year. SPAM is just one of many beloved foods in Ha-
waii, all of which are from different cultures. Residents have access to Chinese rice and stir fry,
Korean kimchi and marinated meats, Japanese sashimi and bento boxes, Portuguese tomatoes
and chili peppers, Puerto Rican casseroles and pasteles, Filipino sweet potatoes and adobo,
American macaroni salad and hamburgers, and Hawaiian taro and kalua pig. Food is just one
aspect of a very mixed culture that borrows food, music, religion, and customs that are used
every day. Diversity is not tolerated, but embraced in Hawaii.
What America considers as racial tolerance is very different from the rest of the world. And
yet, as a state of America, Hawaii differs vastly in terms of what racial tolerance means. Like the
state of Alaska or American Samoa, Hawaii is physically and culturally isolated from the United
States, even though it is a state. Modern Hawaii is a case study for diversity and successful in-
tegration of many ethnic groups into one functioning society. While racial tolerance is defined
differently in Hawaii and mainland United States, so is racial prejudice. Both areas have their
struggles on this issue. Prejudices in the islands are more targeted at mainland Caucasians and,
more recently, Micronesians from the Mariana and Marshall Islands region of the Western Pa-
cific. Hawaiian racial diversity and racial prejudices are less understood due to Hawaiian isola-
tion and its particular history. Having no racial majority, the sheer number of different peoples
may have an effect on present-day prejudices. By examining where these cultural and ideolog-
ical differences originated and developed, they can help to better explain racial and ethnic di-
versity in Hawaii and why they differ from that of Mainland U.S. The role of Hawaiian history
and culture, the ways people identify themselves, and the integration of these peoples into a
flourishing community is key in understanding these differences. This explains how Hawaii is a
unique pool of mixed ideas and people, and its diversity is to be appreciated and learned from.
Hawaii has a long history of Pacific settlers and Eurasian immigrants arriving, bringing
with them aspects of modern Hawaiian culture. Within this vast pool of diversity, identifying
factors and characteristics must be modified to accompany this mix of peoples. Today, clas-
sificati.
Worlds ApartAbdulrahman AlbasariDr. Dana M. ReemesHistory .docxambersalomon88660
Worlds Apart
Abdulrahman Albasari
Dr. Dana M. Reemes
History 110A-04
05/13/16
In the ninth and early tenth centuries, after the collapse of Teotihuacan, the central valley of Mexico was divided between many powers. It was only the emergence of Toltecs and Mexica that delivered unification in the area again. The Toltecs started migrating in Mexico at around eight century. They came from an arid land and settled in a new area called Tula. Tula is an important place for the Toltec’s development of their weaving poetry, and obsidian work. The place served as their center of trade between Toltecs and the other places in Mesoamerica. By the end of twelfth century, many civil conflict and nomadic incursion destroyed Tula and eventually caused the destruction of the Toltecs.
One of the migrating groups that entered Tula is Mexica. Its people are also often called Aztecs for being part of the alliance that built the Aztec empire. In 1345, the group settled in a “marshy region of Lake Texcoco and found that city that would become their capital –Tenochtitlan.” The Mexica defeated many of its opposing tribes and started its empire. It conquered nearby cities including those in the gulf coast. The group then formed an alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan creating a powerful empire called Aztec empire.
The Mexica society was formal and “rigidly hierarchical.” The power division is so defined that they were able to establish good warriors who strictly follow orders. The same goes with the priests of the group. They have defined roles and power structure. Having a strong sense of spirituality, the Mexica society put utmost importance to their priests. They bear many rituals which includes bloodletting and sacrificial killing. Also, women in their society do not hold big power and are only limited for child-bearing.
On the other part of the globe, North American societies developed “rich variety of political, social, and cultural tradition.” They depended so much in agriculture and fishing making their people mastered the craft of cultivating and fish catching. Through woodlands and mound of earth they created infrastructures meant for dwelling and burial. The trade system in the region is also well-developed through rivers. Through these rivers, they also developed communication between nearby areas.
There are also empires in South America that developed their own social system. After the twelfth century, the “kingdom of Chucuito dominated the highlands region around Lake Titicaca. The group depended on the cultivation of potatoes and herding of llamas and alpacas. Another group is the Kingdom of Chimu which is a powerful society. Both the Chucuito and Chimu ruled Andean South America. Yet, the two kingdoms eventually fall under the domination of the societies of Incas.
The Incas started to be one of the many people inhabiting the region around Lake Titicaca. In 1438, the group launched military campaigns and expanded its authority. Under the Inca admin.
The document provides information on several famous places, foods, geography, culture, and history of America:
1) It describes several famous landmarks and places in America including Niagara Falls, the Statue of Liberty, the Grand Canyon, the Golden Gate Bridge, Christ the Redeemer statue, and the Pyramids of Tikal.
2) It discusses the diverse cuisine found in America which varies regionally and has been influenced by immigration, including choripan from Argentina and various Brazilian dishes.
3) America's geography is summarized, from the Appalachian Mountains and Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains, deserts, and volcanoes of Alaska and Hawaii.
This document provides background information on early European explorers and settlers in North America, including:
- Francisco Vazquez de Coronado led an expedition from Mexico into what is now New Mexico in the 1540s in search of the "Seven Golden Cities of Cibola" but found only small pueblos inhabited by Zuni Indians, disappointing his men who expected gold and wealth.
- Coronado split his large expedition party into smaller groups to travel different routes to Cibola, and many men died along the difficult journey from encounters with wildlife and ambushes.
- When they found the Zuni pueblos, the Zuni attacked the conquistadors and Coronado won the battle
The document discusses the concept of indigenous cultural landscapes and how they can be used for land conservation, interpretation, and tourism. It describes how indigenous peoples lived within and used different parts of large landscapes centered around major waterways for various purposes. Recognizing indigenous cultural landscapes respects indigenous cultures and encourages conservation by appealing to the public's interest in indigenous history and attachment to place. It can help preserve larger natural areas that more accurately reflect indigenous lifeways and bring equality and visibility to indigenous communities.
The Yale Historical Review Fall 2020 IssueYHRUploads
This document summarizes and critiques various theories about the identity and origins of the ancient Sherden people. The author argues that the Sherden likely emerged from northern Egypt's Delta region, rather than being foreign invaders or part of a larger Sea Peoples confederation as commonly believed. The paper reviews the evidence used to link the Sherden to places like Sardinia, the Aegean, and Syria. It aims to determine whether the Sherden had a distinct cultural identity or if their name was simply a label applied by Egyptians. Revealing the Sherden's identity could provide broader context about interconnectedness and interactions in the ancient Mediterranean world during the Late Bronze Age collapse.
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in .docxhanneloremccaffery
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History.
(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1894).
I
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY 1
In a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of the Census for 1890 appear these significant words:
"Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area
has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier
line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot1
have a place in the census reports." This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic
movement. Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the
colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and
the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development.
Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call
these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American
institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an
expanding people--to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and
in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions
of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Said Calhoun in 1817, "We are great, and rapidly--
I was about to say fearfully--growing!", 2 So saying, he touched the distinguishing feature of
American life. All peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently
emphasized. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area;
and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has conquered. But in
the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the
Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area,
such as the rise of representative government; into complex organs; the progress from primitive
industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. But we have in
addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process
of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line,
but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new
development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over
again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot2
...
The document summarizes the roles of Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea in aiding the development of the early United States. Cleaveland gained fame as part of a generation of intellectuals who helped develop a uniquely American identity through education. Sacagawea, though not considered learned, provided crucial assistance to the Lewis and Clark expedition through her knowledge of languages and geography of the western territories. However, creating a single American national identity proved difficult due to racial, class, and gender differences that were prominent in the young nation.
50 Free Persuasive Essay Examples (+BEST Topics) ᐅ TemplateLab. What Is A Persuasive Essay Answers Com 570512 — — Custom Thesis .... PDF persuasive essay examples high school PDF Télécharger Download. 013 Persuasive Essay Sample Example Arg V Pers Animal Testing Bw O .... Critical Essay: Short persuasive text examples. Persuasive speech topics argumentative essay.
The document provides a summary of the naming of California and its origins from a 16th century Spanish novel. It notes that Spanish explorers in 1533 landed in what they believed was an island called California, described in a fictional story, but later learned it was a peninsula. The name California came from this mistaken identification from the novel. It also briefly introduces the mythical Queen Calafia and character Esplandian from the story that inspired the name.
The document discusses themes and theming in archaeology. It provides examples of how archaeology is used as a theme in places like theme parks and tourist sites. The author argues that themes can help communicate the goals and intent of archaeological research projects to the public in a concise way. The document concludes by proposing a theme of "the archaeology of trust at Phillippi Estate Park" for an upcoming public archaeology program focusing on the history of trust between Seminole leader Billy Bowlegs and Captain John Casey in the 19th century Florida frontier.
Barry Scott Zellen - Presentation - Yukon College - Borders in Globalization ...Barry Scott Zellen, Ph.D.
This document provides an overview of the presenter's research on borderlands in the Northern region stretching from Alaska to the Yukon Territory in Canada. It describes the area as a nexus of overlapping borderlands united by indigenous culture and language but divided by expanding states. The presenter discusses how they have studied this region for over 25 years without realizing it was considered a borderland. The region has a dynamic history shaped by the fluid migration of Inuit peoples and preservation of indigenous demographics despite the influx of settlers during gold rushes. The presenter analyzes how land claim processes diffused across the border to empower indigenous governance in a way that promoted regional stability and order.
Chapter 1 The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
CHAPTER 1
The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery
Introduction
Globalization, the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon,
but it accelerated when western Europeans discovered the riches of the East. During the
Crusades (1095–1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices, silk, porcelain, sugar, and
other luxury items from the East, for which they traded fur, timber, and Slavic people they
captured and sold (hence the word slave). But when the Silk Road, the long overland trading
route from China to the Mediterranean, became costlier and more dangerous to travel, Europeans
searched for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route over water, initiating the development
of what we now call the Atlantic World.
In pursuit of commerce in Asia, fifteenth-century traders unexpectedly encountered a “New
World” populated by millions and home to sophisticated and numerous peoples. Mistakenly
believing they had reached the East Indies, these early explorers called its inhabitants Indians.
West Africa, a diverse and culturally rich area, soon entered the stage as other nations exploited
its slave trade and brought its peoples to the New World in chains. Although Europeans would
come to dominate the New World, they could not have done so without Africans and native
peoples.
1.1 The Americas
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
● Locate on a map the major American civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish
● Discuss the cultural achievements of these civilizations
● Discuss the differences and similarities between lifestyles, religious practices, and
customs among the native peoples
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, some scholars believe that a land bridge existed
between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The first inhabitants of what would
be named the Americas migrated across this bridge in search of food. When the glaciers melted,
water engulfed Beringia, and the Bering Strait was formed. Later settlers came by boat across the
narrow strait. (The fact that Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y
chromosome lends credibility to this migration theory.) Continually moving southward, the
settlers eventually populated both North and South America, creating unique cultures that ranged
from the highly complex and urban Aztec civilization in what is now Mexico City to the
woodland tribes of eastern North America. Recent research along the west coast of South
America suggests that migrant populations may have traveled down this coast by water as well
as by land.
Researchers believe that about ten thousand years ago, humans also began the domestication of
plants and animals, a ...
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and civilization. It describes how modern genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses the impact of climate change on human history, as well as evidence that advanced civilizations existed along the Amazon River in South America over 1,500 years ago.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans today back to a small tribe in Africa that was forced to migrate 50,000 years ago due to climate change. It then discusses the two major waves of human migration out of Africa across Asia, Europe and the Americas over 35,000 years. Finally, it provides an overview of the major civilizations, religions and political structures that existed in different regions of the world in 1492.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originated in Africa and migrated throughout the world in two waves over 35,000 years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 16th century caused global climate change that impacted societies through famine, disease and migration. Finally, it outlines the state of the world in 1492 and the major civilizations and empires that existed prior to European exploration and colonization.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 6th century AD caused global climate change that devastated populations and contributed to major shifts in power and the rise of new religions.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originating from a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how they migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also provides details on civilizations and political situations in various regions in 1492, prior to major changes brought by figures like Christopher Columbus.
The document provides a history of California covering several topics:
1) Prior to European contact, around 300,000 Native Americans from over 20 linguistic groups inhabited California, including fishing peoples along the northwest coast and various tribes in southern coastal and inland regions.
2) In the early 16th century, Spanish explorers like Balboa and Magellan began exploring the Pacific coast of North and South America and Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe, linking Spain to Mexico.
3) In the mid-19th century, engineer Theodore Judah lobbied Congress to support a transcontinental railroad connecting California to the eastern US, and the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted funding and land for
The document provides a history of California covering several topics:
1) Prior to European contact, around 300,000 Native Americans from over 20 linguistic groups inhabited the region, including fishing peoples along the coast and northwest as well as inland tribes.
2) Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa first discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513 while Ferdinand Magellan's expedition in 1519-1522 was the first to circumnavigate the globe, linking Spain and its colonies to Asia and establishing the route by which California would later be explored.
3) In the mid-1800s, it became national policy to build a transcontinental railroad to connect the eastern and western United States, and engineer Theodore Judah successfully
Cuvi, Nicolás, y Delfín Viera. 20 21. _History and the Quest for a Historiogr...ElizabethLpez634570
This document discusses the history and historiography of scientific exploration and evolutionism in the American tropics, particularly Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. It outlines four stages in the historiography: 1) Early universalist and descriptive histories that emphasized European explorers; 2) Reception histories that examined local dynamics; 3) Histories focusing on international networks and new social actors like local scientists; 4) Recent global and STS-influenced histories that examine circulation of ideas and situate science in local contexts. The historiography has moved from internalist narratives to more critical social histories that reveal previously invisible local actors and knowledge traditions, and analyze science as a power relation embedded in colonialism.
The document discusses treatment options for dissociative identity disorder (DID), including psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and family therapy. The main goal of treatment is to help unify fragmented identities into a single functional identity. Past studies have shown limited treatment options and small sample sizes. The proposed study would examine whether diazepam paired with psychotherapy could effectively treat DID, building on one prior case study that found lorazepam successful. The proposed study aims to test this approach with a larger sample size to obtain more accurate results.
How To Write Journal Paper In Latex - Amos WritingAnna Landers
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The purpose is to outline the simple process for obtaining original, high-quality content through HelpWriting.net's writing assistance services.
More Related Content
Similar to A Complex of Seas Passages between Pacific Histories.pdf
The document provides information on several famous places, foods, geography, culture, and history of America:
1) It describes several famous landmarks and places in America including Niagara Falls, the Statue of Liberty, the Grand Canyon, the Golden Gate Bridge, Christ the Redeemer statue, and the Pyramids of Tikal.
2) It discusses the diverse cuisine found in America which varies regionally and has been influenced by immigration, including choripan from Argentina and various Brazilian dishes.
3) America's geography is summarized, from the Appalachian Mountains and Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains, deserts, and volcanoes of Alaska and Hawaii.
This document provides background information on early European explorers and settlers in North America, including:
- Francisco Vazquez de Coronado led an expedition from Mexico into what is now New Mexico in the 1540s in search of the "Seven Golden Cities of Cibola" but found only small pueblos inhabited by Zuni Indians, disappointing his men who expected gold and wealth.
- Coronado split his large expedition party into smaller groups to travel different routes to Cibola, and many men died along the difficult journey from encounters with wildlife and ambushes.
- When they found the Zuni pueblos, the Zuni attacked the conquistadors and Coronado won the battle
The document discusses the concept of indigenous cultural landscapes and how they can be used for land conservation, interpretation, and tourism. It describes how indigenous peoples lived within and used different parts of large landscapes centered around major waterways for various purposes. Recognizing indigenous cultural landscapes respects indigenous cultures and encourages conservation by appealing to the public's interest in indigenous history and attachment to place. It can help preserve larger natural areas that more accurately reflect indigenous lifeways and bring equality and visibility to indigenous communities.
The Yale Historical Review Fall 2020 IssueYHRUploads
This document summarizes and critiques various theories about the identity and origins of the ancient Sherden people. The author argues that the Sherden likely emerged from northern Egypt's Delta region, rather than being foreign invaders or part of a larger Sea Peoples confederation as commonly believed. The paper reviews the evidence used to link the Sherden to places like Sardinia, the Aegean, and Syria. It aims to determine whether the Sherden had a distinct cultural identity or if their name was simply a label applied by Egyptians. Revealing the Sherden's identity could provide broader context about interconnectedness and interactions in the ancient Mediterranean world during the Late Bronze Age collapse.
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in .docxhanneloremccaffery
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Significance of the Frontier in American History.
(Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1894).
I
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY 1
In a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of the Census for 1890 appear these significant words:
"Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area
has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier
line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot1
have a place in the census reports." This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic
movement. Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the
colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and
the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development.
Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call
these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American
institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an
expanding people--to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and
in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions
of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Said Calhoun in 1817, "We are great, and rapidly--
I was about to say fearfully--growing!", 2 So saying, he touched the distinguishing feature of
American life. All peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently
emphasized. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area;
and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has conquered. But in
the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the
Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area,
such as the rise of representative government; into complex organs; the progress from primitive
industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. But we have in
addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process
of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line,
but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new
development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over
again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/turner/chapter1.html#foot2
...
The document summarizes the roles of Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea in aiding the development of the early United States. Cleaveland gained fame as part of a generation of intellectuals who helped develop a uniquely American identity through education. Sacagawea, though not considered learned, provided crucial assistance to the Lewis and Clark expedition through her knowledge of languages and geography of the western territories. However, creating a single American national identity proved difficult due to racial, class, and gender differences that were prominent in the young nation.
50 Free Persuasive Essay Examples (+BEST Topics) ᐅ TemplateLab. What Is A Persuasive Essay Answers Com 570512 — — Custom Thesis .... PDF persuasive essay examples high school PDF Télécharger Download. 013 Persuasive Essay Sample Example Arg V Pers Animal Testing Bw O .... Critical Essay: Short persuasive text examples. Persuasive speech topics argumentative essay.
The document provides a summary of the naming of California and its origins from a 16th century Spanish novel. It notes that Spanish explorers in 1533 landed in what they believed was an island called California, described in a fictional story, but later learned it was a peninsula. The name California came from this mistaken identification from the novel. It also briefly introduces the mythical Queen Calafia and character Esplandian from the story that inspired the name.
The document discusses themes and theming in archaeology. It provides examples of how archaeology is used as a theme in places like theme parks and tourist sites. The author argues that themes can help communicate the goals and intent of archaeological research projects to the public in a concise way. The document concludes by proposing a theme of "the archaeology of trust at Phillippi Estate Park" for an upcoming public archaeology program focusing on the history of trust between Seminole leader Billy Bowlegs and Captain John Casey in the 19th century Florida frontier.
Barry Scott Zellen - Presentation - Yukon College - Borders in Globalization ...Barry Scott Zellen, Ph.D.
This document provides an overview of the presenter's research on borderlands in the Northern region stretching from Alaska to the Yukon Territory in Canada. It describes the area as a nexus of overlapping borderlands united by indigenous culture and language but divided by expanding states. The presenter discusses how they have studied this region for over 25 years without realizing it was considered a borderland. The region has a dynamic history shaped by the fluid migration of Inuit peoples and preservation of indigenous demographics despite the influx of settlers during gold rushes. The presenter analyzes how land claim processes diffused across the border to empower indigenous governance in a way that promoted regional stability and order.
Chapter 1 The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
CHAPTER 1
The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery
Introduction
Globalization, the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon,
but it accelerated when western Europeans discovered the riches of the East. During the
Crusades (1095–1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices, silk, porcelain, sugar, and
other luxury items from the East, for which they traded fur, timber, and Slavic people they
captured and sold (hence the word slave). But when the Silk Road, the long overland trading
route from China to the Mediterranean, became costlier and more dangerous to travel, Europeans
searched for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route over water, initiating the development
of what we now call the Atlantic World.
In pursuit of commerce in Asia, fifteenth-century traders unexpectedly encountered a “New
World” populated by millions and home to sophisticated and numerous peoples. Mistakenly
believing they had reached the East Indies, these early explorers called its inhabitants Indians.
West Africa, a diverse and culturally rich area, soon entered the stage as other nations exploited
its slave trade and brought its peoples to the New World in chains. Although Europeans would
come to dominate the New World, they could not have done so without Africans and native
peoples.
1.1 The Americas
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
● Locate on a map the major American civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish
● Discuss the cultural achievements of these civilizations
● Discuss the differences and similarities between lifestyles, religious practices, and
customs among the native peoples
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, some scholars believe that a land bridge existed
between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The first inhabitants of what would
be named the Americas migrated across this bridge in search of food. When the glaciers melted,
water engulfed Beringia, and the Bering Strait was formed. Later settlers came by boat across the
narrow strait. (The fact that Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y
chromosome lends credibility to this migration theory.) Continually moving southward, the
settlers eventually populated both North and South America, creating unique cultures that ranged
from the highly complex and urban Aztec civilization in what is now Mexico City to the
woodland tribes of eastern North America. Recent research along the west coast of South
America suggests that migrant populations may have traveled down this coast by water as well
as by land.
Researchers believe that about ten thousand years ago, humans also began the domestication of
plants and animals, a ...
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and civilization. It describes how modern genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses the impact of climate change on human history, as well as evidence that advanced civilizations existed along the Amazon River in South America over 1,500 years ago.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans today back to a small tribe in Africa that was forced to migrate 50,000 years ago due to climate change. It then discusses the two major waves of human migration out of Africa across Asia, Europe and the Americas over 35,000 years. Finally, it provides an overview of the major civilizations, religions and political structures that existed in different regions of the world in 1492.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originated in Africa and migrated throughout the world in two waves over 35,000 years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 16th century caused global climate change that impacted societies through famine, disease and migration. Finally, it outlines the state of the world in 1492 and the major civilizations and empires that existed prior to European exploration and colonization.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the impact of climate change on history. It describes how genetic evidence traces all humans back to a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how descendants from this tribe migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also discusses how a major volcanic eruption in the 6th century AD caused global climate change that devastated populations and contributed to major shifts in power and the rise of new religions.
The document summarizes information from several documentary sources about human migration and the state of the world in 1492. It describes how genetic evidence shows all humans originating from a small tribe in Africa around 50,000 years ago, and how they migrated throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas over thousands of years. It also provides details on civilizations and political situations in various regions in 1492, prior to major changes brought by figures like Christopher Columbus.
The document provides a history of California covering several topics:
1) Prior to European contact, around 300,000 Native Americans from over 20 linguistic groups inhabited California, including fishing peoples along the northwest coast and various tribes in southern coastal and inland regions.
2) In the early 16th century, Spanish explorers like Balboa and Magellan began exploring the Pacific coast of North and South America and Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe, linking Spain to Mexico.
3) In the mid-19th century, engineer Theodore Judah lobbied Congress to support a transcontinental railroad connecting California to the eastern US, and the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted funding and land for
The document provides a history of California covering several topics:
1) Prior to European contact, around 300,000 Native Americans from over 20 linguistic groups inhabited the region, including fishing peoples along the coast and northwest as well as inland tribes.
2) Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa first discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513 while Ferdinand Magellan's expedition in 1519-1522 was the first to circumnavigate the globe, linking Spain and its colonies to Asia and establishing the route by which California would later be explored.
3) In the mid-1800s, it became national policy to build a transcontinental railroad to connect the eastern and western United States, and engineer Theodore Judah successfully
Cuvi, Nicolás, y Delfín Viera. 20 21. _History and the Quest for a Historiogr...ElizabethLpez634570
This document discusses the history and historiography of scientific exploration and evolutionism in the American tropics, particularly Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. It outlines four stages in the historiography: 1) Early universalist and descriptive histories that emphasized European explorers; 2) Reception histories that examined local dynamics; 3) Histories focusing on international networks and new social actors like local scientists; 4) Recent global and STS-influenced histories that examine circulation of ideas and situate science in local contexts. The historiography has moved from internalist narratives to more critical social histories that reveal previously invisible local actors and knowledge traditions, and analyze science as a power relation embedded in colonialism.
Similar to A Complex of Seas Passages between Pacific Histories.pdf (20)
The document discusses treatment options for dissociative identity disorder (DID), including psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and family therapy. The main goal of treatment is to help unify fragmented identities into a single functional identity. Past studies have shown limited treatment options and small sample sizes. The proposed study would examine whether diazepam paired with psychotherapy could effectively treat DID, building on one prior case study that found lorazepam successful. The proposed study aims to test this approach with a larger sample size to obtain more accurate results.
How To Write Journal Paper In Latex - Amos WritingAnna Landers
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The purpose is to outline the simple process for obtaining original, high-quality content through HelpWriting.net's writing assistance services.
The document provides instructions for paying someone to write academic papers. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. It emphasizes that the service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
010 Essay Example Personal About Yourself ExamplesAnna Landers
Phoenix faces many hardships as an elderly black woman in "A Worn Path" as she makes a long journey through the woods to town, facing obstacles like thorns, hills and cold weather without complaint. Her perseverance in overcoming challenges represents the struggles of African Americans during the time of racism and segregation when the story takes place. The story suggests that Phoenix's journey is a metaphor for the difficulties faced by black people in fighting against oppression and discrimination.
The Importance Of College Education - Peachy EssayAnna Landers
The document discusses the steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It begins by having the user create an account and complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers then bid on the request and the user chooses a writer. After receiving the paper, the user can request revisions until satisfied. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
The document provides information about the French Resistance in World War II. It discusses how the Resistance was made up of men and women who fought against Nazi Germany and Vichy France through guerilla tactics like sabotage and ambushes. They disrupted infrastructure and helped Allied soldiers escape. The Resistance also played a key role in the Allied invasions of northern and southern France by providing intelligence on Nazi defenses. The surrender of France to the Nazis in 1940 motivated many French citizens to join the Resistance out of nationalism and a desire to fight back against the occupation.
Introduction - How To Write An Essay - LibGuides At UniversAnna Landers
This document discusses modified work schedules and their benefits for employees and employers. It notes that satisfied employees are more committed and productive. Companies are experimenting with flexible schedules to increase job satisfaction. Flexible schedules allow core working hours but let employees choose start and end times, such as starting early or late. This provides employees more flexibility and control over their work-life balance. Flexible schedules can increase employee morale while decreasing tardiness, absenteeism, and turnover. However, they also increase administrative workload for employers.
The document discusses David Kraemer's book "Reading the Rabbis: The Talmud as Literature" and how it examines defining the genre of the Talmud. Kraemer acknowledges that the Talmud defies traditional definitions but pursues analyzing it using literary standards. The challenge is to delineate an appropriate literary genre for the Talmud. While the Talmud meets some definitions of literature, it is not conventionally thought of as such, so the work examines how it can be both literary and not literary simultaneously.
Scarecrow PRINTABLE Stationery Paper EtsyAnna Landers
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
Vintage Handwriting Digital Paper TexturesAnna Landers
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work.
This document discusses acid-base neutralization reactions. It defines a neutralization reaction as one between an acid and a base that combines to form water and a salt. The acid donates protons (H+) while the base donates hydroxide ions (OH-), which combine to form water. The remaining ions from the acid and base (the anion and cation) then form an ionic salt. As an example, it notes the neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, which produces water and sodium chloride salt.
Here are the key points I would cover in an advertising and promotion strategy for a new product:
Situation Analysis:
- Describe the target market and customer needs the product aims to satisfy
- Analyze the competitive landscape and positioning of similar products
Objectives:
- Specify measurable goals for awareness, consideration, trial, and repeat purchase
Budget:
- Allocate funds across different advertising and promotion tactics
- Consider both short and long-term budget needs
Messaging:
- Craft a compelling value proposition and unique selling points
- Develop messaging aligned with brand identity and target audience
Tactics:
- Recommend a mix of above-the-line (e.g
The document discusses the importance of industrial percolation in coffee processing, noting that proper grinding to a particle size of around 1.4-1.5 mm is important prior to percolation. Industrial percolation involves the infusion of hot water at around 100°C and 101.3 kPa to extract aromatic and organic compounds from ground coffee. Higher pressure and temperature can increase extraction efficiency and yield during industrial percolation compared to standard home brewing.
The document discusses how to get custom essay help from the service HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5 step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10 minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline and sample work. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the service offers refunds for plagiarized work.
003 Compare And Contrast Essay Examples College EAnna Landers
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through revisions.
Dos And Don Ts Of Essay Writing. 15 Essay Writing DAnna Landers
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. Users complete a registration form with their email and password. They then fill out an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. Writers bid on the request and the user chooses a writer. After receiving the paper, the user can request revisions if needed. The site aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Korean Stationery Gift Envelope Finely Flower AnAnna Landers
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining writing help services.
How To Format A Paper In Mla. MLA Format For EssaAnna Landers
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a paper writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content is guaranteed or a full refund will be provided.
The document discusses the steps involved in requesting and receiving writing assistance from the website HelpWriting.net, which includes creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadlines, reviewing bids from writers and choosing one, placing a deposit, reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed work, and having the option to request revisions until satisfied. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through a bidding system and revisions.
Website That Write Essays For You To Be - There Is A WebAnna Landers
This lesson plan has students in grades K-5 create a digital scrapbook using photos and text to tell a story, with the goal of practicing language arts skills like writing captions and using descriptive words. Students will brainstorm story ideas, write captions to accompany photos they find online, and present their digital scrapbooks to the class.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
A Complex of Seas Passages between Pacific Histories.pdf
1. Amerasia
Journal
2016
32
A Complex of Seas
Passages between Paciic Histories
Paul A. Kramer
By 1889, Salt Lake City had embarked on its rocky career as the
eastern hub of Oceania. The Mormons had irst landed in Hawai‘i
in the 1850s, reaching across the Paciic from their missions to
California’s mining camps. They failed among Euro-Americans in
the Islands, and turned their attention to Native Hawaiians, learn-
ing their language, converting leaders and establishing plantation
settlements enabled by new laws allowing foreign land owner-
ship. For Native Hawaiians, Mormon faith and agricultural settle-
ments aided the preservation of communal beliefs and practices in
the context of rapid, dislocating change, including those brought
by Mormon newcomers themselves. In the absence of a temple in
the Paciic, converts crossed the ocean and traveled overland to
Utah, settling in the Warm Springs area of North Salt Lake City. In
doing so, they fulilled the Mormon aspiration to “gather” at the
center of the Kingdom of God in what they called Mauna Pohaku
(Rocky Mountains); their journeys were also continuous with his-
torically deep Hawaiian journeys of discovery, trade, and labor
that spanned the Paciic, including the western edges of the impe-
rial United States.
Gathered into a racially stratiied American West, the Hawai-
ian arrivals were socially and economically subordinated. In 1889,
following a Utah court decision barring Hawaiians from citizen-
ship, church leaders established a separate mission community for
them in desolate, sun-scorched Skull Valley, 75 miles southeast of
the city, where they worked for a church-owned agricultural com-
pany that paid them in credit. They called the town—228 souls at
its peak, including a small number of Samoan, Māori, and Tahi-
Paul a. KramEr is associate professor of history at Vanderbilt University,
the author of The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States and
the Philippines (2006), and co-editor of Cornell University Press’s “United
States in the World” series. He is currently researching the intersections
of immigration policy and U.S. empire across the twentieth century.
Amerasia Journal 42:3 (2016): 32-41
10.17953/aj.42.3.1-41
2. 33
A
Complex
of
Seas
tian converts—Iosepa, Hawaiian for Joseph, after Joseph F. Smith,
one of the irst Mormon missionaries to the Islands. Most of the
converts returned to Hawai‘i after 1917, with the raising of a Mor-
mon temple there, and helped spread Mormonism in the Islands.1
Meanwhile, early Hawaiian settlement in Utah paved the way for
Salt Lake City’s emergence, by the early twenty-irst century, as
the American city with the highest per capita concentration of Pa-
ciic Islanders outside of Honolulu, a metropolitan area simulta-
neously and inseparably in the American West and the Hawaiian
East.
Mormon Hawaiian migrations, and the larger transits in
which they are enmeshed, raise profound questions about how
historians frame the Paciic, spatially, geographically, narratively,
and epistemologically. As others have argued, the Paciic Ocean
presents unique challenges and opportunities for those seeking
to rethink history “beyond the nation,” as the world’s single larg-
est physical feature, an immense water hemisphere containing
over 25,000 islands, tremendous ecological diversity, and a stag-
gering array of human adaptations, socio-political formations,
and cultural interactions, collisions, and crossings.2
The writing of “Paciic” history has a long lineage, but has
emerged with heightened self-consciousness in recent years, fu-
eled by journalistic and policy discourse surrounding “Paciic
Rim” capitalism in general and the rise of China in particular, the
aspirational model of “Atlantic history,” and broader impulses
towards transnational and global scholarship. As our conversa-
tions revealed, these histories spring from disparate origins, and
approach the Paciic from within distinct intellectual traditions in
terms of subject, method, politics, and conceptualization. The Pa-
ciic does diferent interpretive work in each of them. They unfold
across diferent terraqueous spaces: rim and island, North Paciic
and South Paciic. There are histories of the Paciic, histories in the
Paciic, and histories across the Paciic. Fernand Braudel’s com-
pelling description of the Mediterranean as “a complex of seas”
pertains equally well not only to the Paciic Ocean but to its histo-
riographies: increasingly extensive, varying in depth, possessing
imagined unities and uncertain edges.3
Precisely because an oceanic scope is often cast as a generative
alternative to nationalized histories, it is worth emphasizing that
that oceans—like nations, regions, continents, and localities—are
historical constructions. Oceanic boundaries may be especially
diicult to denaturalize because their foundational referent is a
3. Amerasia
Journal
2016
34
seemingly self-evident fact of “nature”; for this reason, oceans are
susceptible to reiication, even as other spatial categories are be-
coming more contingent. (In the Paciic case, a rhetorical stress on
the “rim” may in part index the frustrated hope of bounding a gar-
gantuan phenomenon that by deinition deies containment.) The
South Paciic’s eastern border, for example, stretches along the me-
ridian of Cape Horn, from Tierra del Fuego to Antarctica, accord-
ing to the International Hydrographic Organization, but the Pacif-
ic Ocean, and the “adjacent” Atlantic, evidently do not respect this
invisible line. And to what extent does “Southeast Asia,” enfolded
in smaller seas, belong to Paciic history? The obvious point of
a single, unbroken world ocean points to less obvious, but nec-
essary cautions: the need to resist taken-for-granted deinitions
of the Paciic (which may fall back on problematic conventions);
a self-awareness about one’s criteria for macro-geographic place-
ment; and the need for oceanic histories to open out onto global
histories, a task that environmental-historical approaches are cur-
rently in a unique position to undertake.4
What these varied Paciic histories share, to greater and
lesser degrees, is their grappling with the enduring imprint of
Euro-American and East Asian empire projects on modern his-
torical imaginaries of the Paciic. As a function of European and
later American and Japanese geopolitics, the Paciic was charted
as an emptied space of possibility, where unwanted settlers and
industrial goods could be projected, sexual and racial constraints
escaped, and historic destinies fulilled. As a constitutive com-
ponent of these oceanic frontier ideologies, Paciic Islanders were
diminished: geographically isolated, temporally backward, his-
torically static, politically fragmented, culturally heathen, and re-
quiring the forces of rim-oriented capital, settlement, technology,
and culture to insert them into irresistible currents of evolution-
ary time.5
In what follows, I’ll identify three overlapping clusters of Pa-
ciic historical scholarship, identiiable by their subjects, concepts
and politics: indigenist histories, critical empire histories, and
connectionist histories. Of the three, indigenist histories wrestle
most intimately and deliberately with the legacies of rim-cen-
tered, imperial knowledge production. This work seeks both to
reconstruct the complexity and dynamism of Islander cultures,
politics, and history, and, implicitly and explicitly, to challenge
and overturn the racist presumptions of colonizer history, past
and present. Rather than being “discovered” by Europeans, Is-
4. 35
A
Complex
of
Seas
landers were discoverers; far from “isolated” by the Paciic’s vast
distances, they were its most adept navigators; rather than pas-
sive subjects and victims of Euro-American and Japanese power,
they resisted outside impositions and, even where they failed to
defeat them, shaped and bounded them. Much indigenist schol-
arship conidently deines itself in relation to the contemporary
politics of sovereignty as they play out in questions of land own-
ership, political autonomy, and cultural pluralism. Scarcities of
traditional, academic-historical primary sources and a sovereign-
ty politics that extends to questions of historical epistemology
have led some indigenist scholars to qualify or reject Western-de-
rived notions of historical authority predicated on written texts
and academic professional culture, and to uphold oral tradition
and histories generated by and for Island peoples themselves.6
The risks here—romanticisms countering racist condescension;
the minimizing of intra-Islander conlict; historiographic self-
enclosure; usable pasts built to suit contemporary, postcolonial
needs—have not prevented this ield from posing trenchant, nec-
essary challenges to Paciic history’s foundational trajectories.
A second historical enterprise can be usefully identiied as
critical empire histories. Emerging especially among historians
of the U.S. and Japan, and Ethnic and Cultural Studies scholars
from the 1990s forward, this scholarship contends with nation-
centered frames and nationalist politics by foregrounding the
central role of Paciic empire—colonial seizure, inter-imperial
war, nuclear violence, military basing, and tourist commodiica-
tion, for example—to metropolitan state-building, social struc-
tures, and nationalist ideologies.7
Taking nationalist blinders
and apologetics as their targets, they have successfully shown
Paciic empire to be a core component of modern, military indus-
trial state-building, in the U.S., Japan, and Europe, while both
undermining and historicizing imperial, exceptionalist claims of
benevolence and self-defense. Their research has mapped em-
pire-builders’ internal tensions, the contingencies of colonial and
military projects on the ground, colonizers’ encounters with the
worlds of Islanders, and the racialized and gendered ideologies
that organized them. Methodologically, these works draw from
colonial and postcolonial scholarship, and culturalized modes
of diplomatic and military history, and bring to bear American,
Japanese, and European archival, linguistic, cultural, and his-
toriographic competences. While sympathetic to and aligned
with Islander claims, this work is primarily oriented towards
5. Amerasia
Journal
2016
36
problematizing historical and ongoing expressions of nationalist
and imperialist power originating elsewhere. Its occupational
hazards include scholars’ unwitting narrative or analytical re-
production of colonizer tropes—into which they necessarily im-
merse themselves—and negligent or schematic attention to Is-
lander histories, relative to the project of metropolitan critique.
A third mode of scholarship is what I’ll call connectionist: its
primary object is to establish that histories previously thought to
be separate have been mutually imbricated. This work can be di-
vided into two subsets. The irst lies under the banner of glob-
al and transnational history. It hopes to bring global-historical
techniques to Paciic history and vice versa, and to ultimately in-
tegrate the Paciic into global history’s narratives and analyses.8
On a smaller scale, it seeks to demonstrate that national states
and subnational regions (like the U.S. West) have Paciic link-
ages that conventional units of history have obscured.9
A second
connectionist variant involves transnationalizing eforts within
Asian American and Paciic Islander history and Ethnic Studies.
Over the past generation, scholarship previously directed to-
wards demonstrating the presence, importance and contribution
of Asian Americans and Paciic Islanders with respect to U.S. na-
tional history has turned its attention to these communities’ du-
rable, dynamic connections to “home” societies; their complex,
often fraught navigations of socio-political membership between
states; and continuities as well as ruptures in their culture and
social organization.10
Both of these sets of literatures, by rescal-
ing and reframing historical research, have raised to the surface
previously submerged dynamics, in often transformative ways.
But they also come with some risks: the more integrative and
“global” the frame, the more Islander histories tend to recede.
There is also the serious danger of valorizing cross-national con-
nection for its own sake, whether in the name of historical actors’
authenticity and resistance to Western power or, at one level of
remove, in celebration of historians’ own cosmopolitan, globe-
trotting imaginations. Given this work’s sometimes heavy re-
liance upon the conceptual armature of “globalization”—lows,
networks, exchanges—it is not surprising that it often shares its
aggressively political anti-politics of transnational and global
connectivity.
To what extent, if at all, do these far-lung, transnational his-
tories of the Paciic low into each other? The obstacles here are
formidable. Not unlike the Paciic Ocean itself, the fault lines run
6. 37
A
Complex
of
Seas
deep. There are complicated asymmetries of power, resources and
prestige separating rim and island academic systems, which re-
sult in highly uneven distributions of intellectual authority when
it comes to basic historical agendas, methods, and epistemolo-
gies: What history is good for, whose histories matter, and whose
ways of telling history count? These Paciic histories are orga-
nized within diverse historiographies and require varied cultural
competences, especially language. In the U.S. academic setting,
enduring, structural tensions remain between Area Studies ap-
proaches that foreground Asian-Paciic language, culture, and his-
tory, understood in regional terms, and Ethnic Studies approaches
that foreground questions of Asian American and Paciic Islander
agency and questions of racialized power and its contestation, un-
derstood in largely or exclusively within a U.S. national context.
The former stand accused of Cold War complicities and Oriental-
ist tropes, the latter of over-attention to American exclusions and
inattention to Asian-Paciic histories.
While national parameters continue to pose signiicant imag-
inative and practical challenges, so too do the equally imposing,
if far less recognized, barricades between transnational projects
themselves. The fact that contemporary postcolonial historians,
international historians, labor historians, and immigration his-
torians, for example, share a deining opposition to nationalized
history does not mean that they will feel any need to undertake
the diicult work of talking with each other. In place of a world
of nationally containerized histories, one can envision a world of
methodologically containerized transnational histories, encased
in walls their practitioners hardly know are there.
Thankfully, resourceful historians are clambering over, dig-
ging under, and punching holes through these walls even as they
consolidate, creating the conditions of possibility for richer con-
versations between Paciic histories, even if their inventions are
sometimes, at least initially, hard to ix on a map. Each in its own
way breaks intractable rim/center divides. Taken as a whole, this
might be called history at the interstices; it cuts across not only
inherited geographic divides, but also sub-disciplinary, thematic,
and methodological ones. Such scholars are writing the histories
of restless Paciic “natives” voyaging to what for many may be
unexpected destinations in metropolitan rims and peripheries
(including Utah). They are demonstrating the ways that Islander
history and agency shaped the particular contours taken by im-
perial rim powers in the Paciic as they sought to impose their
7. Amerasia
Journal
2016
38
will from the “outside.” They are uncovering the role of nation-
ally minoritized peoples, such as Japanese Americans, as agents
of colonial, military, and commercial empire in the Paciic, as well
as its victims. They are revisiting the lives of East and Southeast
Asian laborers in Paciic Islands as vulnerable, sometimes rebel-
lious plantation workers, as well as settler-outsiders, both mixing
with and pressures on indigenous worlds. They are looking at
Asian exiles and revolutionaries who sought escape, refuge, and
stepping stones to the United States in Island spaces. And they
are enlisting the tools of environmental history, labor history, and
political-economic history to make sense of the invention of com-
modities from Paciic ecologies (ish, whale oil, guano, and pine-
apple, for example) and their entanglement with oceanic, rim, and
ultimately global cultures and economies.11
Three particular moves and sensibilities make this work possi-
ble. First is a critical awareness of the inherited geographic frames
of dominant scholarship, and a curiosity about not only their obvi-
ous holds on historical practice, but their more subtle ones.12
Sec-
ond is the courage to rebel against the not-so-soft power of job
descriptions, graduate seminars, journal titles, and professional
associations as they impart spatial and geographic categories—in-
cluding oceanic ones—within which the historical imagination is
supposed to legitimately and exclusively pool. Third, and enabled
by the irst two, are inquiries into how historical actors themselves
conceived of, practiced, and struggled over their own position and
mobility. What were their compass points? How did they deine
“home” and “away”? What power did they have to direct their
movements, and what boundaries mattered? How for them did
Utah and Hawai‘i, Guam and Tokyo, Samoa and Kwajalein, Syd-
ney and Nauru, it together? Did they bring nationalized identi-
ties with them, or did they ind or place themselves between na-
tional polities? One might think of these moves as displacements
that track historical actors’ mobilities, activities, and modes of
identiication beyond conventional frames, while prying places
and spaces out of inherited geographic grids.
Ultimately, this work both requires and enables a larger,
much-needed revision: the deconstructing of the rim/island di-
vide itself. It is not at all surprising that this particular way of
splitting the world came to organize Paciic historical scholar-
ship: it mapped neatly if inadvertently onto the racialized geog-
raphies of older, imperial histories; it came loaded with the dis-
cursive cachet of 1990s “rim-speak”; it ofered a loose, regionally-
8. 39
A
Complex
of
Seas
speciic, technocratic substitute for the sharper, more analytically
supple dialectic between metropole and colony. It also tended
to homogenize spaces that needed disaggregating, and left im-
portant questions unasked. When it came to islands, weren’t
there key diferences in the way inland and mountain peoples,
lowland and littoral peoples, fronted the Paciic? And when it
came to rims, how far from the ocean did they stretch? In the
North American context, for example, were the United States
and Canada themselves rim societies, or just their Paciic Coasts?
Did California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia form
a single, coherent rim, or were their engagements with the Pa-
ciic diferent enough to situate them along meaningfully difer-
ent rims? The reconstruction of historical subjects and dynamics
that are impossible to fully situate on rims or islands—where did
Mormon Hawai‘i it?—may ultimately dislodge this geographic
dichotomy and even allow its historicization, which may, in turn,
reduce its formidable sway.
That these modes of Paciic history are hard to square and, to
some degree, incommensurable does not mean that they are not
all essential, as are the tensions between them. Historians would
do well to embrace the necessity of navigating what will ideally
remain a “complex of seas.” Not unlike the Paciic Ocean itself,
might Paciic historiography be the site of proliferating intellectual
trade languages, born precisely where distant currents collide and
intermingle? The goal here would not be a single, authoritative
map, an ocean into which rivers inevitably low, or a language into
which all others must be translated, but an unpaciied Paciic ca-
pable of sustaining a reef’s wild multitudes.
Notes
My thanks to my colleagues in the Georgetown Paciic Empires conversations,
Toyomi Asano, Eiichiro Azuma, Katherine Benton-Cohen, David Chang, Takashi
Fujitani, Mariko Iijima, Jordan Sand, and Jun Uchida, and, especially, to Jordan
Sand for bringing us together. Thanks also to Eiichizo Azuma, Dirk Bönker, Mi-
chael Thompson, and Jun Uchida for their critical readings and comments. For
reasons of space, the citations for this essay are necessarily partial relections of
the relevant literature.
1. Matthew Kester, Remembering Iosepa: History, Place, and Religion in the
American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
2. On the challenges of writing Paciic history see, especially, Matt K. Matsu-
da, “The Paciic,” The American Historical Review 111:3 (June 2006): 758-780;
Damon Ieremia Salesa, “The World from Oceania,” Douglas Northrup,
ed., A Companion to World History (Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Black-
well, 2012): 391-404; David Armitage and Alison Bashford, “The Paciic
9. Amerasia
Journal
2016
40
and Its Histories,” Armitage and Bashford, eds., Paciic Histories: Ocean,
Land, People (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014): 1-28.
3. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of
Philip II, vol. 1 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995 [1949]): 18.
4. For an illuminating, parallel discussion of the constructedness of conti-
nents, see Martin W. Lewis and Kären Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A
Critique of Metageography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
5. See Matsuda, “The Paciic.” On the broader Western ideological construc-
tion of the “tropics,” in which the Paciic played a key role, see Gary Y.
Okihiro, Pineapple Culture: A History of the Tropical and Temperate Zones
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009). On the challenges of as-
serting an Islands-centered history, see Salesa, “The World from Oceania”;
Teresia K. Teaiwa, “On Analogies: Rethinking the Paciic in Global Con-
text,” The Contemporary Paciic 18 (2006): 71-88.
6. For histories centered on Oceania and Paciic Island peoples, see, for ex-
ample, Salesa, “The World from Oceania” and his essay “The Paciic in
Indigenous Time,” Armitage and Bashford, eds., 31-52; David Chang, The
World and All the Things Upon It: Native Hawaiian Geographies of Exploration
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016).
7. On critical empire history in the contexts of Japanese and U.S. historiogra-
phies see, respectively, see Jordan Sand, “Subaltern Imperialists: The New
Historiography of the Japanese Empire,” Past and Present 225:1 (November
2014): 273-288; Paul A. Kramer, “Power and Connection: Imperial Histories
of the United States in the World,” American Historical Review 116:5 (2011):
1348-1391. For the U.S. context, see, for example, Vernadette Vicuña Gon-
zalez, Securing Paradise: Tourism and Militarism in Hawai‘i and the Philippines
(Durham: Duke University Press, 2013); Adria Lyn Imada, Aloha America:
Hula Circuits through the U. S. Empire (Durham: Duke University Press,
2012); Christina Klein, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagina-
tion, 1945-1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). For Japan,
see Yujin Yaguchi, Akogare no Hawai [Longings for Hawa‘i: Japanese Views of
Hawai‘i] (Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2011); Robert Thomas Tierney, Trop-
ics of Savagery: The Culture of Japanese Empire in Comparative Frame (Berke-
ley: University of California Press, 2010); Jun Uchida, Provincializing Empire:
Omi Merchants in the Japanese Transpaciic Diaspora (work in progress). For
an innovative juxtaposition of U.S. and Japanese race-making amid inter-
imperial war, see T. Fujitani, Race for Empire: Koreans as Japanese and Japanese
as Americans during World War II (Berkeley: University of California Press,
2011). On militarization and resistance in the Paciic, see Setsu Shigematsu
and Keith L. Camacho, eds., Militarized Currents: Toward a Decolonized Future
in Asia and the Paciic (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010).
8. See, for example, Armitage and Bashford, “The Paciic and its Histories”;
Matt K. Matsuda, Paciic Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); David Igler, The Great
Ocean: Paciic Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2013); Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the
Paciic World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 2014).
10. 41
A
Complex
of
Seas
9. Kornel Chang, Paciic Connections: The Making of the U.S.-Canadian Border-
lands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012).
10. For a path-breaking works in the new, transnational Asian-American his-
tory, see, especially, Madeline Hsu, Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home:
Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China,
1882-1943 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000); Eiichiro Azuma, Be-
tween Two Empires: Race, History, and Transnationalism in Japanese America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
11. For scholarship along these lines, see Gary Y. Okihiro, Island World: A His-
tory of Hawai‘i and the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press,
2008); Keith Camacho, Cultures of Commemoration: The Politics of War, Memo-
ry and History in the Mariana Islands (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press,
2011); Moon-ho Jung, “Seditious Subjects: Race, State Violence, and the U.S.
Empire,” Journal of Asian American Studies 14:2 (June 2011): 221-247; Kariann
Akemi Yokota, “Transatlantic and Transpaciic Connections in Early Ameri-
can History,” Paciic Historical Review 83:2 (May 2014): 204-219; Simeon Man,
“Aloha, Vietnam: Race and Empire in Hawai‘i’s Vietnam War,” American
Quarterly 67:4 (December 2015): 1085-1108; Azuma; Imada.
12. See, for example, diferent eforts to rethink U.S. history from the Paciic,
in Bruce Cumings, Dominion from Sea to Sea: Paciic Ascendancy and Ameri-
can Power (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), and Gary Y. Okihiro,
American History Unbound: Asians and Paciic Islands (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 2015).