This document provides an overview of the presenter's research on borderlands in the Northern region stretching from Alaska to the Yukon Territory in Canada. It describes the area as a nexus of overlapping borderlands united by indigenous culture and language but divided by expanding states. The presenter discusses how they have studied this region for over 25 years without realizing it was considered a borderland. The region has a dynamic history shaped by the fluid migration of Inuit peoples and preservation of indigenous demographics despite the influx of settlers during gold rushes. The presenter analyzes how land claim processes diffused across the border to empower indigenous governance in a way that promoted regional stability and order.
Koreans in ethnicnational population structure of ukraineyevtukh
The document discusses the Korean ethnic community in Ukraine in the context of changes to Ukraine's ethnic-national population structure and ethnic renaissance. It analyzes whether Koreans can be considered a national minority based on criteria like ethnic origin, population size, citizenship, compact settlement areas, and efforts to preserve ethnic identity and culture. While Koreans immigrated to Ukraine recently, the document argues they can now be viewed as a national minority due to establishing communities, organizations to maintain their culture, and constituting a small but distinct ethnic group with Ukrainian citizenship.
State formation in early maritime southeast asiaJewel Mercader
This document provides an overview of theories regarding state formation in early maritime Southeast Asia. It discusses how Indianization was previously seen as the main driver of state formation, but more recent theories emphasize convergence in political developments across Southeast Asia and India. The document also outlines social science models of defining characteristics of early states, such as a fixed territory, population size, surplus agricultural production, and ideology legitimizing social hierarchy and kingship. However, it notes that these models do not fully capture the nature of early states in maritime Southeast Asia. The document aims to stimulate further discussion and research on the earliest states that emerged in the western Indonesian archipelago and Malay peninsula in the early 1st millennium AD.
1. The Turkish Ethnography Museum in Ankara was opened in 1930 as part of the new Turkish Republic's project to build up its new capital city. The museum played an essential role in constructing a Turkish national identity and translating the regime's nationalist ideology into material form.
2. The museum brought together artifacts from across Turkey without historical or geographic context, obscuring their origins but inserting a narrative of a shared Turkish culture and civilization. This helped establish the idea of a timeless Turkish identity rooted in Anatolia.
3. The museum also served to sever ties to transnational identities like Islam that conflicted with the nation-state. It reframed Islamic heritage as Turkish and stripped religious significance from artifacts
This document discusses two approaches to analyzing sub-national movements: 1) a rational choice perspective focusing on political actors manipulating identity and interests, and 2) a transcultural perspective accounting for cultural flows and hybridization. It uses the Telengana movement in India as a case study, first analyzing it through the rational choice lens, then considering how a transcultural approach could provide additional insights. Key points addressed include how the Telengana movement challenges theories of sub-national movements being resolved once accommodated, implications for understanding cultural nationalism, and policy recommendations for states facing sub-national challenges.
Abstracts of the workshop, Interrogating Change: Central Asia between Timeles...Encyclopaedia Iranica
This workshop aims to reimagine Central Asia as an interconnected region by bringing together scholars from different disciplines to interrogate portrayals of the region as either timeless or vulnerable to external change. The workshop will feature three panels on topics related to Central Asia: the first on Persian literary influences; the second on environmental history and pastoral nomadism; and the third on academic and bureaucratic approaches to studying Islam in the region. Presenters will explore how indigenous concepts and practices in Central Asia have adapted to and shaped social and cultural life over time.
This document summarizes and analyzes a ritual speech practice in Toraja, Indonesia called "badong". It begins with background on the ritual and linguistic analysis approaches. It then provides ethnographic context on Toraja society and history. The ritual involves interactive, dialogic speech parallelism performed by groups to construct identities and advance sociopolitical goals. While previous studies analyzed textual parallelism, this study examines how performers use the ritual text pragmatically to achieve aims. It finds the ritual is a site of power contests as actors bring divergent values. In 2-3 sentences, it introduces the topic, provides relevant background, and previews the analysis and findings.
Sports Management Organızatıon ın Göktürk StateIJAEMSJORNAL
This study, which aims to determine the principles of traditional Turkish Sports Management and organizational structure, will examine the ethnocenosis system of Göktürk State, which is a state that uses only the Turkish alphabet and the first Turkish identity among the Turkish States established up to date, and try to determine the structure of sport management and organization which they formed mainly in war and physical education. In the study, a qualitative method called "descriptive field scanning", documentary or documentary study was followed (Karasar,1976). In order to determine the organizational structure of the Göktürk State, it has been analyzed with the observations of China, Rome, Orhun Abdüleri, epic poems, traveler's observations, archaic cosmology of Gokturk society and the discoveries of various fields working on that period. Turkish history can be considered as a military history until the last two hundred years. Turkish society is one in which, in the light of the available data, throughout history, military-civil distinction is not considered, and all members of the society are considered soldiers. "The army was in the people, the people in the army". Therefore; Göktürk State was formed in parallel with the state hierarchy in all the cities under the state government (Yaylak-Kışlak) in the structure of sport management organization.
Koreans in ethnicnational population structure of ukraineyevtukh
The document discusses the Korean ethnic community in Ukraine in the context of changes to Ukraine's ethnic-national population structure and ethnic renaissance. It analyzes whether Koreans can be considered a national minority based on criteria like ethnic origin, population size, citizenship, compact settlement areas, and efforts to preserve ethnic identity and culture. While Koreans immigrated to Ukraine recently, the document argues they can now be viewed as a national minority due to establishing communities, organizations to maintain their culture, and constituting a small but distinct ethnic group with Ukrainian citizenship.
State formation in early maritime southeast asiaJewel Mercader
This document provides an overview of theories regarding state formation in early maritime Southeast Asia. It discusses how Indianization was previously seen as the main driver of state formation, but more recent theories emphasize convergence in political developments across Southeast Asia and India. The document also outlines social science models of defining characteristics of early states, such as a fixed territory, population size, surplus agricultural production, and ideology legitimizing social hierarchy and kingship. However, it notes that these models do not fully capture the nature of early states in maritime Southeast Asia. The document aims to stimulate further discussion and research on the earliest states that emerged in the western Indonesian archipelago and Malay peninsula in the early 1st millennium AD.
1. The Turkish Ethnography Museum in Ankara was opened in 1930 as part of the new Turkish Republic's project to build up its new capital city. The museum played an essential role in constructing a Turkish national identity and translating the regime's nationalist ideology into material form.
2. The museum brought together artifacts from across Turkey without historical or geographic context, obscuring their origins but inserting a narrative of a shared Turkish culture and civilization. This helped establish the idea of a timeless Turkish identity rooted in Anatolia.
3. The museum also served to sever ties to transnational identities like Islam that conflicted with the nation-state. It reframed Islamic heritage as Turkish and stripped religious significance from artifacts
This document discusses two approaches to analyzing sub-national movements: 1) a rational choice perspective focusing on political actors manipulating identity and interests, and 2) a transcultural perspective accounting for cultural flows and hybridization. It uses the Telengana movement in India as a case study, first analyzing it through the rational choice lens, then considering how a transcultural approach could provide additional insights. Key points addressed include how the Telengana movement challenges theories of sub-national movements being resolved once accommodated, implications for understanding cultural nationalism, and policy recommendations for states facing sub-national challenges.
Abstracts of the workshop, Interrogating Change: Central Asia between Timeles...Encyclopaedia Iranica
This workshop aims to reimagine Central Asia as an interconnected region by bringing together scholars from different disciplines to interrogate portrayals of the region as either timeless or vulnerable to external change. The workshop will feature three panels on topics related to Central Asia: the first on Persian literary influences; the second on environmental history and pastoral nomadism; and the third on academic and bureaucratic approaches to studying Islam in the region. Presenters will explore how indigenous concepts and practices in Central Asia have adapted to and shaped social and cultural life over time.
This document summarizes and analyzes a ritual speech practice in Toraja, Indonesia called "badong". It begins with background on the ritual and linguistic analysis approaches. It then provides ethnographic context on Toraja society and history. The ritual involves interactive, dialogic speech parallelism performed by groups to construct identities and advance sociopolitical goals. While previous studies analyzed textual parallelism, this study examines how performers use the ritual text pragmatically to achieve aims. It finds the ritual is a site of power contests as actors bring divergent values. In 2-3 sentences, it introduces the topic, provides relevant background, and previews the analysis and findings.
Sports Management Organızatıon ın Göktürk StateIJAEMSJORNAL
This study, which aims to determine the principles of traditional Turkish Sports Management and organizational structure, will examine the ethnocenosis system of Göktürk State, which is a state that uses only the Turkish alphabet and the first Turkish identity among the Turkish States established up to date, and try to determine the structure of sport management and organization which they formed mainly in war and physical education. In the study, a qualitative method called "descriptive field scanning", documentary or documentary study was followed (Karasar,1976). In order to determine the organizational structure of the Göktürk State, it has been analyzed with the observations of China, Rome, Orhun Abdüleri, epic poems, traveler's observations, archaic cosmology of Gokturk society and the discoveries of various fields working on that period. Turkish history can be considered as a military history until the last two hundred years. Turkish society is one in which, in the light of the available data, throughout history, military-civil distinction is not considered, and all members of the society are considered soldiers. "The army was in the people, the people in the army". Therefore; Göktürk State was formed in parallel with the state hierarchy in all the cities under the state government (Yaylak-Kışlak) in the structure of sport management organization.
Farish Ahmad Noor is a Malaysian historian who is currently a senior fellow at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. The document discusses his background and academic credentials. It then summarizes his research interests, which include the politics of history writing and marginalized aspects of Malaysian history. It provides an excerpt from one of his writings that revisits the Taj-us Salatin, a 1603 text by Buchara al-Jauhari that discusses the duties and responsibilities of rulers from an Islamic perspective, highlighting checks and balances on a ruler's power. Noor argues this work established parameters for good governance in Islamic terms and emphasized the role of advisors in ensuring a just ruler.
The first stages of formation communication means in KhorezmSubmissionResearchpa
In this article, there was highlighted the appearance and formation of communication service in human history, especially, in Khorezm the history of development of communication system dates back to early ancient. Appearance, formation and development processes of it in Khorezm oasis covers several thousand years. In the early periods, the population of the oasis had to use various ways to satisfy their requirements of communicating and relating with each other. by Yusupov Izzat Sultanovich 2020. The first stages of formation communication means in Khorezm. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 5 (Mar. 2020), 98-100. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.182. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/182/176 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/182
This document provides historical context for understanding Turkey's current political situation. It discusses Turkey's founding as a secular republic after World War I, its embrace of Western ideals while rejecting European imperialism. Turkey joined NATO in 1952 due to security threats from the Soviet Union. However, tensions arose between Turkey and the West over issues like Cyprus. The document aims to show how Turkey's history shapes its current foreign policy challenges and relations with the West.
The region represents a great opportunity to research the common security challenges of
Central Asian countries, which require regional cooperation. Security issues connected with vulnerability of Central Asian countries into natural hazards and complex emergencies (that may derive from territorial disputes, ethnic violence, drug trafficking, combating against terrorism and extremism) equally
proves that regional cooperation is necessary to solve common problems. Moreover, from cultural and
traditional context, Central Asia has shared common past and heritage which would serve as driving
force for regional integration process.
When Soviet Union collapsed most scholars argued that the region finally would develop independent. However, historical analysis of the post-Soviet period shows that geopolitical interest of world
powers did not disappear. To some extent historical overlords of Central Asia (Russia and China) regained their geopolitical position through creating economic and military institutions with the participation of Central Asian countries. In this respect, this research paper focuses on analysis of interplay
between China and Russia in Post-Soviet Central Asia, their role of regional stability and economic
growth. Finally, paper also considers important to investigate the role of USA and the EU for Central
Asia region, including where the EU and USA can have more space for cooperation.
The document discusses different definitions and understandings of the term "history" from various philosophical, linguistic, and disciplinary perspectives. History is defined as the chronology of human events and activities that aims to derive lessons from the past to improve the present and future. It is also defined as a means of understanding human existence and potential through documenting what people have achieved in the past. The origins and meanings of related terms in Arabic, Greek, and the Quran are also examined.
Deconstructing the “Arab Spring”: A Constrcutivist AnalysisAbdeslam Badre, PhD
This paper aims to provide an alternative analysis of the Arab Spring revolutions through a constructivist lens. It examines the historical and political contexts that fueled public uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa region. Additionally, it discusses how neighboring powers like Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran are seeking to influence outcomes and shape the future sociopolitical and geopolitical landscape of the region based on their own political agendas and religious orientations. While the consequences cannot be predicted, the paper argues that regional involvement will play a key role in determining how the situation in the Middle East unfolds.
Contribution of Kautilya , Confucius, Ibn Khaldun and Max Weber on State , Ad...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
Kautilya looked at the country like a person surrounded by problems. He worked at the total annihilation of problems by the roots. His foresight and wide knowledge coupled with politics of expediency founded the mighty Mauryan Empire in India. He was a great laureate of economics with a glittering intellect to perceive the intricate dynamics of the various economic activities and principles.
Confucius sought to explain the decay of society in terms of the deterioration of morals. Confucian society was necessarily bureaucratic and hierarchical, with the state being stronger than civil society.
Ibn Khaldun discussed a variety of topics like History and Historiography. His theory about Asbyiah (group feeling and solidarity ) and the role that it plays in Bedouin societies is insightful. His theories of the science of Umran (sociology) are all pearls of wisdom. His Introduction is his greatest legacy that he left for all of humanity and the generations to come .
While Max Weber, a German social scientist, who had contributed regarding the formulation of “liberal imperialism” in 1895. Weber created a methodology and a body of literature dealing with the sociology of religion, political parties, and the economy, as well as studies of formal organizations, small-group behaviour, and the philosophy of history. His work continues to stimulate scholarship.
This assignment contains their biography , their contributions in brief , relationship of their contributions with modern state , administration and governance process and the contrast of those features with modern ones .
Local history is important as it provides the foundation and substance of national history. It documents the experiences of local communities and how broader processes have impacted them. Local history enriches our understanding of diversity within national history. It encourages development tailored to local needs and potentials. National history seeks to represent diverse local groups to unite the nation. Local history is an important tool for decolonizing perspectives in national history.
History is considered the "queen" or "mother" of social sciences, as it predates other social sciences in schools. It is the basis for subjects in the humanities and social sciences. There is no universally agreed definition of history, as it has been defined in different ways by various scholars to describe the study of people over time, events, ideas, or the progress of human civilization through the ages. The study of history aims to develop critical thinking skills in students and help them understand the relationship between past, present and future.
The document discusses the importance of local history in understanding national history. It makes three key points:
1) Local history provides the foundation and substance for true national history, as national histories originated from contributions of local histories.
2) Local history enriches our understanding of national history by documenting the broad processes and events important to local communities. It also encourages autonomy and local initiatives.
3) By representing various localities, ethnic groups, and sectors, local and oral histories are fundamental to representing national diversity and uniting the nation. National history seeks to bring together these diverse voices.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and Queer Theory literary theories. It discusses how New Historicism views literary texts as situated within the totality of institutions, practices, and discourses that constitute the culture of a particular time and place. It also acknowledges that both the text and the critic's interpretation are influenced by their unique historical contexts. For Queer Theory, it notes how the term "queer" was originally derogatory but has been reclaimed to identify non-heterosexual lifestyles and areas of study, and discusses how views have evolved from seeing fixed gay/lesbian identities to being more complex and acknowledging a spectrum of diverse experiences.
The Kuchi & Hazara Land Dispute Conflicts – An Endless Struggle for Land Owne...Nasrat Esmaty
This document summarizes a paper about the land dispute between Hazara and Kuchi groups in Afghanistan. The dispute has occurred sporadically for almost a century and caused violence. Unlike other analyses that see it as a resource conflict, the author argues it is primarily an identity and ethnic conflict. Key causes identified are issues of identity between the Shiite Hazara minority and Pashtun Kuchi nomads, poor land regulation and laws, and proposals for Kuchi settlement. The government has failed to adequately address grievances or find long-term solutions to end the violence.
Here are 3 self assessment questions on the document:
1. What is the modern concept of history?
- The modern concept of history has gone beyond a traditional leisure pursuit and become a useful part of education. It has expanded vertically and horizontally, become more scientific and comprehensive, and broad-based and attractive.
2. Is history a science or an art?
- History has aspects of both a science and an art. It pursues techniques to establish and interpret facts like a science, but the historian narrates from a point of view and reconstruction is subjective like an art. It is considered a social science.
3. Briefly write the scope of history
- The scope of history is vast, depicting man's achievements
This document discusses translation and popular culture. It begins by introducing the concepts of high and low culture as well as kitsch and midcult. It then discusses how translations have traditionally aimed for educated elites but are now directed at broader audiences. The document also examines the rise of popular or democratic art in the 19th century and contrasts modernism. Bourdieu's research on cultural tastes is summarized, showing the differences between intellectual and popular tastes. The text goes on to discuss the increasing visibility of crowds and the elite's desire to distinguish themselves. It frames translation as a way to escape crowds and bring other languages to one's own thought. Kitsch and midcult are defined, showing how they trivialize art.
Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiographySubmissionResearchpa
This article describes the period of the invasion of the Russian Empire, one of the darkest and most dangerous periods in the history of Turkestan, and the historiography of its governing regimes, methods of administration and state institutions and their activities. By the nineteenth century, the khanates, weakened by civil war, could not withstand the onslaught of the Russian Empire. This was because they were hostile to each other. After the Russian Empire conquered Turkestan, it established its own colonial order. The goal was to keep Turkestan under its chains for a long time and to suppress the feelings of national liberation. To this end, he introduced his own administrative style, including the governor's office, which was the main governing body. This small research paper describes the policy of the Russian Empire towards these goals and its coverage in historiography. by Hujayorova Sadokat 2020. Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiography. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 155-157. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.610. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/610/583 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/610
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and Cultural Materialism critical theories. It defines New Historicism as examining literature within its historical context through parallel readings of literary and non-literary texts from the same time period. Cultural Materialism studies the implications of literary texts in history and takes a materialist approach, seeing culture as the object of study rather than just literature. The document outlines the key influences, characteristics, differences and examples of applying these theories to texts like Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello.
This document discusses the nature and approaches of history. It defines history as the study of past events and human progress according to different historians. It outlines important types of history like political, social, economic, and legal history. It also discusses theories of history such as teleological, cyclic, and Marxist theories. The document then covers the different approaches to studying history, from theological to postmodernist approaches. It notes historians have shifted to more secular, analytical studies of history over time.
The document provides a historical analysis of local government in Bengal from the Vedic period through the British colonial period. It discusses that in ancient times, the basic political units were families that made up villages, which were grouped into larger tribal kingdoms. During the Mauryan Empire, villages had self-governing assemblies and officials to manage administration. Urban local government also developed during this time to administer large cities. The document outlines that local government continued to be largely based in villages through subsequent periods like the Gupta and Harsha empires, with village councils and heads managing local affairs.
The document announces a summer teacher institute called "Borders and Borderlands: The Acadian Experience in Maine". The institute will take place from July 20th to August 10th, 2014 in three locations - Orono, Maine; Moncton, New Brunswick; and Fort Kent, Maine. It will examine how geographic, political, ethnic, and cultural boundaries have shaped the experiences of the Acadians, a French-speaking group from the Northeast US-Canada border region. Teachers will learn about borderland theory through history, literature and language studies. They will also conduct an oral history project to bring new skills back to their classrooms. The goal is to provide educators an immersive experience on this humanities
This document is a syllabus for a summer course on the history of the U.S.-Mexico border from the 1820s to the 1990s. The course will use an interdisciplinary approach to examine the social, economic, and political organization of the borderlands. It will cover topics like the various cultures that interacted in the border region, the militarization of the border in recent decades, and representations of the border experience. The syllabus outlines the course topics by week, assigned readings, and documentary films. It also lists the course requirements as a midterm exam, final exam, and papers.
The document discusses borderlands and border literature. It describes the borderland as a place where cultures intersect and hybridize, creating opportunities for political, intellectual, and moral growth. A key figure, Gloria Anzaldua, is mentioned as a scholar and theorist who wrote about these concepts in her works Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza and This Bridge Called My Back: La Prieta. She explored the struggles of those from mixed cultural backgrounds and identities situated between cultures.
Farish Ahmad Noor is a Malaysian historian who is currently a senior fellow at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. The document discusses his background and academic credentials. It then summarizes his research interests, which include the politics of history writing and marginalized aspects of Malaysian history. It provides an excerpt from one of his writings that revisits the Taj-us Salatin, a 1603 text by Buchara al-Jauhari that discusses the duties and responsibilities of rulers from an Islamic perspective, highlighting checks and balances on a ruler's power. Noor argues this work established parameters for good governance in Islamic terms and emphasized the role of advisors in ensuring a just ruler.
The first stages of formation communication means in KhorezmSubmissionResearchpa
In this article, there was highlighted the appearance and formation of communication service in human history, especially, in Khorezm the history of development of communication system dates back to early ancient. Appearance, formation and development processes of it in Khorezm oasis covers several thousand years. In the early periods, the population of the oasis had to use various ways to satisfy their requirements of communicating and relating with each other. by Yusupov Izzat Sultanovich 2020. The first stages of formation communication means in Khorezm. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 5 (Mar. 2020), 98-100. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.182. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/182/176 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/182
This document provides historical context for understanding Turkey's current political situation. It discusses Turkey's founding as a secular republic after World War I, its embrace of Western ideals while rejecting European imperialism. Turkey joined NATO in 1952 due to security threats from the Soviet Union. However, tensions arose between Turkey and the West over issues like Cyprus. The document aims to show how Turkey's history shapes its current foreign policy challenges and relations with the West.
The region represents a great opportunity to research the common security challenges of
Central Asian countries, which require regional cooperation. Security issues connected with vulnerability of Central Asian countries into natural hazards and complex emergencies (that may derive from territorial disputes, ethnic violence, drug trafficking, combating against terrorism and extremism) equally
proves that regional cooperation is necessary to solve common problems. Moreover, from cultural and
traditional context, Central Asia has shared common past and heritage which would serve as driving
force for regional integration process.
When Soviet Union collapsed most scholars argued that the region finally would develop independent. However, historical analysis of the post-Soviet period shows that geopolitical interest of world
powers did not disappear. To some extent historical overlords of Central Asia (Russia and China) regained their geopolitical position through creating economic and military institutions with the participation of Central Asian countries. In this respect, this research paper focuses on analysis of interplay
between China and Russia in Post-Soviet Central Asia, their role of regional stability and economic
growth. Finally, paper also considers important to investigate the role of USA and the EU for Central
Asia region, including where the EU and USA can have more space for cooperation.
The document discusses different definitions and understandings of the term "history" from various philosophical, linguistic, and disciplinary perspectives. History is defined as the chronology of human events and activities that aims to derive lessons from the past to improve the present and future. It is also defined as a means of understanding human existence and potential through documenting what people have achieved in the past. The origins and meanings of related terms in Arabic, Greek, and the Quran are also examined.
Deconstructing the “Arab Spring”: A Constrcutivist AnalysisAbdeslam Badre, PhD
This paper aims to provide an alternative analysis of the Arab Spring revolutions through a constructivist lens. It examines the historical and political contexts that fueled public uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa region. Additionally, it discusses how neighboring powers like Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran are seeking to influence outcomes and shape the future sociopolitical and geopolitical landscape of the region based on their own political agendas and religious orientations. While the consequences cannot be predicted, the paper argues that regional involvement will play a key role in determining how the situation in the Middle East unfolds.
Contribution of Kautilya , Confucius, Ibn Khaldun and Max Weber on State , Ad...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
Kautilya looked at the country like a person surrounded by problems. He worked at the total annihilation of problems by the roots. His foresight and wide knowledge coupled with politics of expediency founded the mighty Mauryan Empire in India. He was a great laureate of economics with a glittering intellect to perceive the intricate dynamics of the various economic activities and principles.
Confucius sought to explain the decay of society in terms of the deterioration of morals. Confucian society was necessarily bureaucratic and hierarchical, with the state being stronger than civil society.
Ibn Khaldun discussed a variety of topics like History and Historiography. His theory about Asbyiah (group feeling and solidarity ) and the role that it plays in Bedouin societies is insightful. His theories of the science of Umran (sociology) are all pearls of wisdom. His Introduction is his greatest legacy that he left for all of humanity and the generations to come .
While Max Weber, a German social scientist, who had contributed regarding the formulation of “liberal imperialism” in 1895. Weber created a methodology and a body of literature dealing with the sociology of religion, political parties, and the economy, as well as studies of formal organizations, small-group behaviour, and the philosophy of history. His work continues to stimulate scholarship.
This assignment contains their biography , their contributions in brief , relationship of their contributions with modern state , administration and governance process and the contrast of those features with modern ones .
Local history is important as it provides the foundation and substance of national history. It documents the experiences of local communities and how broader processes have impacted them. Local history enriches our understanding of diversity within national history. It encourages development tailored to local needs and potentials. National history seeks to represent diverse local groups to unite the nation. Local history is an important tool for decolonizing perspectives in national history.
History is considered the "queen" or "mother" of social sciences, as it predates other social sciences in schools. It is the basis for subjects in the humanities and social sciences. There is no universally agreed definition of history, as it has been defined in different ways by various scholars to describe the study of people over time, events, ideas, or the progress of human civilization through the ages. The study of history aims to develop critical thinking skills in students and help them understand the relationship between past, present and future.
The document discusses the importance of local history in understanding national history. It makes three key points:
1) Local history provides the foundation and substance for true national history, as national histories originated from contributions of local histories.
2) Local history enriches our understanding of national history by documenting the broad processes and events important to local communities. It also encourages autonomy and local initiatives.
3) By representing various localities, ethnic groups, and sectors, local and oral histories are fundamental to representing national diversity and uniting the nation. National history seeks to bring together these diverse voices.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and Queer Theory literary theories. It discusses how New Historicism views literary texts as situated within the totality of institutions, practices, and discourses that constitute the culture of a particular time and place. It also acknowledges that both the text and the critic's interpretation are influenced by their unique historical contexts. For Queer Theory, it notes how the term "queer" was originally derogatory but has been reclaimed to identify non-heterosexual lifestyles and areas of study, and discusses how views have evolved from seeing fixed gay/lesbian identities to being more complex and acknowledging a spectrum of diverse experiences.
The Kuchi & Hazara Land Dispute Conflicts – An Endless Struggle for Land Owne...Nasrat Esmaty
This document summarizes a paper about the land dispute between Hazara and Kuchi groups in Afghanistan. The dispute has occurred sporadically for almost a century and caused violence. Unlike other analyses that see it as a resource conflict, the author argues it is primarily an identity and ethnic conflict. Key causes identified are issues of identity between the Shiite Hazara minority and Pashtun Kuchi nomads, poor land regulation and laws, and proposals for Kuchi settlement. The government has failed to adequately address grievances or find long-term solutions to end the violence.
Here are 3 self assessment questions on the document:
1. What is the modern concept of history?
- The modern concept of history has gone beyond a traditional leisure pursuit and become a useful part of education. It has expanded vertically and horizontally, become more scientific and comprehensive, and broad-based and attractive.
2. Is history a science or an art?
- History has aspects of both a science and an art. It pursues techniques to establish and interpret facts like a science, but the historian narrates from a point of view and reconstruction is subjective like an art. It is considered a social science.
3. Briefly write the scope of history
- The scope of history is vast, depicting man's achievements
This document discusses translation and popular culture. It begins by introducing the concepts of high and low culture as well as kitsch and midcult. It then discusses how translations have traditionally aimed for educated elites but are now directed at broader audiences. The document also examines the rise of popular or democratic art in the 19th century and contrasts modernism. Bourdieu's research on cultural tastes is summarized, showing the differences between intellectual and popular tastes. The text goes on to discuss the increasing visibility of crowds and the elite's desire to distinguish themselves. It frames translation as a way to escape crowds and bring other languages to one's own thought. Kitsch and midcult are defined, showing how they trivialize art.
Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiographySubmissionResearchpa
This article describes the period of the invasion of the Russian Empire, one of the darkest and most dangerous periods in the history of Turkestan, and the historiography of its governing regimes, methods of administration and state institutions and their activities. By the nineteenth century, the khanates, weakened by civil war, could not withstand the onslaught of the Russian Empire. This was because they were hostile to each other. After the Russian Empire conquered Turkestan, it established its own colonial order. The goal was to keep Turkestan under its chains for a long time and to suppress the feelings of national liberation. To this end, he introduced his own administrative style, including the governor's office, which was the main governing body. This small research paper describes the policy of the Russian Empire towards these goals and its coverage in historiography. by Hujayorova Sadokat 2020. Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiography. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 9 (Sep. 2020), 155-157. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i9.610. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/610/583 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/610
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and Cultural Materialism critical theories. It defines New Historicism as examining literature within its historical context through parallel readings of literary and non-literary texts from the same time period. Cultural Materialism studies the implications of literary texts in history and takes a materialist approach, seeing culture as the object of study rather than just literature. The document outlines the key influences, characteristics, differences and examples of applying these theories to texts like Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello.
This document discusses the nature and approaches of history. It defines history as the study of past events and human progress according to different historians. It outlines important types of history like political, social, economic, and legal history. It also discusses theories of history such as teleological, cyclic, and Marxist theories. The document then covers the different approaches to studying history, from theological to postmodernist approaches. It notes historians have shifted to more secular, analytical studies of history over time.
The document provides a historical analysis of local government in Bengal from the Vedic period through the British colonial period. It discusses that in ancient times, the basic political units were families that made up villages, which were grouped into larger tribal kingdoms. During the Mauryan Empire, villages had self-governing assemblies and officials to manage administration. Urban local government also developed during this time to administer large cities. The document outlines that local government continued to be largely based in villages through subsequent periods like the Gupta and Harsha empires, with village councils and heads managing local affairs.
The document announces a summer teacher institute called "Borders and Borderlands: The Acadian Experience in Maine". The institute will take place from July 20th to August 10th, 2014 in three locations - Orono, Maine; Moncton, New Brunswick; and Fort Kent, Maine. It will examine how geographic, political, ethnic, and cultural boundaries have shaped the experiences of the Acadians, a French-speaking group from the Northeast US-Canada border region. Teachers will learn about borderland theory through history, literature and language studies. They will also conduct an oral history project to bring new skills back to their classrooms. The goal is to provide educators an immersive experience on this humanities
This document is a syllabus for a summer course on the history of the U.S.-Mexico border from the 1820s to the 1990s. The course will use an interdisciplinary approach to examine the social, economic, and political organization of the borderlands. It will cover topics like the various cultures that interacted in the border region, the militarization of the border in recent decades, and representations of the border experience. The syllabus outlines the course topics by week, assigned readings, and documentary films. It also lists the course requirements as a midterm exam, final exam, and papers.
The document discusses borderlands and border literature. It describes the borderland as a place where cultures intersect and hybridize, creating opportunities for political, intellectual, and moral growth. A key figure, Gloria Anzaldua, is mentioned as a scholar and theorist who wrote about these concepts in her works Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza and This Bridge Called My Back: La Prieta. She explored the struggles of those from mixed cultural backgrounds and identities situated between cultures.
1) The document is an excerpt from Gloria Anzaldúa's book Borderlands/La Frontera, which deals with the cultural borderlands experienced by Chicanos and Mexican Americans living at the geographic border between the U.S. and Mexico.
2) Anzaldúa explores the history of Anglo conquest and colonization of Mexican territory in the Southwest U.S., which displaced indigenous and Mexican residents from their lands. She describes the borderlands as an open wound and the experiences of those who cross borders illegally.
3) Anzaldúa develops the concept of "mestizaje" or mixed heritage as a symbol of a new identity and consciousness for those of mult
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
The document discusses postcolonial studies and its examination of the global impact of European colonialism from the 15th century to present day. It aims to describe colonial power mechanisms, recover marginalized voices, and theorize colonial and postcolonial identities. A major issue is the nature of representation, as Western representations of third world countries served political interests. Postcolonial critics problematize "objective" perception and examine damaging stereotypes circulated through texts and media. Relatedly, Western education functioned to spread imperialism through cultural colonization. Postcolonial critics reject claims of universalism in Western literature and examine its representations of other cultures and silence on colonialism and imperialism.
Russkiye in Ukraine: Myth Versus Realities or Vice Versayevtukh
This document discusses myths about the socio-economic, political, and cultural situation of Russkiye (ethnic Russians) in Ukraine. It identifies several common myths, including that Russkiye are under pressure from Ukrainian nationalist forces seeking to eliminate Russian language and culture, and that Russkiyesness (Russian identity) is rapidly deforming and becoming extinct. The document analyzes the sources and spread of these myths by Ukrainian and Russian researchers and publicists. It proposes to examine claims about Russkiye in Ukraine using reliable information and data in order to assess the validity of these myths.
07.03.2020. Koryo-Saram - A missing meso-link?Evgenia An
Presentation "Koryo-Saram - A missing meso-link?"
by Evgenia An (PhD Candidate, Goethe University, Frankfurt)
for the Conference "Strange Korean Parallels", Helsinki.
The document provides an overview of the field of international relations. It discusses the following key points:
- International relations emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919, drawing on fields like political science, economics, and law.
- Major theories studied in international relations include realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. Realism focuses on state security and power, while liberalism emphasizes cooperation.
- The modern international system developed out of European colonial expansion and the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which established principles of state sovereignty.
- Major events like the French Revolution and decolonization shaped the current global order of independent nation-states. However, some states operate outside this
King Afonso I of Kongo and Emperor Qianlong of China both addressed issues involving trade with Western nations in the 15th-17th centuries. Afonso I wrote to Portugal about limiting the slave trade, which undermined his authority. Qianlong wrote to England establishing rules for trade at Guangzhou only. Both leaders provided important goods and sought to reform trade relations by imposing restrictions. The interview discusses two sisters who attended Notre Dame College in the mid-20th century, became nuns, and had careers in education. They grew up on a farm in Ohio and commented on farm life and chores.
W8L2Themes and Trends in World History to 1700 CEIn this b.docxmelbruce90096
W8L2
Themes and Trends in World History to 1700 CE
In this book, we have covered almost 12,000 years of history. Over the course of this time, humans banded together to form civilizations, usually along the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas. They developed the technology to plant seeds and domesticate animals. As collecting food required less labor, societies began to allow for the specialization of labor, through the formation of government, religion, trade, law, and other elements of a civilization. Bands of people living in settlements began to form towns and cities; cities became city-states and exerted their influence over the areas around the urban center. Very quickly after the formation of city-states came the arrival of great empires, which used a mixture of financial and military forces to control their vast lands.
From the very beginning, from the study of Catal Huyuk, Ban Po, and Jericho, we have seen humans banding together to create a community with systems to care for each other while holding each other accountable. From early stages of law and government to systems of bartering and trade, there is a sense from the very beginning of humanity that social institutions must both care for those within the civilization while considering those outside of it. Defensive walls, trading partnerships, exploration and global networks economic and diplomatic connections are all features of the very early world.
Because of these connections between those within a city or civilization and those outside of it, we can cast history in light of a world connected rather than one divided. Globalization seems to be a new invention, yet the connectivity of the internet seems to be merely a brand new iteration of the connections humans have created since the beginning of civilizations. In some ways, the study of history is the study of the rise and fall of Empires, but this only underscores the global connection of humanity.
In some ways, world history can be viewed as the history of empires. Imperial authority enhances the everyday occurrences of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. We covered the religions of the world as they influenced each other, particularly in Asia, and we considered the long-lasting impact of the cultural legacies of Greece and Rome. The position of Empires in the Middle East, from Mesopotamia to Ottoman, is highly important. The region of Mesopotamia founded the one of the earliest city-states through Sumer and some of the most significant scientific knowledge through the scholars of Babylon. The Dynasties of China and India loom large in the formation and perfection of government administration. Their ideas would take hold in stable empires across Asia for thousands of years. They were interrupted only by conquering forces like Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan’s Mongols. Ultimately, the presence of Islam spanning multiple cultures as a conquering empire would preserve and collect these innovations.
The movements of mobile peo.
Due April 16, 2020The final research paper for this class is.docxastonrenna
Due April 16, 2020
The final research paper for this class is your opportunity to tie together you years here at FIU as an international relations student with what has been covered in this course. The topic is up to you to decide. A good topic will engage the course literature and lectures. A good method for devising a research topic will be to reflect on areas of knowledge you have built up while at FIU and begin to re-examine those topics through the fundamental literature we have covered in this course. In order to avoid restricting your creativity, the final paper will not have a page limit. You will be expected to fully engage your topic, research question, and address all the issues in that area of international relations. You can choose your own topic about an historical or current event or person as seen from the perspective of a philosopher. For example, what would Plato have said about the election of President Trump? How would Arendt have understood the popular hysteria leading to the Rwandan Genocide?
This paper and the final should be formatted to be double-spaced, 1 inch margin, and 12 font.
You will locate 4-6 sources that are important for understanding your topic and following the citation of your chosen source there will be 1-3 sentences explaining how/why this source will support your topic. Only peer reviewed journals and/or university press books are acceptable. Some popular journals like Newsweek or the Economist could be used. You must also include one class reading in your annotated bibliography.
ASIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
TIMOTHY J. LOMPERIS
Saint Louis University
S cholars of Westem political thought have .not dis-puted the fact that there is a rich body of political thought in Asia. They lmve just not bothered to
incorporate it into their corpus. This chapter seeks to pro-
vide long-overdue recognition to this body of thought by
calling attention to the fact that despite its heavy religious
content (until modern times), the encounter with political
ideas in Asia is just as profound as it is in the West. In fact,
since these ideas in Asia are heavily fertilized by their
Western colonial legacy, the West has much to learn about
itself from these Asian borders to the West's material and
intellectual reach.
In this presentation of Asian political thought, what will
emerge is that the such central ideas as democracy,ji-eedom,
and equality were forn1ed in a historical context different
from the West. In the West, these ideas were expressed and
then refined through a prism of small city-states in Greece,
the universal empire of Rome, the subsequent collapse of this
imperium politically but its persistence intellectually in the
Thomist medieval synthesis, the smashing fem1ent (both
intellectually and institutionally) of the Renaissance and the
Reformation, and the birth of the modern nation-state in
the twin crucibles of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and
the French Revolution (1789-1795). ...
Due April 16, 2020The final research paper for this class is.docxmadlynplamondon
Due April 16, 2020
The final research paper for this class is your opportunity to tie together you years here at FIU as an international relations student with what has been covered in this course. The topic is up to you to decide. A good topic will engage the course literature and lectures. A good method for devising a research topic will be to reflect on areas of knowledge you have built up while at FIU and begin to re-examine those topics through the fundamental literature we have covered in this course. In order to avoid restricting your creativity, the final paper will not have a page limit. You will be expected to fully engage your topic, research question, and address all the issues in that area of international relations. You can choose your own topic about an historical or current event or person as seen from the perspective of a philosopher. For example, what would Plato have said about the election of President Trump? How would Arendt have understood the popular hysteria leading to the Rwandan Genocide?
This paper and the final should be formatted to be double-spaced, 1 inch margin, and 12 font.
You will locate 4-6 sources that are important for understanding your topic and following the citation of your chosen source there will be 1-3 sentences explaining how/why this source will support your topic. Only peer reviewed journals and/or university press books are acceptable. Some popular journals like Newsweek or the Economist could be used. You must also include one class reading in your annotated bibliography.
ASIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT
TIMOTHY J. LOMPERIS
Saint Louis University
S cholars of Westem political thought have .not dis-puted the fact that there is a rich body of political thought in Asia. They lmve just not bothered to
incorporate it into their corpus. This chapter seeks to pro-
vide long-overdue recognition to this body of thought by
calling attention to the fact that despite its heavy religious
content (until modern times), the encounter with political
ideas in Asia is just as profound as it is in the West. In fact,
since these ideas in Asia are heavily fertilized by their
Western colonial legacy, the West has much to learn about
itself from these Asian borders to the West's material and
intellectual reach.
In this presentation of Asian political thought, what will
emerge is that the such central ideas as democracy,ji-eedom,
and equality were forn1ed in a historical context different
from the West. In the West, these ideas were expressed and
then refined through a prism of small city-states in Greece,
the universal empire of Rome, the subsequent collapse of this
imperium politically but its persistence intellectually in the
Thomist medieval synthesis, the smashing fem1ent (both
intellectually and institutionally) of the Renaissance and the
Reformation, and the birth of the modern nation-state in
the twin crucibles of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) and
the French Revolution (1789-1795). ...
This document discusses several key concepts related to cultural geography and representation of culture through landscapes. It examines how culture and meaning are tied to spaces, places and landscapes. Various examples are provided to show how issues of culture and meaning have geographical dimensions. Placenames, landscapes, and national identity are explored as forms of cultural representation that involve social interactions, politics of power and resistance, and different perspectives. The concepts of essentialism and Orientalism in relation to Western views of other cultures are also summarized. Mobility, hybridity and heterogeneity are discussed in the context of contact zones where cultural blending and new forms occur through movement and imperial interactions.
The document discusses postcolonial studies and literature. It defines postcolonial studies as the critical analysis of history, culture, literature and discourse specific to former colonies. It discusses key issues in postcolonial studies like rejecting Western imperialist narratives and expanding literary canons. It provides examples of postcolonial authors and influential novels. It also summarizes Cavafy's poem "Waiting for the Barbarians", which depicts a town awaiting an invasion that does not come, showing how borders help define identities.
The document discusses the evolution and role of cities throughout history as a European invention. Cities helped form identities in the past and this could help unite Europe. Contemporary Europe includes diverse cultures that cities are best equipped to cope with. Essential values like democracy and citizenship emerged from cities. Cities act as melting pots that produce new ideas through architecture, planning and the mixing of people and cultures. Nationalism later reduced cities' autonomy but their role in identity formation remains important.
This article seeks to demonstrate that cultural nationalism has been a significant ideological force in African literary writings in general and poetry in particular. It endorses a distinctive communitarian vision of the nation and has repeatedly been espoused by many a literary academic as a remarkable effort towards the re-establishment of coherence and integrity in African traditional life and institutions. While recognising the beauty of traditional life, this approach turns a blind eye to the endemic challenges that these nations are grappling with. Taking Okot’s Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol as the literary points of reference, I have delineated the character of cultural nationalism, the leadership role of the colonised intellectual, and its recurring emergence in alternation with escapist idealism. Using Fanonian theory, I have argued that rather than idolise the past in what may be largely interpreted as idealist escapism, Okot’s intent in the two poems selected for this study is to offer a truthful, accurate and objective representation of the real African world. He divorces his poems, Sengorian and Negritudist as they may seem, from rigid cultural historicism and espouses the marginalised perspective that Africa’s culture is a product of shared heritage and the desire for liberation should not blind us to the dynamism of our culture and the reality that neocolonialism has ushered in a new political culture that should worry us more than the coloniser’s. It is not enough for us to look only backwards in our quest for cultural revolution.
Millstream and North West Arm Manuscript April 24, 2016Michael Ball
This document provides context for a book examining the history of the Millstream Valley in Kings County, New Brunswick from 1784 to the present. It discusses previous local histories of the area, which relied on oral histories and lacked detailed analysis. The author aims to interpret settlement patterns and social life in the valley through analysis of land grants, census records, and other archival materials. The methodology examines a cross-section of families who received land grants and those who later purchased or inherited land. The goal is to show the cultural and economic diversity of the early settler population and gain insights into why families chose particular locations.
This chapter discusses the relationship between politics and geography. It examines the rise of states and the development of political boundaries through processes like imperialism and colonialism. Key topics covered include geopolitics, nationalism, theories of the state, decolonization, and how opposition to the post-Cold War world order has manifested through terrorism. The chapter aims to understand the geopolitical model of the state by exploring state power over territory and how borders and political influence have changed over time.
The document discusses the application of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for UN membership and the disagreement that arose over its name. The UN Security Council examined the application, noted that the criteria for membership were met but that the name difference needed to be resolved. It welcomed efforts by international mediators to settle the dispute and promote confidence building. It urged continued cooperation to find a speedy resolution. The Council recommended General Assembly admission of the applicant provisionally under the name "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" and requested the Secretary-General report on the mediation initiative's outcome.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and the work of Hayden White. It discusses key ideas of New Historicism, such as reading texts in their historical context and acknowledging the role of power and ideology. It outlines White's argument that history involves narrative structures and literary devices like plots and tropes. White identified four potential plot structures (tragic, comic, romantic, ironic) that correspond to four master tropes (metaphor, metonymy, synechdoque, irony). The document examines White's view that historians construct narratives and meanings from raw data through emplotment, rather than objectively representing reality.
This document discusses several key concepts in cultural geography and cultural studies. It examines how culture and meaning are tied to spaces, places and landscapes. Some of the main topics covered include how placenames represent places and involve issues of power; different modes of landscape representation and how they emphasize certain perspectives; how national identity is imagined in relation to places; and the fluid and hybrid nature of culture given increased mobility and flows of people and ideas globally. It argues that identities are actively performed and constructed through relationships with other people and places. Material objects also play a role as their meanings are appropriated and reinterpreted differently in various cultural contexts.
The document provides an overview of the history of international relations from early interactions between groups around 40000 BC to the current study of IR as a branch of political science. It discusses several breakthrough periods in the development of IR, including the rise of early civilizations and city-states around 5500 BC, the establishment of empires like Rome, the Silk Road connecting East and West, the spread of religions like Islam, and the emergence of sovereign states in Europe following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The document also provides some reflections on studying the history of IR and course requirements for examining key topics, individuals, and readings related to the evolution of the field over time.
Regionalism in literature refers to works that closely depict the habits, language, history and traditions of a particular geographic region. Mark Twain incorporated regionalism into Huckleberry Finn through the dialects of the characters, portrayals of the social classes of the time, and vivid descriptions of the Mississippi River environment. Regionalism also played a role in American literature during the mid-20th century with the "Return to Regionalism" movement inspired by earlier 19th century regionalist authors like Twain. This movement focused on specific US regions and was influenced by themes of hardship during the Great Depression.
This document discusses renewed interest in the medieval period in both Europe and America. It argues that looking at the Middle Ages allows us to better understand the roots of modern problems and our origins. Examining medieval history is like a doctor examining a patient's childhood to understand their current health issues. However, some question if this interest in medievalism is just a postmodern fascination or fulfills a deeper need to reconnect with spirituality in a post-Enlightenment world. The document also discusses how the medieval period can provide a framework for rethinking history and identity outside of linear, progressive models.
Similar to Barry Scott Zellen - Presentation - Yukon College - Borders in Globalization Summer Institute (20)
Barry Scott Zellen - Presentation - Yukon College - Borders in Globalization Summer Institute
1. The Northern Borderlands
A Nexus of Borderlands Bound by Nature, United by Indigenous Culture and Language, and Divided by
Expanding States
Presentation to the Panel on the Northern Borderland, Borders in Globalization Summer Institute, Yukon
College, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada, June 21, 2016
By Barry Scott Zellen, Ph.D.
The presenter wises to gratefully acknowledge the Kone Foundation for their generous financial support for his
research project on “Tribal Buffer Zones and Regional Stability from the Polar to Oceanic Region:
Understanding the Interface between Indigenous Homelands and Modern States, and the Foundations for
Stable Borderlands and International Peace.”
* * *
In many ways, I’m only just starting my formal journey toward a formal study of borderlands, and only recently
found my way to its rich and diverse body of literature. And yet in other ways, I feel as if I’ve been immersed in
the study of borderlands for over a quarter-century, and one distinctive borderland in particular: the Western
Arctic borderland which stretches along the arctic coastal plain from Alaska’s North Slope to the Mackenzie
Delta which marks the NWT’s western boundary with Yukon, whose Inuit demographic predominance
continues to define the region from end to end.
While an influx of settlers during the Klondike Gold Rush would permanently rebalance the demographics of
the Yukon Territory further south, the Western Arctic borderland escaped such a fate, though only by a
whisker. While Russian-America, and British North America (and in particular the North-Western Territory
adjacent to Rupert’s Land), asserted sovereign control over the region and defined the international boundary
that continues to subdivide the Inupiat homeland, these competing fur empires would only lightly settle the
region.
Epidemics would decimate local populations of Mackenzie Inuit, exposing the region to a high risk of
demographic upheaval. But an influx of Inupiat settlers from Alaska would ensure the continued Inuit
demographic predominance, and in many ways helped to solidify the cultural and linguistic cohesiveness of
2. the region, imbuing it with enduring qualities that have ensured it remains a distinct borderland strongly
bound by geography, culture and language that reaches across the international boundary to this day.
I find it intriguing that it was the fluidity of cross-border migration by the Inupiat, drawn in part by economic
opportunities presented by the fur trade, that preserved the demographic balance, when it was a similarly
fluid cross-border migration by non-Native settlers during the Gold Rush that would transform the
demography of the Klondike. This challenged some of my preconceptions about settlers and about what
constitutes indigeneity; that both were in flux gives the Western Arctic borderland region a particularly
dynamic nature.
I first came to the Whitehorse in the late 1980s, and lived in Inuvik during the early 1990s, before moving
south to Yellowknife and eventually back to Whitehorse by the end of the 90s. I had the great privilege of
working for several Aboriginal media organizations during this period, including the Inuvialuit Communications
Society in Inuvik; the Native Communications Society in Yellowknife, and NNBY here in Whitehorse, which
provided me with a front row seat to the fascinating history of Aboriginal re-empowerment and renewal
sweeping across the region. These years would catalyze my interest in both the historical processes unfolding
in the region, which would take book form in 2008 with my first comparative history of land claims in the
Western Arctic, Breaking the Ice; and in subsequent manuscripts, I would take some tentative baby-steps
toward theorizing about these new structures of collaborative management and indigenous self-governance in
the Arctic, in order to understand how they affected the structure of world politics.
When I came North a quarter century ago, and when I put pen to paper in the years since, I did so without the
conceptual vocabulary of borderland studies, and I still scratch my head trying to figure out how it too me so
3. long. And so I applied the tools that I had, which was a mix of concepts and ideas from 1980s-era international
relations theory, as well as an intuitive distrust of the dominant paradigm at the time, neorealism or structural
realism, which overstated the causal role of international anarchy and overlooked the fascinating, complex,
and dynamic array of sub-systemic forces that dominated local and regional international politics.
So when I began to more systemically study and attempted to shed light on the international relations of the
Inuit homeland, and in particular the Western Arctic borderland region, I looked for alternate concepts in IR
theory for some guidance, finding a helpful metaphorical boost from the emergence of regional subsystems
theory in the early 1970s, and of regime theory a decade later. The former sought to fuse realism and
structuralism with the diversity of regional politics around the world, drilling downward from the infamous
“Third Image” toward the “second” in search of patterns and causal loops between these two. Then, with the
emergence of regime theory a decade later, one encounters a new structure that hovers between these same
two levels, describing an analytical unit that is at once trans-state and sub-state, and which can be used to
describe many collaborative and joint-management efforts between states and/or regions of states in what
we can now describe as borderlands.
Such a nimble use of regime theory as a lens through which to understand what we now know as the northern
borderland can be illustrated by the pioneering work of Oran Young, who single-handedly wedded regime
theory with the study of the Arctic and Subarctic in the 1970s and ‘80s, and whose examination of ‘Beringia’ as
a regional sub-system can be viewed as theoretical precursor to northern borderland studies, as can his
4. broader work on the circumpolar north which is, in essence, a circumpolar borderland that encompasses the
boundaries of all the Arctic states.
Just as regional subsystems and regime theory were broader than and inclusive of components of world
politics beyond borderlands, they provided a hint of the underlying structures overlooked by the image-three
system theorists who dominated IR theory on the eve of the Cold War’s surprising, and largely peaceful,
conclusion, taking with it the very bipolar system the neorealists embraced as perpetual. This systemic
collapse not only liberated hundreds of millions of people in captive nations under Moscow’s hegemony, but
also liberated a new generation of academics to re-imagine world politics.
In borderland theory, I’ve found a new and intriguing set of concepts to describe these very same corners of
the world system that had been overlooked during the rise of the neorealists. Indeed borderlands – like
regional subsystems and some cross-border regimes – emerge as a viable contender for this previously
nameless structures in world politics, snugly fitting between the second and third Waltzian images – the very
same level of analysis within which regional subsystems operate, where many cross-border interstate,
intertribal and hybrid state-tribe regimes (and other collaborative bodies) operate, including, some to be
discussed here this week, such as the Yukon River Intertribal Watershed Council, as well as the Arctic Council’s
permanent member organizations like the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC, formerly the Inuit Circumpolar
Conference) and the Arctic Athabaskan Council (ACC), and Aleut International Association (AIA).
5. Borderlands provide us with a hybrid “level of analysis” where cultures, languages, identity, geography, and
jurisdictional authority, blend – planting seeds for future autonomous regions and potentially even new
independent states to rise, and containing echoes of an earlier order before the modern state arrived,
absorbing everything in its path. These underlying echoes, I’ve found, continue to help bind a borderland
together, leveraging regional centripetal forces to offset the state’s centrifugal forces.
Before turning to this distinct nexus of northern borderlands that we find here in the Yukon and adjacent
territories, let me digress a bit to some of my earlier, and still evolving, writings in IR and strategic theory.
From around 2009 through 2013, I completed a series of interconnected manuscripts looking at, and
attempting to redefine, realism as an enduring effort by both theorist and practitioner to impose order on a
chaotic natural (and political) world.
Rather than being about power politics as over-emphasized by Morgenthau and many other 20th
century
realists, I found realism, from its classical roots onward, was more an impassioned body of political and
6. strategic philosophy concerned with the construction of enduring orders where none had previously existed,
starting with the polis, later expanding to include the early and modern state, and continuing into the colonial
world as realism became global in its aspirations.
At each stage in the realist journey from city-state to global superpower, the state, and those at its helm,
sought to pacify the uncertain and largely unknown world beyond the border, whether it was a city-gate or a
continental frontier. Realism presumed a zero-sum world divided between the ordered tranquility of domestic
politics and the chaotic anarchy of the international realm. But realism, like neorealism, surrendered to the
persuasive logic of over-simplification, and projected disorder beyond borders when in reality, islands of order
and oases of regional stability, were as ubiquitous as the eddies of anarchy that so worried the keepers of the
realist canon. Had they ventured out beyond those very borders they theorized about a little more, they may
have come back a little less Hobbesian, and a little more Rousseauian.
In the postcolonial world, and now in our post-Cold War era, realism has right-sized from the earlier era of
imperial overreach, finding equilibrium in smaller orders, some carved out of multinational states cobbled
together during the colonial period, some along the outer edges of bona-fide nation-states, or some securely
nested deep in their interiors – often insulated by natural and geophysical boundaries that helped to sustain a
distinctiveness and moderated the influx of settlers, preserving a demographic balance and with it, an
enduring order. This is the realm of non-state, sub-state and trans-state entities so salient in today’s world, a
group of actors in world politics recently portrayed as the root of international insecurity, ungoverned spaces
and failed states that threatened the global order.
But in actual fact, these complex, granular components of world politics are the very foundation stones of
international order – especially so the further you got from Europe’s Westphalian core. I’ve thus tried to
derive some insights from the Western Arctic borderland, which has offered us a compelling example of
enduring order, even in the absence of strong state institutions and traditional tools of border security and
fortification to apply to the world at large.
It was amidst this post-Cold War right-sizing of realism (and our expectations of the foundational building
blocks of world order), that I began to combine my research on the Western Arctic, and its world of settled
land claims, emerging systems of indigenous and regional governance, its balancing of subsistence culture
with economic modernization and development, its blending of two worlds, one traditional, one
7. contemporary, with my thinking about IR theory and world politics, looking for lessons from the former to
inform our understanding of the latter.
Not all regions of the world are defined by international anarchy, nor dominated by armed conflict and
political violence. Quite a few have found their own ways to mitigate regional conflict and to foster peaceful
and collaborative interaction across borders, sometimes borrowing ideas and emulating policies for
application from adjacent areas. In many ways, the northern borderland is just such a place. H
ere, we’ve witnessed an alternate historical narrative defined by an historic reconciliation of tribe and state, a
restoration of indigenous land and cultural rights, and a rise in native participation in international relations at
the regional level. I spent much of the 1990s observing and writing about these processes in the Mackenzie
Delta region, where insights and experiences from the Alaska land claims process flowed across the Alaska
8. boundary, into the Western Canadian Arctic, where they were re-thought, revised, and re-applied – resulting
in a stronger, more resilient, and ultimately more scalable model for northern development.
In Breaking the Ice, I focused on this historical evolution and refinement of the land claims model as it
journeyed from Barrow to Baffin and beyond. While the manuscript is something of an intellectual history
comparing the land claims experience on both sides of the Alaska boundary, with only a modest amount of
theorizing, I later realized – quite recently, in fact – that I had been immersed in the study of “borderlands”
without really knowing it, or without the conceptual or theoretical vocabulary to describe it as such.
This late realization reminded me of Moliere’s Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme,
when Monsieur Jourdain is informed by his tutor that he has been able to
speak in prose his whole life – and he is both amazed and quite proud at this
discovery!
Ever since my “Moliere moment,” I’ve been every bit as amazed (and proud) to
discover that I’ve been studying one of the continent’s most fascinating
borderlands for as long as I can remember – one where demographic realities
continue to infuse the borderland with significant, in some cases predominant,
indigenous involvement.
I’ve been intrigued by, and drawn to, the Yukon’s distinct nexus of borderlands ever since my first visit here in
1988, almost three decades ago. When I came to the Yukon the first time it was on a Honda Rebel 250cc
motorbike up the Alaska Highway, with my goal to reach Fairbanks intact. Like many Americans traveling the
Alcan to Alaska, knowing nearly nothing about the vast expanse of northern Canada stretching from northern
British Columbia to the Yuko, this goal would change once I got to the Yukon, where I would change course,
turning right up the Klondike, and then right again at Dempster corner, with Inuvik my new objective.
The Alcan, by linking northern BC to Alaska, is of itself a fascinating highway and an equally fascinating
metaphor for the resilient and enduring links that crisscross the northern borderland, or as I think of it, a
nexus of overlapping borderlands that converge in the Yukon with its interconnected natural corridors from
high mountain passes along the coast; to interior rivers stretching from the headwaters of the Yukon all the
way to the Bering Sea; to the Arctic coastal plain; along with several remarkable man-made corridors like the
Alcan and Dempster highways, and even the equally metaphorical Top of the World highway, superimposed
9. on top of the underlying network of natural corridors – further facilitating cross-border flows of commerce,
tourism, ideas, and settlers.
Before the Alcan was rapidly cut during World War II, the region served more as a natural boundary of forest
and mountains, not so different from the interior of Borneo or the highlands of Papua, that in many ways
insulated North America from the outside world, across which the projection of offensive military power was
all but impossible before the age of airpower, limiting the colonial footprint of those states whose fur empires
reached into and ultimately subdivided the region.
While I was entranced by the beauty of the southeast Alaskan borderland, I found myself pulled further north,
up the Klondike and Dempster highways, to Inuvik and the Mackenzie Delta, and the surrounding ecoregion
10. connected by the Arctic coastal plain. This is the borderland that I would study most closely, even before I
thought of it as a borderland – and it became the topic of much of my writing. It’s served as a both a land and
sea migration route for successive waves of Inuit, including a recent migration by Inupiat settlers who came
into the Delta in the early 1900s after the demographic collapse of the Kittigazuit community, and the
resulting revival would strengthen the cross-border bond between the Inuvialuit and the Inupiat, helping to
unify the Western Arctic borderland by extending the edge of the Inupiat homeland further east into Canada.
This cross-border population flow would nurture the environment in which the Inuvialuit, three-quarters of a
century later, would successfully negotiate their historic comprehensive land claim, with direct inspiration
from the Alaska land claim settlement – both positive to emulate and negative to revise – resulting in a
successful and paradigm-shifting integration of the Alaska land claim model (which was highly assimilative and
predominantly corporate in its structure) with Canadian and indigenous values (including a deep commitment
to the preservation of their traditional subsistence culture) – paving the way for the even-more transformative
Nunavut land claim that followed. The Inuvialuit land claim presents a substantial evolutionary leap beyond
the Alaska land claim which inspired it, with many prescient and enduring advances in collaborative
management and stronger protections of native lands and traditions missing from the Alaska claim.
Had the Inuvialuit not so enthusiastically embraced and constructively improved the land claims model, the
many structural weaknesses of the Alaska land claim – noted by Thomas Berger in his famed Village Journey
and more recently by UAF professor and Alaska publisher Edgar Blatchford in his 2009 master’s thesis at
Dartmouth and his 2013 doctoral thesis at UAF with much longer-winded titles than Berger’s elegantly titled
Village Journey: “The unintended consequence of the U.S. Congress and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement
Act : the demise of corporate democracy and the threat of native ownership of the land base” (2009) and
“Alaska Native claims settlement act and the unresolved issues of profit sharing, corporate democracy, and
the new generations of Alaska Natives” (2013) – might well have doomed the model altogether.
Blatchford noted how the very land claim model that has transformed the political economy of Alaska, Yukon,
the NWT, and Nunavut, would ultimately be rejected by Indian Country in the “lower 48” as a flawed model;
but in the Arctic, it has become a central and evolving blueprint for strengthening the bond between First
Nations and the state, and a defining feature not only of the Western Arctic borderland but of the entire nexus
of borderlands overlapping and adjacent to the Yukon. This embrace of, effort to improve, and continuing
process of reforming the land claim model as it flowed from the Inupiat to the Inuvialuit and on to Nunavut
and Nunatsiavut is a reflection of the mechanism that defines the Western Arctic borderland. It presents us
11. with an intriguing model for cross-border collaboration – both intertribal collaboration and tribe-state
collaboration. Such collaboration is not unique to this borderland, and is evident
in the other borderlands that converge in the Yukon, from the coastal borderland along coastal Alaska and the
high interior of Northwestern BC, to the vast and extensive riverine borderland of the interior that flows from
the head waters of the Yukon River down to the Bering Sea. Indeed, in my current research project very kindly
funded by the Kone Foundation comparing what I originally described as “cross-border indigenous
homelands,” I’m finding the Western Arctic borderland stands out as a highly illustrative exemplar of what I
now more knowingly and elegantly describe as an “indigenous borderland,” a specific category of borderlands
defined by the interface of expanding states and traditional indigenous homelands worldwide -- from Borneo
to Barrow.
During the course of my recent literature immersion on borderlands inspired by my fortuitous introduction to
Trent University professor and B.I.G. conference co-organizer Heather Nicol earlier this year – whose work on
the Arctic I knew well but whose earlier (and continuing) work on borderlands somehow escaped my attention
until then – I came across an interesting observation in the introduction to “Languages at/of the Border”
(presented as the February 2013 issue of the St. Petersburg Chto Delat newspaper) that argues: “Borderlands
always aggravate differences,” as a “border’s physicality, particularly in the form of rigid paramilitary zones
impeding the free circulation of people, causes anyone who becomes caught up in their force fields to re-
examine the world and themselves.” And yet, these contested border areas have also been “special habitats
encouraging the development of new forms of language, behavior and culture. The border is a place for
12. experiment, a zone of mobility and change.” This juxtaposes two competing visions of the borderland: one
defined by “a history of wars, militarization, securitization, bureaucratic control, biopolitical regulation, forced
displacement, flight and migration;” while the other defined “[p]aradoxically” as “an essential factor of
existence, shaping not only the lives of people, but also impacting the natural environment and the animal
world.” I am greatly intrigued by this paradox, and how the nexus of borderlands that converge in the Yukon
may have at times been defined by the former vision, particularly during the rapid influxes of outsiders during
successive gold rushes, and again during the construction of the Alcan, while over time evolving toward the
latter. Indeed, when you look at the confluence of northern borderlands that converge in the Yukon, you find
yourself at a strategic hub, connected by road, river, mountain pass, and air corridor; a natural meeting point
for us to be gathered this week to discuss borders, borderlands and globalization.
The Western Arctic borderland contains many of these very same ingredients, including intense pressures of
militarization and geopolitics earlier in history. And yet from this cauldron has emerged a strikingly
collaborative, cross-border dynamic reflected in the relations between the indigenous communities on both
sides of national, territorial/state, and regional borders. This is particularly evident in the close collaborative
relationship between the Inupiat and the Inuvialuit, who have partnered on numerous cross-border issues
including the Inuvialuit - Inupiat Polar Bear Management Agreement in the Southern Beaufort Sea and the
Inuvialuit Inupiat Beaufort Sea Beluga Whale Agreement, and whose collaboration extended to the
resumption of bowhead whale harvesting by the Inuvialuit during the 1990s, when community-to-community
exchanges ensured the transfer of traditional knowledge required for a successful and safe restoration of
bowhead hunting.
That the modern state, in its many northern forms, whether the State of Alaska, or the Yukon and Northwest
Territories, overlaps with these underlying indigenous cross-border networks, has resulted in the emergence
of a diverse, inclusive, and fascinating political culture in the North, one where this nexus of borderlands has
embraced a deep and enduring commitment to collaborative cross-border management, inter-group (and
international) partnerships, and constructive transboundary relationships that present a compelling model for
how the world can and should be governed. It’s not always frictionless collaboration, since there are times and
issues where interests can and do clash – as evident in the ongoing struggle to protect the Peel River
watershed, which is now heading to the Supreme Court.
13. But despite these very real and recurring collisions of values between Native, environmental, settler, and
resource-extractive interests – as we’ve seen ever since the oil strike in Prudhoe Bay catalyzed the rapid
emergence of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971 – collaborative efforts between neighboring
Native communities that reach across the border are ongoing, and continue to help counterbalance those
conflicts when they do arise.
While still at the start of my own borderland journey, in the months and years ahead I will continue comparing
the fascinating Western Arctic borderland, with its strong indigenous dimension, to other indigenous
14. borderlands around the world where indigenous voices are again being heard, and where collaboration
between state and tribe has begun to rebound – processes that mirror and in some cases consciously emulate
the experience here in the North.