A Comparison Of Electric Cars Vs. Internal Combustion...

A Comparison Of Electric Cars Vs. Internal Combustion...
Electric Cars Vs Internal Combustion Engines
In discussions of vehicles, one controversial issue has been that electric cars Vs gas powered cars. On the one hand, Ranjan, Kaushik argues the
advantages of electric cars over internal combustion engines. Then On the other hand, LeVine, Steve opposes electric cars.People are learning that
electric cars are a good alternative to internal combustion engines. It has taken many years of investigating to overcome deep–seated dependency on
gas and diesel–powered vehicles, which cause pollution and greenhouse gases. Electric cars have increased range and reliability and companies like
Tesla are making electric cars that change the status quo.
Ranjan, Kaushik et. al is the author of "Electric Vehicles", Levine, Steve is the author of "The Car of the Future May Run on Gasoline; For all the talk
of electric cars, the old– fashioned internal combustion engine is proving to be hard to beat". The intended audience for both of these articles is to draw
the attention of motor heads.
Ranjan states, "electric vehicles are nearly three times more fuel efficient than conventional gasoline powered vehicles"(1). Ultimately, Ranjan's is
genre about electric vehicles. According to LeVine, "they're a long way from making electric cars competitive in the mass market"(1). In other words,
LeVine's genre is internal combustion engines.
The language in Ranjan's article is in the field of the automotive industry. Although, Levine's language aims towards internal combustion engines. The
purpose of these authors articles is to inform the reader on advantages and disadvantages for electric and gas–powered vehicles.
According to Ranjan, electric cars are a good alternative to internal combustion engines. Davis states, "Because they do not rely on an internal
combustion engine, electric vehicles may represent a way to reduce fossil fuel consumption if the electricity used comes from renewable
resources"(1). In other words, Ranjan believes that electric cars will not waste the earth's natural resources. Everyday people use fossil fuels in their
cars. There is only a limited amount of fossil fuels to keep using. LeVine's view, "still for now at least, they continue to
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How Gasoline Is Used For Power The Average Automobile...
Introduction
I will describe in my own terms how gasoline is used to power the average automobile within an internal combustion engine. I will describe this
process from the perspective of thermodynamics. The reason I feel this an interesting topic is the automobile has become such a steady presence in
the daily life of society over the past century that we often take for granted the amount of science and engineering that go into them. The
thermodynamics involved are a direct daily application of the topics we covered in this course, it also applies concepts we learn in other courses. It's
also an important discussion, because what makes gasoline the most common fuel, how do the alternatives stack up? Or should we look at engines that
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As the piston reaches the low point in this stroke the valves are closed. This is the end of the Intake stroke
Compression
Next is the compression stage, the crankshaft and connector rod following a circular motion causes the piston to move upward within the cylinder, the
valves are closed and the volume begins to decrease which compresses the fuel air mixture. Increasing both pressure and temperature of the mixture
within the cylinder.
Combustion (Power) As the piston reaches the top of its cycle and the mixture is properly compressed the spark plug is fired. This ignites the highly
pressured fuel air mixture, this ignition of the fuel source is a chemical reaction. Simply put it's a contained explosion that even further increases the
pressure within the cylinder, the gas wants to expand with all this energy so it pushes the piston downward in the cylinder, rotating the crankshaft by
its attachment through a connector rod. This is the stroke that does most of the work which is why it's often referred to as the power stroke
Exhaust
The piston is now at the bottom of the cylinder, which is filled with exhaust gases left over from the chemical reaction in the combustion cycle, the
rotating crankshaft now pushes upward on the piston, as the piston moves upwards exhaust valves open, allowing the pistons movement to push the
gas out of the cylinder so that the engine can start the 4 stroke cycle

Theory And Developments Of The Direct Injection,...
Abstract This paper reviews the concepts and developments of the direct injection, stratified charge combustion engine; focusing on 4–stroke petrol
commercial automotive applications. Introduction The main objective of the direct injection (DI) stratified charge engine is to combine the benefits of
the petrol spark ignition (SI) engine, controlled and complete combustion of charge at full load; and diesel compression ignition (CI) engines, lean
burning and higher compression ratios and efficiencies[1]. Direct injection Spark Ignition (Petrol Engine) Direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines
are relatively new to the large scale commercial market, and are slowly becoming more widespread. The demands for higher performance whilst
realizing lower fuel consumption and maintaining cleaner emissions, have the potential to be met by the direct injection spark ignition engine[2]. The
thermodynamic potential of DISI engines DISI engines have the potential to have greater fuel economy that diesel engines at partial loadings though
use of stratified charge and late fuel injection; and have better performance than the naturally aspirated spark ignition engines at high loads by operating
under stoichiometric or slightly rich conditions utilizing early fuel injection [3]. There are two basic strategies for preparing the air–fuel mixture used
in direct injection technology. Figure 1 illustrates the preparation of air fuel mixtures used to optimize both partial and higher loads. At

Difference Between Parallel Engine And External Combustion...
Intake stroke
In the internal combustion engine, the piston starts form the top. As the crankshaft rotates the piston will start to move down which will allow the
intake valve to open so air and fuel can flow inside the combustion chamber. In this process, the mixture of air and fuel gets pulled in the combustion
chamber.
Compression stroke
During this stage, both intake and exhaust valve get closed. Due to this, as the piston moves upwards, it compresses the air and fuel mixture
Combustion stroke
As the piston reaches close to the spark plug, the spark plug will cause a spark to burn the fuel and the air mixture. This will cause the fuel and air
mixture to explode which will cause the piston to go downwards again.
Exhaust stroke
This is the final stage of the process where piston will move upwards to release the exhaust gas through the exhaust valve. At the beginning of this
stage, the exhaust valve will open to allow the exhaust gas to release.
After the final stage, the piston will be left up where it originally stared from so the process can be repeated.
Spark ignition and compression ignition engines
Both Spark ignition and compression ignition engines are really similar to each other. However they both have different processor to burn the fuel as
they both use different types of fuel types (petrol/Diesel). Because of this, they both have different compression ratio.
Compression ignition engine are also know as diesel engine as they use diesel as a fuel. In

Essay on The Process Of An Internal Combustion Engine
Process Essay
Process of a 4–stroke Internal Combustion Engine
A common phrase that is heard whilst growing up is "curiosity killed the cat". This phrase might be true but; "ingenuity brought the cat back". Having
a mindset in which giving up is never an option has plagued most inventors of the modern day, especially a high school drop out named Nikolaus
August Otto, born in 1832. Otto was responsible for the development and improvement of the 4–stroke motor that is used today in just about every
automobile on the road. Many people drive cars but fail to realize how they work, and don't try to learn about engines because they think it is complex,
and not an easy concept to grasp. Air, fuel, spark, and combustion are the premise... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the next step the air travels into the combustion chamber (cylinder), where it is mixed with the other components of combustion.
Equally important as the air, is the fuel going into the cylinder. Fuel starts off in the gas tank of the car and then gets pumped into the fuel lines by the
fuel pump. The fuel goes through the fuel lines and into the fuel rail. Attached to the fuel rail are electronically controlled injectors (one per cylinder),
which are controlled by the mass air sensor. The mass air senor regulates how much fuel is necessary to mix with the air to achieve the ideal air to fuel
ratio. The injectors "spray" into the cylinder at synchronized times mixing with air and eventually resulting in combustion.
The final and most important steps of the Internal Combustion Engine are the movements of the pistons. At this point in the process fuel, and air are
both present inside the chamber and are combined into a ratio, this is called the air fuel ratio, short AFR. There are four motions of each piston; they
are in perfect balance and harmony, much like watching an orchestra perform. These motions (strokes) are detailed as follows:
В•On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened. (The intake valve is the opening that the air and fuel are released into the cylinder) The piston is
moving down, and a mixture of air and vaporized fuel is being

Internal Combustion Engines
Introduction
Internal Combustion Engine, a heat engine in which the fuel is burned ( that is, united with oxygen ) within the confining space of the engine itself.
This burning process releases large amounts of energy, which are transformed into work through the mechanism of the engine. This type of engine
different from the steam engine, which process with an external combustion engine that fuel burned apart from the engine. The principal types of
internal combustion engine are : reciprocating engine such as Otto–engine, and Diesel engines ; and rotary engines, such as the Wankel engine and the
Gas–turbine engine. In general, the internal combustion engine has become the means of propulsion in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ignition
In all engines some means of igniting the fuel in the cylinder must be provided. For example, the ignition system of Otto–cycle engines , the mixture of
air and gasoline vapor delivered to the cylinder from the carburetor and next operation is that of igniting the charge by causing a spark to jump the
gap between the electrodes of a spark plug, which projects through the walls of the cylinder. One electrode is insulated by porcelain or mica; the other
is grounded through the metal of the plug, and both form the part of the secondary circuit of an induction system. The principal type of high–tension
ignition now commonly used is the battery–and–coil system. The current from the battery flows through the low– tension coil and magnetizes the iron
core. When this circuit is opened at the distributor points by the interrupter cam, a transient high–frequency current is produced in the primary coil with
the assistance of the condenser. This induces a transient, high–frequency, high–voltage current in the secondary winding. This secondary high voltage
is needed to cause the spark to jump the gap in the spark plug. The spark is directed to the proper cylinder to be fired by the distributor, which
connects the secondary coil to the spark plugs in the several cylinders in their proper firing sequence. The interrupter cam and distributor are driven
from the same

The Industrial Revolution : The Era Of The Internal...
Petroleum is one of the most important energies which mankind need to use for survive. Since 18th century, human used energy from biomass and
muscular sources and it was provided by man labours and animals meanwhile the biomass from firewood prepared for cooking and heating energy
needs. Other energy sources such as watermills and windmills were occurred in marginal contribution. In the middle of nineteenth century, the
industrial revolution played an important role to bring a major change in energy resources with the utilization of coal and developed to use for steam
engines. As a result, there were increasing power plants. In the beginning of the 20th century, human relied on coal for mainly energy source however
there was a gradual... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there are improving a green substantial coal technological potential, developing the biotechnologies to support the growth usage of biofuels
as well as nuclear energy shall play a significant role in the future if nuclear fusion could become commercially energy.
Oil and gas have been the world's commercial energy sources in recent century and it still remain this important role in the 21st century. As industrial
productions have grown by approximately 50 times during the 20th century, this led to tremendous increasing of the energy consumption. Presently, oil
and gas account for almost 40 per cent of the world energy sources because they are unique commodities and easy to transport in many areas with low
costs. The advances of technologies make petroleum become cleaner, safer and more efficient energy. Consequently, oil and gas could meet more
strictly environmental regulations and comply with the widely demands of sustainable development. However, petroleum is a scarce resource and the
demands of energy consumption will be increased. Humans try to improve recovery rates by enhancing technology and developing infrastructure for
better accessibility. Presently, the volatility and high prices of oil market have been a significant cause for concerning among many countries. Even the
increasing price trend in recent year, the market has still remained

Advantages Of The Electric Car
Most people would see failure as a way to prove a idea didn't succeed but failure is necessary to bring up new ideas and fix mistakes in previous plans.
Failure allows us to apply our experience to a previous idea and create a better more developed one. Failures of the internal combustion engine in cars
has caused humans to require a replacement which is the electric car. The electric motor gets rid of the failures of the internal combustion engine while
also providing numerous benefits.
The internal combustion engine was originally created in 1791 but not implemented in the first car till 1886 and the electric car was first featured
around the same time. The internal combustion engine cars became much more popular due to cheaper mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also carry highly flammable fuels on board which often ignite in the event of a crash. Lastly, the internal combustion engine also makes peak
power and torque at redline which is the maximum revolutions per minute of a motor. Meaning must at least be at the top speed allowed in first gear
to have maximum power available, and very time the car shifts you go out of peak power.
All that being said why are we still using them even till 2040?
Thankfully electric cars have have begun to make up a significant portion of new car sales, which is good since they are superior in every aspect
They are projected to keep increasing there portion of the market more and more every year. First off they don't emit any toxic emissions or smoke
and are a hundred percent eco friendly. They don't cause any air pollution but there also silent compared to combustion engines so they have greatly
reduced noise pollution number the sound comes from the tires.Electric cars are also significantly cheaper to run. They don't require any gas even
though electricity costs money its minuscule when compared the costs of gas vehicles. Being power by a battery electric cars also don't use any
lubricants which need to be

Material Analysis of the Internal Combustion Engine
Background : The foundry is one of the oldest metal working industries known to man. The Egyptians made metal castings as early as 4000 B.C.
Foundry methods have been employed throughout the ages as being the most convenient means for making implements of war, artifacts used in
everyday living, agricultural implements, and other items. Traditionally, Gasoline engine blocks were made up of cast iron because cast iron was
readily available and cheaper and has a good machinability. But as the technology advances and there is a need of improvising the basic design of an
engine to improve its performance. Moreover, the overall weight of the engine increased due to complex design of the body. Therefore, in order to
overcome this problems, the manufacturers around the world started looking for other materials which are as strong as cast iron but should be light in
weight. Therefore, aluminum was being used in building engine blocks which significantly increases vehicle performance and also lower its weight.
Now–a–days magnesium is also used as a material for designing engine block. Magnesium is much lighter than cast iron and aluminum as well. But the
main problem in using magnesium was that it became unstable at higher temperature. Later that problem was solved but still wide range of Al and Mg
alloys are being used in the automotive industry in the current scenario. According to a study, 90% of automobiles in North American countries are
using aluminum for engine block which is

Use Of Propulsion And The Basic Principle And Theory Of...
Air Breathing Engines Author: Mohsin Rehman Abstract: This paper mentions the history and early attempts at propulsion and the basic principle
and theory of propulsion. Different types of air breathing engines like turbojet turbofan ramjet scramjet etc. their basic working principle along
with their different working parts and the air planes on which these engines successfully worked are discussed down the path. Progresses made on
historical basis, future planning for the betterment of aircraft propulsion industries and their major priorities are the highlighted areas of this
research paper. Index terms: horse power, Mach no, oxidizer, stealth technology, thermodynamics. I. Introduction: In aircraft designing, propulsion
system is the basic structure. For an aircraft to leave the ground and be in air we want a system which can speedily thrust it into air. Before going
after history and detail we have to learn what propulsion basically is. The word is derived from two Latin words: pro means before or forwards and
pellere meaning to drive. Propulsion means to push forward or drive an object forward [1]. A propulsion system is a machine that generates thrust in
order to push an object forward. Propulsion systems work on newton's third law of action and reaction. Action is that working fluid is accelerated by
the engine and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the engine [1]. The first successful free flights by a man–made

Carburettors Advantages And Disadvantages
In order for an internal combustion engine to operate correctly, a mixture of fuel and air needs to enter into the combustion chamber, pressurised and
then ignited by a spark ignition which then drives the piston to rotate. The way that the fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber has evolved
over the decades. Before electronic fuel injection, carburettors were the primary method of mixing air and fuel. Carburettors work on the Bernoulli's
principle: the faster the air moves, the lower its static pressure and the higher its dynamic pressure. The throttle actuates carburettor mechanisms which
meter the flow of air being pulled into the engine, the speed of this flow and therefore its pressure determines the amount of fuel drawn into the
airstream.
Carburettors consist of an intake of air being pushed into the intake manifold to the engine. The build–up of fast dynamic pressure will initiate fuel
delivery action by providing a vacuum for fuel to enter the intake with the manifold propagating as a mixture chamber to atomise the fuel into the air
to create an ideal mixture. Carburettors use Bernoulli's principle, where the speed of air intake entering the engine intake manifold in relation to the
potential difference of pressure will meter the correct amount of fuel to be sucked in. The disadvantage of a carburettor is that the amount of fuel being
delivered cannot be fully controlled and carburettors tend to have higher fuel to air ratios and sometimes flood the engine

Electric Engines Vs Full Combustion Engines
With the quick advancements in technology during the past decades, electrical cars are now more efficient than ever. As of today, there are 3 types of
vehicles – electric, combustion, and hybrid; I will be focusing mainly on full electric engines vs full combustion engines. While new combustion car
technologies have already already been halted for many years, electrical cars in the other hand, is rapidly improving. To start off, lets compare the
differences between these two, lists the pros and cons of an electric engine, and discuss the future of electric cars.
As the names suggest, both types of engines are powered differently; one through electricity and the other by burning gasoline fuel. Burning fuel has
been creating a problem ever since the Industrial Revolution; our climate and environment is rapidly decaying as a result of global warming caused by
the pollution from burning fuel and combustion cars are promoting that. Electricity engines on the other hand, does not require an exhaust and it does
not discharge any pollution to the air.
Electrical engines require next to zero maintenance while combustion engines recommend annual check ups. If you've ever popped open your
combustion car's hood and looked inside, you would have been able to see a lot more parts than compared to an electrical car. This is because
combustion cars have around 1,000 moving parts compared to electric car's 150 or so moving parts. What this means is that combustion engines are
more

New Power Plants Of Automobiles
New Power Plants in Automobiles
Since the beginning of the automobile the power plant has been evolving. From the early days of the steam powered vehicle to gas, diesel and
hydrogen powered engines of today. The newest power plants now are electric and electric hybrid vehicles but there is still one thing that hasn 't been
completely replaced in this type of vehicle, and that is the internal combustion engine. There have been some innovations in recent years for the internal
combustion engine, but it still has a way to go.
In the early days of the automobile the steam engine was first fitted to a three wheeled vehicle, this was quickly replaced by the internal
combustion engine, for in my opinion the practical reason of carrying fuel was easier in a liquid form rather than in the form of coal, wood and
water. But ever since that day and especially ever since the 1960 's when laws were enacted for safety and for the environment automakers have
been working to make the internal combustion engine work better and cleaner. This has brought us engines like the Flex Fuel engine. This is an
engine that can run on gasoline but can also run on a high ethanol containing fuel. The issue with ethanol is that it produced a lot of octane, but not a
lot of mileage, but because it is made from bio mass it is a greener form of fuel. Another way they have tried to make the engine better is through on
demand cylinders. This is where a vehicle might have a v8 engine, but only uses those

Internal Combustion Engines An internal–combustion engine is a heat engine that burns fuel and air inside a combustion chamber located within the
engine proper. Simply stated, a heat engine is an engine that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. The internal– combustion engine should be
distinguished from the external– combustion engine, for example, the steam engine and the Stirling engine, which burns fuel outside the prime mover,
that is, the device that actually produces mechanical motion. Both basic types produce hot, expanding gases, which may then be employed to move
pistons, turn turbine rotors, or cause locomotion through the reaction principle as they escape through the nozzle. Most people are familiar with the...
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Most ignition systems require an external electrical energy source in the form of a battery or a magneto. Spark–ignition engines require a means for
mixing fuel and air. This may be either a carburetor or fuel injection. A carburetor atomizes the fuel into the engine's incoming air supply. The mixture
is then vaporized in the intake manifold on its way to the combustion chamber. fuel injection sprays a controlled mist of fuel into the airstream, either in
the intake manifold or just before the intake valve or valves of each cylinder. Both carburetors and fuel injectors maintain the correct fuel– to–air ratio,
about one part fuel to fifteen parts air, over a wide range of air temperatures, engine speeds, and loads. Fuel injection can compensate for changes in
altitude as well. Internal–combustion engines require some type of starting system. Small engines are generally started by pulling a starting rope or
kicking a lever. Larger engines may use compressed air or an electric starting system. The latter includes a starter––a high–torque electric motor––to
turn the crankshaft until the engine starts. Starting motors are extremely powerful for their size and are designed to utilize high currents (200 to 300
amperes). The large starting currents can cause a battery to drain rapidly; for this reason a heavy– duty battery is usually used. Interrupting this
connection is an electrical switch called a solenoid, which

The Internal Combustion Engine
1Introduction
Since the advent of the internal combustion engine nearly two centuries ago, humans have become increasingly reliant on fuel to power these
engines. Our only method, historically, for obtaining this fuel is to probe the earth and oceans until crude oil is struck. Crude oil is termed a fossil
fuel as it takes hundreds of millions of years to form. Crude oil is extracted from a geological reservoir and subsequently refined into the various fuels
which we use at ever increasing rates (petroleum, diesel, aviation fuel etc). Unfortunately we are not finding new oil deposits at anything like the
rates we are consuming, so logically we will eventually run out. Many of the alternate energy sources currently available (electric engines, fuel cells
and ethanol) have low energy density and do not scale well to larger vehicles like aeroplanes and trucks. Therefore finding new renewable sources of
energy to power our current and future devices is paramount to our continuation as a successful species.
This project focuses on the prokaryotic enzyme, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 DGAT1 (not to be confused with eukaryotic DGA1P a protein which
provides the same function but is very different in sequence and structure). This enzyme is encoded by the atf1 gene in Rhodococcus opacus PD630.
DGAT is important because it catalyses the final, rate limiting step, in the Kennedy pathway. This step is the transfer of an acyl group from acyl
–CoA
to diacylglycerol, creating

Contributions Of Greenhouse Gas Consumption And Internal...
Transportation sector contributes to a considerable share of energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. In 2015, 50%
of world oil consumption was consumed for road transportation [1]. In 2014, 35% of energy was used in the transportation sector (21% of world
energy consumption was used in passenger cars) [1]. In 2010, about 14% of worldwide GHG emissions was from the transportation sector [2]. The
share of the transportation sector in a country's GHG emissions varies among the countries all over the world. For instance, in the US, the
transportation sector is a major contributor to GHG emissions and accounted for 27% of GHG emission in 2015 [3]. Out of that 27%, 60% of
emission is from light–duty vehicles and 23% from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a notable point especially for countries that have a high percent of emission–free electricity generation capacity and can use that emission–free
electricity to provide the energy needed in the transportation sector. To cut CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 (as decided by G8 leaders and the
European Union in 2009), a 95% carbon emission reduction should happen in transport sector [6]. However, based on the expected number of
passenger cars by 2050 and knowing the emissions and efficiency of ICEVs, the reduction target for transportation sector cannot be achieved through
an increase in efficiency of ICEVs alone [6]. Knowing this limit, different countries/jurisdictions all over the world have invested in alternative fuel
vehicles. As defined by the US Department of Energy, an alternative fuel vehicle is "a dedicated, flexible fuel, or dual–fuel vehicle designed to operate
on at least one alternative fuel" [8]. Biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, or propane are considered as alternative fuels in this
definition [8]. In this work, we are focusing on reviewing the incentives for vehicles that operate on hydrogen and electricity as an alternative fuel. We
are not considering biodiesel and ethanol as there is uncertainty about the capability of biofuels to fuel the transportation sector at large scale [6]. We

Combustion Engine Vs Tv Research Paper
From ancient tools to the latest technological advances, human inventions have shaped history and transformed the world. As society grows and
demands new technology, new generations of innovators take on the task of inventing. Ever since the creation of the wheel, many revolutionary
inventions have been created throughout history. However, two inventions have been most influential to the world. The internal combustion engine and
the television have influenced the modern world most significantly. The combustion engine revolutionized transportation and industry. The television
led to cultural influence and greater media exposure to the world. The internal combustion engine and the television are the two greatest technological
advances of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The creation of television was a new form of education and entertainment. Television also became a major source of news and information. Every
major world event since the 1950's has been aired on television. One of the largest influences television created was mass media. Before TV, few
forms of media existed, mainly radio and newsprint. Television was the first major form of visual media that was brought directly into people's
homes. TV also had a major influence on politics, mainly during the 1960's when television had become an everyday commodity. The first presidential
debate aired on television was between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy in 1960. Though Nixon had much stronger arguments and ideas than his
opponent, Kennedy won the debate. On television, Nixon was sweating profusely and appeared nervous. On the other hand, Kennedy's good looks and
calm appearance allowed him to win the debate and later win the Presidential Election. This was the creation of the cult of personality brought on by
TV. Politicians and world leaders such as John F. Kennedy, Nikita Khrushchev, Che Guevara, and Fidel Castro all had their political influence cast
through

How Internal Combustion Engines ( Ic ) Work
1. Introduction This report has been written to demonstrate a good understanding of how internal combustion engines (IC) work, and how to
correctly recognise malfunctioning components. Including how to replace faulty components and what to identify to deem it as faulty. Other
aspects of an IC engine that will be covered are air/fuel ratios, the importance of threaded fasteners and ignition timing; all with an explanation of
what could happen if correct procedure is not followed. The work carried out involves the use of varying types of tools and precision equipment
which are necessary to complete the task; this report explains the different types and their respective key uses. 2. Main Body 2.1 Types of Precision
Equipment Three main precision tools that are commonly found and used in an auto engineer's workshop are Micrometers, Bore Gauges and Vernier
Callipers (pictures found in Appendix A). They are a useful tool because they can give very accurate measurements for specific components and parts;
as these will measure very small distances. Which could be the difference between a very smooth and effective engine opposed to a rough and
uneconomical one. There are three main basic types of micrometer: inside, outside and depth (see Appendix A). An outside micrometer is used for
measuring wires, shafts and blocks. Where an inside micrometer can measure hole diameter and a depth micrometer measures depths of slots. Vernier,
dial, and

Advantages And Disadvantages Of An Engine
INTRODUCTION:
The internР°l combustion engine is Р°n engine in which the combustion of Р° fuel (normР°lly Р° fossil fuel) occurs with Р°n oxidizer (usuР°lly Р°ir)
in Р° combustion chР°mber. In Р°n internР°l combustion engine the expР°nsion of the high–temperР°ture Р°nd –pressure gР°ses produced by
combustion Р°pplies direct force to some component of the engine, such Р°s pistons, turbine blР°des, or Р° nozzle. This force moves the component
over Р° distР°nce, generР°ting useful mechР°nicР°l energy
The term internР°l combustion engine usuР°lly refers to Р°n engine in which combustion is intermittent, such Р°s the more fР°miliР°r four–stroke
Р°nd two–stroke piston engines, Р°long with vР°riР°nts, such Р°s the rotР°ry engine. Рђ second clР°ss of internР°l combustion engines use continuous
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cooling systems
Combustion generР°tes Р° greР°t deР°l of heР°t, Р°nd some of this trР°nsfers to the wР°lls of the engine. FР°ilure will occur if the body of the
engine is Р°llowed to reР°ch too high Р° temperР°ture; either the engine will physicР°lly fР°il, or Р°ny lubricР°nts used will degrР°de to the point
thР°t they no longer protect the engine. The lubricР°nts must be cleР°n Р°s dirty lubricР°nts mР°y leР°d to over formР°tion of sludge in the engines.
Cooling systems usuР°lly employ Р°ir (Р°ir–cooled) or liquid (usuР°lly wР°ter) cooling, while some very hot engines using rР°diР°tive cooling
(especiР°lly some rocket engines). Some high–Р°ltitude rocket engines use Р°blР°tive cooling, where the wР°lls grР°duР°lly erode in Р° controlled
fР°shion. Rockets in pР°rticulР°r cР°n use regenerР°tive cooling, which uses the fuel to cool the solid pР°rts of the engine.
Piston
Рђ piston is Р° component of reciprocР°ting engines. It is locР°ted in Р° cylinder Р°nd is mР°de gР°s–tight by piston rings. Its purpose is to trР°nsfer
force from expР°nding gР°s in the cylinder to the crР°nkshР°ft viР° Р° piston rod Р°nd/or connecting rod. In two–stroke engines the piston Р°lso

The Engine And Internal Combustion
Introduction In 1816 Reverend Robert Stirling patented an engine that produced motive power from heated air that is known today as the Stirling
Engine. In general terms, the Stirling Engine is an external combustion heat engine that functions through piston motion resulting from the expansion
and compression of a working gas sealed within the engine. Invention of this technology predates the gasoline and Diesel engines and significantly
differs from internal combustion heat engines. It was not until April of 1945 that Stirling's invention became popularly known as the Stirling Engine.
While many differences can exist between a Stirling Engine and internal combustion engine, three primary features stand out. First, exclusion of ...
The first practical application of this technology was used to pump water from a quarry and it would be some time before it would be scaled to a
larger useful application. After periods of refining his ideas and designs, he teamed with his brother James, a locomotive engineer, to register patents
for improvements in 1827 and 1840.
By 1943, these improvements translated to increased power conversion and output, and the Stirling Engine model was implemented at a level capable
of driving all machinery at the Dundee iron foundry. However, frequent mechanical failures of the Stirling system resulted in its abandonment by the
Dundee foundry, leading to replacement by the steam engine.
One of the supporting arguments for the use of the Stirling Engine over early versions of the steam engine was safety – steam engine boiler explosions
frequently lead to injuries and fatalities, along with operational shutdowns. As steam engine boilers became safer the appeal of Stirling Engines
declined and the technology was marginalized to smaller domestic uses (e.g., pumping water). The advent of the electric motor and smaller internal
combustion engines further reduced the Stirling Engine's market share, and by 1940, the technology was primarily limited to obscure applications.
The Philips Company was integral in carrying Stirling Engine technology forward on

Failure Analysis And Rectification Of Aero Engine...
TITLE OF THE PROJECT: Failure analysis and rectification of Aero Engine combustion chamber field temperature measurement system.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the root cause of failure and rectification of Aero Engine combustion chamber field temperature measurement system.
INTRODUCTION
About HAL
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was founded way back in year 1940 by a visionary Seth Walchand Hirachand as Hindustan Aircraft Limited at
Bangalore in association with the erstwhile princely State of Mysore. Government of India became one of its shareholders in March 1941 and took
over the management in 1942. HAL was formed on 1st October 1964 by merging of Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot with
Hindustan Aircraft Limited.
The present day Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, is a Navaratna Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), under Ministry of Defence and fully owned by
Govt. of India.
AERO ENGINE TEST CELL
AERO ENGINE TESTING INTRODUCTION:
During manufacture, the aero engines are subjected to various tests, which will guarantee reliable operation of the engines during its service life. Each
Aero engine after its final assembly is subjected to two tests, and every combustion chamber module of engine is subjected to temperature profile
measurement test. The tests are broadly classified as
пѓ INITIAL TEST
пѓ FINAL TEST (acceptance test).
пѓ COMBUSTION

Invention of the Combustion Engine
After many years of trial and error, a combination of inventors and engineers developed a practical, effective internal combustion engine that greatly
affected the world. This paper will give opposing views on the background and analyze the effects it had on transportation and the environment. The
invention of the internal combustion engine sprouted from the work of several engineers and inventors across Europe and into America. First, in 1859,
Jean–Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed the first practical internal combustion engine which after many modifications and changes, led to the modern
engine that plays a crucial role in today's society. Prior to Lenoir, external combustion engines such as thesteam engine and early hydrogen engine ...
The automobile became a link to individual freedom and mobility. With the automobile, came one of the most widely used technologies in the
world, the invention of the internal combustion engine which has left a noticeable impact on many parts of today's world. One of the most widely
debated and controversial topics having to do with the automobile is its effect on the environment. Al Gore, former United States Vice President and
Nobel Peace Prize award winner, has spent many years trying to argue the negative effects that the internal combustion engine leaves on our planet.
In his presidential campaign in 2000, he preached the ideas of a cleaner environment and better ways of living. He said, "When we seek to
artificially enhance our capacity to acquire what we need from the earth, we do so at the direct expense of the earth's ability to provide naturally what
we are seeking. We frequently ignore the impact of our technological alchemy on natural processes. When we manufacture millions of internal
combustion engines and automate the conversion of oxygen to CO2, we interfere with the earth's ability to cleanse itself of the impurities that are
normally removed from the atmosphere." He has led many people to believe that the automobile of today is leaving a terrible and lasting effect on the
earth's atmosphere, and that it is one of the primary causes of the term "Global Warming." Although Gore has had a giant following and

The Process of an Internal Combustion Engine
Matt Bagley
English 110
Process Essay
Process of a 4–stroke Internal Combustion Engine
A common phrase that is heard whilst growing up is "curiosity killed the cat". This phrase might be true but; "ingenuity brought the cat back". Having
a mindset in which giving up is never an option has plagued most inventors of the modern day, especially a high school drop out named Nikolaus
August Otto, born in 1832. Otto was responsible for the development and improvement of the 4–stroke motor that is used today in just about every
automobile on the road. Many people drive cars but fail to realize how they work, and don 't try to learn about engines because they think it is
complex, and not an easy concept to grasp. Air, fuel, spark, and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of this pressure against the piston forces it down in the cylinder. The power impulse is transmitted down through the piston, through the piston rod (
connecting rod), and to the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated due to the force.
В•As the piston reaches the bottom of its travel, the exhaust valve opens. Now, as the piston moves up on the exhaust stroke, it forces the burned gases
out of the cylinder through the exhaust port. When the piston reaches the top of its travel, the exhaust valve closes, and the intake valve opens. The
cycle repeats again with the intake stroke. The four strokes are continuously repeated during the operation of the engine
This total process takes less than half a second to complete, and enables vehicles to get to their destination. Reading this paper does not qualify the
reader as a mechanic, but should give the person reading a better appreciation for the vehicle. It is always good to know the basics of a car so if the
car ends up in need of repair, the owner can have some information and basic diagnosis. With the knowledge gained from this paper, a basic
understanding should be gained on the process of an Internal Combustion

Turbochargers: Internal Combustion Engine and Turbocharger
Society is driven by the thought of improving every existing invention to make it bigger, smaller, more cost effective, or simply better. The internal
combustion engine has been used in transportation for everyone who lives in a civilized area; whether it is a motorcycle, car, bus, airplane, etc. The
most important advances in technology for these engines involve efficiency. Gas mileage, performance, and displacement are key concerns for all
engineers of internal combustion engines. With the invention of the turbocharger all of these factors can be improved. The inventor, progression, impact,
and current adaptation of the turbocharger are very important in understanding this engineering innovation. The entire world can thank ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
New ways of oil lubricating were added along with water–cooling. The sizes of turbochargers now range from the diameter of a baseball to larger than
a basketball. The turbocharger has made a significant impact in all of our lives. The turbocharger enables millions of engines around the world to
make more power and give engines higher efficiency. Ships, planes, cars, trucks, etc. would all have to have bigger engines that would use more fuel
to accomplish what they do with a turbocharger. The air pollution and gas shortage would be much worse if none of our engines were turbocharged.
Furthermore turbochargers are used in many sports. The two main sports that simply rely on turbochargers are drifting and rally racing. These cars
need to be light, so they cannot have big displacement engines thus relating back to forced induction. Major companies such as Garrett, HKS,
Turbonetics, and Banks are always coming up with new ways to improve turbochargers. These companies drive the industry in terms of turbochargers
because of the constant improvement of the already great invention. Although there are many factory vehicles that come with turbochargers the
aftermarket industry truly drives the need for improvement. Drifting alone has become a billion dollar industry causing manufacturers to work harder
than ever to make their individual products stand out from the crowd. In the sport of drifting ninety percent of the cars in the

Early Automobiles . Vehicles Have Changed Over Time Like
Early Automobiles Vehicles have changed over time like many other things, but the engine that powers these vehicles has gone through the most
changes. The internal combustion engine has become a huge part in everyday life. These engines have allowed people to travel across the country,
generate electricity, and fly around the world. This engine has been a perpetual source of exploration ever since Henry Ford mass produced the first
Model–T. Automobiles have evolved over time along with many other things; there are many fundamentals to learn about how the engine works,
different types of engines, and the history of the gas engine. The first thing to learn is how the basic engine works. According to Nancy Hall, writing
for the National... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7). The combustion increases the temperature of the exhaust gases, any residual air in the combustion chamber, and the combustion chamber itself.
From the ideal gas law, the increased temperature of the gases also produces an increased pressure in the combustion chamber; the high pressure of
the gases acting on the face of the piston cause the piston to move to which initiates the power stroke (para. 8). Unlike the compression stroke, the
hot gas does work on the piston during the power stroke. The force on the piston is transmitted by the piston rod to the crankshaft, where the linear
motion of the piston is converted to angular motion of the crankshaft. Hall's article for NASA states that the work done on the piston is then used to
turn the shaft (para. 8). Having produced the igniting spark, the electrical contact remains opened. During the power stroke, the volume occupied by
the gases is increased because of the piston motion and no heat is transferred to the fuel/air mixture (para. 9). As the volume is increased because of
the piston 's motion, the pressure and temperature of the gas are decreased. Heat that is left over from the power stroke is now transferred to the water
in the water jacket until the pressure approaches atmospheric pressure; the

Synthesis From The Law Of Conservation Of Energy
introduction
A thermodynamic cycle consists of a sequence of multiple thermodynamic processes that encompass the transfer of heat and work into and out of the
system. This process can have many variables within the system including pressure, temperature. (saylor.org, n.d.)The cycle ends with the system
returning to its initial state. The first law of thermodynamics is simply an adaption from the law of conservation of energy but is slightly changed to
encompass the differences. (clarkson.edu, n.d.)
This law when put simply states that the change in energy within the system is directly proportional to the difference of the heat input to the system and
the workout put of the system. (ucdavis.edu, n.d.)This gives the following equation:
в€†U=Q
–W
Where;
в€†U is the change in internal energy of the sytem
Q is the amount of energy added to the system through heat
W is the amount of energy lost due to work done by the sytem
Power cycles
Thermodynamic power cycles are the origin of the operation of heat engines which supply a majority of the world electric power and also run a
majority of motor vehicles. These power cycles can be put into one of two categories; real cycles and ideal cycles. (saylor.org, n.d.)
Real cycles are those found within the real world and as quite difficult to analyse due to the presence of complicating factors such as friction. To allow
ease of design and analysis, ideal cycles were created; these ideal models allowed engineers to study the major limitations

How Do Combustion Engines Work?
RESEARCH OUTCOME: HOW DO COMBUSTION ENGINES WORK? Introduction: The topic chosen for research project was "How do combustion
engines work?" and the reason for the choice was because of the interest in that region of engineering. This document states the key findings and results
gathered from the research in the earlier ten weeks. The methods involved in researching were done by utilizing internet articles, books and interviews.
The research conducted in past 10 weeks will be discussed and analysed in this document. Key Findings: Combustion engines are a fuel burning motor.
The engine extracts fuel and combustion happens and converts it into mechanical energy producing force to move the car. It converts energy into
motion and it also uses hydrocarbon fuel to burn it through energy. It changes the reciprocating motion into rotary motion. This means that the
information found was really useful and reliable as this section came from the interviewee whose profession is a mechanical engineering. During
research, some interesting information was found such as many types of internal combustion engines were created before the nineteenth century, their
utilization was averted until the commercial drilling and creation of petroleum began in the mid–1850s. By the late nineteenth century, engineering
advances prompted their widespread selection in a variety of applications. This highlights that learning was done and some focus was also on the

Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine
Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine . i Willard W. Pulkrabek University of Wisconsin
–В· .. Platteville vi Contents 2–3 2–4
2–5 2–6 2–7 2–8 2–9 2–10 2–11 2–12 Mean Effective Pressure, 49 Torque and Power, 50 Dynamometers, 53 Air
–Fuel Ratio and Fuel–Air Ratio, 55
Specific Fuel Consumption, 56 Engine Efficiencies, 59 Volumetric Efficiency, 60 Emissions, 62 Noise Abatement, 62 Conclusions
–Working Equations,
63 Problems, 65 Design Problems, 67 , 3 ENGINE CYCLES 68 3–1 3–2 3–3 3–4 3–5 3–6 3–7 3–8 3–9 3–10 3–11 3–12 3–13 3–14 Air–Standard
Cycles, 68 Otto Cycle, 72 Real Air–Fuel Engine Cycles, 81 SI Engine Cycle at Part Throttle, 83 Exhaust Process, 86 Diesel Cycle, 91 Dual Cycle, 94...
It provides the material needed for a basic understanding of the operation of internal combustion engines. Students are assumed to have knowledge of
fundamental thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics as a prerequisite to get maximum benefit from the text. This book can also be used
for self–study and/or as a reference book in the field of engines. Contents include the fundamentals of most types of internal combustion engines, with a
major emphasis on reciprocating engines. Both spark ignition and compression ignition engines are covered, as are those operating on four–stroke and
two–stroke cycles, and ranging in size from small model airplane engines to the largest stationary engines. Rocket engines and jet engines are not
included. Because of the large number of engines that are used in automobiles and other vehicles, a major emphasis is placed on these. The book is
divided into eleven chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 give an introduction, terminology, definitions, and basic operating characteristics. This is followed in
Chapter 3 with a detailed analysis of basic engine cycles. Chapter 4 reviews fundamental thermochemistry

Combustion Engines: A Case Study
The traditional internal combustion engine has been the mainstream automobile power source and even after the next generation vehicle engines made
an appearance. The new generation engines still have not entirely taken over its position as of yet. "One hundred years later, oil now accounts for
about 95 percent of the global transportation sector fuel and 13 percent of global greenhouse gas emission. (Clements 2014)" The environmental
damage from the internal combustion engine is still a major problem. "Cars produce dangerous chemicals such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxide
(SOx) and carbon monoxide emissions. (Clements
2014)". Another issue of the internal combustion engine is still low energy conversion efficiency even today. Only about 14 to 30 percent of the energy
from the fuel in your car is converted to moving the car (Clements 2014)". The auto company technologies and innovations indeed have been improving
tremendously to contribute to reducing carbon emissions, dangerous pollutants, and to loss of energy in the last 20 years, however, the question is
whether the industry still is able to provide better solutions or not.
Big Three car manufacturers have been facing challenges in the market. "The total market share of General Motors fell from 28.2% in 2000 to 17.6%
by 2014. During this same period, Ford fell from 24.1% to 14.7%. Fiat–owned Chrysler now holds only 12.7% after having
15.7% of the market in 2000. (Investopedia 2015) "

Designing A New Type Of Internal Combustion Engine
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The intention of Rudolf Diesel to provide a new type of internal combustion engine operating with higher efficiency than conventional steam and Otto
cycle engines, and that could be operated on many types of fuels. The engine cycle developed by diesel involves injection of fuel into a volume of air
heated by compression. Over the course of history, the durable and efficientdiesel engine has replaced other less efficient modes of power production,
including steam engines in the railroad industry. A diesel engine or compression–ignition (C.I.) engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the
heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber.
The global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With any probable petrol crisis, for all the sectors the alternative fuel is vital to be developed. In addition, pollutants have formed because of
combustion of petroleum based fuels in diesel engines. Pollutants from diesel engines include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2),
sulphur dioxides (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). NOx and PM are the two primary pollutants of diesel engines. It was
stated by Lloyd and Cackete, that Diesel emissions contribute to the development of cancer; cardiovascular and respiratory health effects; pollution of
air, water, and soil; soiling; reductions in visibility; and global climate change. Research on reducing emissions resulted from diesel engines and
studies on decreased fuel consumption are being founded worldwide, especially in EU countries. There are many works on reliable researching and
implementations and useful results came to exist. Research and developing alter–native diesel engine fuel is one of the aspects of these studies.
An alternative fuel for internal combustion (IC) engines is considered as a viable option because of the pollution effect & amount of petroleum
products available. As an alternative fuel is biodegradable and renewable fuel, biofuel is the most suited substitute for biodiesel. In developing countries
the demand for

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Leaded Additives
additives have replaced the lead compounds. The most popular additives include aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and alcohol (usually ethanol or
methanol). For technical reasons the use of leaded additives is still allowed to use widely in world for the formulation of some grades of aviation
gasoline such as 100LL (one hundred low lead), because the required octane rating would be technically infeasible to reach without the use of leaded
additives.
1.2.2 Naphtha
Naphtha is obtained in petroleum refineries as one of the intermediate products from the distillation of crude oil. It is a liquid intermediate between
the light gases in the crude oil and the heavier liquid kerosene. Naphtha is volatile, flammable and have a specific gravity of about ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is converted nearly all carbon fuels ( 99.5 percent ) in the liquefied petroleum gas to CO2 during the combustion process . This conversion is
relatively independent of the composition of all. Although the formation of carbon dioxide and is working to reduce CO2 emissions , and the carbon
dioxide emitted and trivial amount compared to the amount of CO2 produced. It does not convert the vast majority of the 0.5 percent of the carbon
and CO2 for fuel because of incomplete combustion in the fuel stream . The formation of N2O is subject during the combustion process through a
complex series of interactions and formation depends on many factors . It is minimized when the formation of N2O are kept high combustion
temperatures ( above 1475ОїF, 802ОїC) and excess air is kept to a minimum (less than 1 percent ) . Methane emissions higher during periods of low
combustion temperature or incomplete combustion . Normally, the conditions that are in favor of N2O are also in favor of CH4 emissions , [ 4, 5 ]

A Short Note On Rocket Engine Combustion Instability
Rocket Engine Combustion Instability
Naveen Penmetsa
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309
C ombustion instability has long been an area of research in the design of both aircraft and rocket engines. Specifically in terms of rocket engines,
combustion instabilities occur in every type of engine including solid rocket motors, cryogenic engines, hyperbolic engines, and hydrocarbon engines.
Although combustion oscillations tends to exist in almost every engine, the goal is to minimize these variations in combustion such that any pressure
oscillations are below the ambient noise of the engine itself. In order to reduce the linear and nonlinear coupling that causes these instabilities, it is
important to identify not only the types of oscillations that occur but also the causes for each of these oscillations.
In liquid engines there are three main types of instabilities. These are chugging oscillations which are low frequency, buzzing oscillations which are of
an intermediate frequency, and screeching which is a high frequency oscillation. Additionally, instabilities can oscillate in three different direction, due
to the three dimensional nature of combustion. These directions are longitudinally, radially, and transversely.
Flow States' Effect on Liquid Engine Combustion Instability
Overview
The various forms of combustion instability in liquid rocket engines are directly and indirectly affected by the state of the flow from the inlet of the
injector to the throat of

Atkinson Cycle and Very High-Pressure Turbocharging:...
ATKINSON CYCLE AND VERY HIGH
–PRESSURE TURBOCHARGING: INCREASING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EFFICIENCY
AND POWER WHILE REDUCING EMISSIONS Gheorghiu, Victor* Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Berliner Tor 21, 20099 Hamburg,
Germany Keywords: Atkinson Cycle, Ultra–Downsizing, High Pressure Turbocharging, CO2 and NOx Reduction. ABSTRACT The Downsizing of
internal combustion engines (ICE) is already recognized as a very suitable method for the concurrent enhancement of the indicated fuel conversion
efficiency (IFCE) and lowering of the CO2 and NOx emissions [1], [2]. In this report the Ultra–Downsizing is introduced as a still higher development
stage of ICE. The Ultra–Downsizing will be implemented here by means of strict Atkinson... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The performances achieved for IFCE and IMEP using this method are therefore unrealistically high and serve only as a general indication [3]. This
Paper extends the previous investigations from [3] to real Atkinson cycles by using the simulation tool BOOST (AVL Co). This tool allows to take
into consideration the true geometrical dimensions of the engine components (cylinder, valves, channels, pipes, manifolds, turbocharger, intercooler,
silencer etc.) and the losses caused by friction and heat transfer along the intake and exhaust gas pipes. In addition, the power balance of
turbochargers determines the actual boost pressure level of the engine. The turbochargers (TC) are modeled for these investigation in a simple
manner. It describes the expansion process in the turbines (Tx) by means of their discharge coefficients while the air compaction in the compressors
occurs up to a maximum pressure ratio, which depends on the available turbine output. To be able to simulate cycles with very high boost pressures as
well, three intercooled TC are placed in line (three–stage turbocharging, see Fig. 1). When the boost pressure required for preserving the pressure limit
on the cycle is low, the superfluous TC are kept in use (i.e. are not bypassed). The expansion and compression ratios of the turbines and compressors
tend gradually toward 1, i.e. these TC switch off themselves thermodynamically. The asymmetrical crank mechanism used here

The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine Essay
The Diesel Hybrid Combustion Engine
Two main types of engines powering everyday machinery are diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines. Both vary on efficiency levels, but are
still effective. Diesel engines have high efficiency levels, such as producing great amount of torque at very low rpms. They are also known for their
fuel–efficient behavior and capability to produce low emissions.
Their capability to produce power at an efficient rate with little wear on the engine, this makes these engines ideal for hybrid integration. Hybrid
integration takes a typical engine and combines it with an electric generator and motor, with the application of other electrical systems applied.
Allowing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These tests represent the percentage of green house gases that the engine will produce over its lifetime. The results are as follows: the gasoline
combustion engine is 88%, the diesel–hybrid engine is 56% (Weiss 29).
The MIT testing and research went into much more detail besides fuel efficiency and emission release. These areas are still are very important in the
mind of the everyday consumer.
Current Developments:
The diesel–hybrid idea is now being applied to several different applications. It ranges from road, to water, and railroad. In each scenario the
applications are the similar but the designs are different.
In Vancouver, Canada, RailPower Technologies has designed a hybrid locomotive, the Green Goat, which utilizes diesel fuel and electric motors.
The basic design started with removing all the original engine parts and replacing them with a 6.0L Daewoo diesel engine and 20 volt lead acid
batteries (Siuru 1). This design uses the diesel engine, which acts as a generator to charge the batteries. The batteries are then used to power the
locomotive. Batteries propel the locomotive leaving more empty space under the hood. The result of all this is: ability to create a smaller hood
increasing overall visibility for locomotive engineers, fuel economy improvement of 35%, and a 90% reduction of overall emissions (Siuru 1).
In 2001, New York City

The Road Use Internal Combustion Engines
Introduction Currently, most vehicles on the road use internal combustion engines (ICEs). This type of engine has existed from as early as the 19th
century, when Nikolaus Otto created the first 4–stroke cycle (Otto–cycle) system, which is still used in cars to this day. As of 2010, the vehicular
population surpassed 1 billion (according to the research by Ward's Auto [1]), meaning the IC engine is extremely widespread throughout the world.
However, this does not mean that an IC engine is the most effective way of producing power for vehicles nowadays. They have many problems, which
include but are not limited to increased fuel consumption and high CO2 emissions. There have been many attempts to improve the IC engine,
including the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For each cylinder, there is a piston attached to a crankshaft, allowing it to move up and down (i.e. complete a stroke), an intake manifold housing the
intake valve, connected to the combustion chamber and exhaust valve. The intake valve opens, and air is taken into the combustion chamber, as the
piston is pulled towards the crankshaft (Intake Stroke). Then the valves are closed, and the piston is extended, pressurising a combination of air and
fuel in the compression chamber, causing combustion (Compression Stroke). This instantaneous combustion causes the pressure in the combustion
chamber to increase and act on the face of the piston, causing it to be pushed back towards the crankshaft (Power Stroke). After this, the exhaust
valve is opened, and the gas escapes (Exhaust Stroke). Idling However, every time one cycle is completed, some fuel is used to create the spark
during the power stroke. This means that when the car is idling (i.e. the engine is on, but the car is stationary), a lot of fuel and energy is wasted.
This will not only negatively affect fuel consumption, but also increase the CO2 emissions, which are already quite high. As stated by the U.S.
Department of Energy, around 27 million tonnes (30 million tons) of CO2 is produced in the US alone [3], just due to idling vehicles. Personal
vehicles also waste approximately 3 million tonnes of fuel annually, just

The First True Gasoline Automobile Powered By An Internal...
As time slowly passes us by human beings continue to find more and more innovative ways to make their lives, and those of people around them,
more efficient and enjoyable. People will always strive to make daily activities less costly, dangerous, and stressful by adapting new revolutionary
technologies as they readily become available to them. Ever since the invention of the first true gasoline automobile powered by an internal combustion
engine in 1885/1886 ("Who Invented the Automobile?", par. 2), the automobile industry has been at the forefront of human ingenuity and
inventiveness. There was a time in recent history where self–driving cars seemed like a far–fetched dream out of a science fiction film or an episode of
a The Jetsons ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1). With Deutsche Reich Patent number 37435 granted to him by the German government on January 29, 1886, his three–wheeled car set the spark for
years of innovation. Later on that year Benz began to carefully market and sell his automobile to the general population (par. 3). His invention
immediately shocked and quickly instigated curiosity of all those who saw his now archaic vehicle, much like Google 's 21st century self–driving
vehicle is successfully doing today in the United States of America and around the civilized world. Sebastian Thrun, a programmer and computer
scientist from Solingen, Germany, is an expert in the fields of driverless cars, Artificial Intelligence, and robotics. The founder of the semi–secret
facility Google X (informally written as Google[x]), run by the American multinational corporation Google, has been making vast technological
advancements in the autonomous car environment. Thrun has received international recognition from numerous universities for his lead in the Google
Self–Driving Car project and many other endeavours (such as Google Street View). Along with his team at Stanford University in California, Thrun
created the robotic vehicle named Stanley in which ended up winning the grand prize of two million dollars from the in the 2005 Defense Advanced
Research Projects

The Physics Of Combustion Engines
Throughout the life of combustion engines the goal has been to make them more efficient. Higher efficiency lead to increased engine performance and
power output, and a reduction in fuel consumption. The Weber (We) number, shown in Equation (1), relates a fluid's inertial forces to its surface
tension forces making it useful in analyzing the atomization of fuel in a combustion engine.
We=Dynamic PressureSurface Tension Pressure=вЌґU2(/D) (1)
The three main things that are required for combustion are; fuel, oxygen and ignition. For an engine to achieve higher performance and run more
efficiently, it is best to have a fully vaporized fuel. This leads to a more complete combustion and less waste. For best results the fuel droplets should be
small, this will help them vaporize uniformly. When injecting fuel into combustion engines, a higher Weber number is desirable and will help produce
a clean burning and efficient combustion cycle. By examining the Weber number more in depth, it is apparent that optimizing the parameters of
Equation (1) will help raise the Weber number significantly and increase the performance of internal combustion engines.
It is well known that a higher Weber number is better for good atomization of fuel in aninternal combustion engine. The U shown in the Equation (1) is
the velocity of the fuel relative to the surrounding air. A common atomization method for gasoline engines is to spray fuel at high velocities into the
combustion

Internal Combustion Engine Impact On Society
When the technology developing, lots of inventions appear in human society and lots of old stuff vanished in people's version. The Internal combustion
engine is one of them, but not the last one. As a representative invention, Internal combustion engine promoted human society. However, it was out of
date and throw away. The Internal combustion engine in the graph is broken. The iron tube was deformed, parts of the components got rusty, anyway,
it makes people feel antiqued. In addition, some letters were labeled with the parts of this engine. The tank is opened, and the gasoline leak out. The
whole diagram was under the background full of gray color, which is depressing. The letters labeled on the components may represent the capital letter

The Effect Of Hho On An Internal Combustion Engine
What is the effect of HHO on an internal combustion engine
Introduction [200 words]
What is an internal combustion engine
Combustion, also known as rapid burning, is the basic chemical process of releasing energy from any fuel and air mixture. In an internal combustion
engine, the ignition and combustion of the fuel occurs within each cylinder of the engine block. The engine then partially converts the energy from the
combustion to push the piston down. The engine consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston (Springfield.mntm.org, 2017). The expanding
combustion gases push the piston, which in turn rotates the crankshaft. Ultimately, through a system of gears in the powertrain, this motion drives the
vehicle's wheels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These benefits include; environmental, money saving, longer lasting engines etc. HHO eliminates harmful exhaust emissions that pollute the
environment, meanwhile not contributing to global warming (Drive60mpg.com, 2017). Within the experiments that I conducted, I discovered that
supplying HHO to an engine had created many new and different advantages, which provide better outcomes.
How does it work? (the theory) [250 words]
How do the chemicals react?
When the HHO is fed into the air intake, then into a cylinder, the hydrogen explosion is so rapid, that it achieves total combustion upwards of three
times faster than a gasoline based explosion (Saisantosh et al., 2017). This subsequently ignites the gasoline from all directions (For example, putting
fuel on a fire), instead of just a spark in one end of the combustion cylinder. Hydrogen behaves like this because it has a very wide flammability
range–from 4% to 75% in air (Duncan, 2017) . Due to this there is a release of energy in a short period of time, causing the mixture to get hot and
greatly expand in volume (Saisantosh et al., 2017). If the fuel is not fully burnt in that short amount of time then it just goes out the exhaust and is lost.
It is also best to ignite all of the gasoline when it is under maximum compression in a combustion cylinder to get the maximum amount of energy out of
it (this is a small time window). Once the piston starts going down, the energy transfer from the explosion to the

A Comparison Of Electric Cars Vs. Internal Combustion...

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A Comparison Of Electric Cars Vs. Internal Combustion...