This document compares the 802.11b and 802.11g wireless networking standards. 802.11b has a maximum speed of 11 Mbps using direct-sequence spread spectrum, while 802.11g can reach 54 Mbps using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. Both standards operate in the 2.4 GHz band and are susceptible to interference. 802.11g has faster speeds but still faces interference issues. The channel assignments for each standard in different regions are also detailed. In conclusion, 802.11g performance is better than 802.11b despite operating in the crowded 2.4 GHz band.
Data Transmission Analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz Frequency IJECEIAES
In the recent years, the data communication system become the main type of communication in the world. The FSK modulator or demodulator is one of the part that becomes the most important part and extremely advanced with the involvement of microwave active and passive circuits. This paper presents the data transmission analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz frequency. This experiment use the microwave communication module MW5000 that is available in electronic laboratory. From this experiment the duration taken for the transmission of data is depend on the length of sentence and the value of baud rate.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11ac based WLAN in wireless communication sy...IJECEIAES
IEEE 802.11ac based wireless local area network (WLAN) is emerging WiFi standard at 5 GHz, it is new gigabit-per-second standard providing premium services. IEEE 802.11ac accomplishes its crude speed increment by pushing on three distinct measurements firstly is more channel holding, expanded from a maximum of 80 MHz up to 160 MHz modes. Secondly, the denser modulation, now using 256-QAM, it has the ability to increase the data rates up to 7 Gbps using an 8×8 multiple input multiple output (MIMO). Finally, it provides high resolution for both narrow and medium bandwidth channels. This work presents a study to improve the performance of IEEE 802.11ac based WLAN system.
Cellular networks versus mobile adhoc networks, mobile adhoc network enabling technologies, Challenges in MANET, MANET, History of Mobile Networks, Mobile Networks, Future Research areas in WLANs, challenges in wireless networks, HomeRF, Bluetooth, HiperLAN ½, Operation modes of 802.11, Different 802.11standards, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standard:, Wireless LAN Standards, Diffused Configuration, Omni directional Configuration, Direct beam Configuration, Narrowband microwave LANs, Spread spectrum LANs, Infrared (IR) LANs , Types of Wireless LANs, History of Wireless LAN.
Data Transmission Analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz Frequency IJECEIAES
In the recent years, the data communication system become the main type of communication in the world. The FSK modulator or demodulator is one of the part that becomes the most important part and extremely advanced with the involvement of microwave active and passive circuits. This paper presents the data transmission analysis using MW-5000 at 5.8 GHz frequency. This experiment use the microwave communication module MW5000 that is available in electronic laboratory. From this experiment the duration taken for the transmission of data is depend on the length of sentence and the value of baud rate.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11ac based WLAN in wireless communication sy...IJECEIAES
IEEE 802.11ac based wireless local area network (WLAN) is emerging WiFi standard at 5 GHz, it is new gigabit-per-second standard providing premium services. IEEE 802.11ac accomplishes its crude speed increment by pushing on three distinct measurements firstly is more channel holding, expanded from a maximum of 80 MHz up to 160 MHz modes. Secondly, the denser modulation, now using 256-QAM, it has the ability to increase the data rates up to 7 Gbps using an 8×8 multiple input multiple output (MIMO). Finally, it provides high resolution for both narrow and medium bandwidth channels. This work presents a study to improve the performance of IEEE 802.11ac based WLAN system.
Cellular networks versus mobile adhoc networks, mobile adhoc network enabling technologies, Challenges in MANET, MANET, History of Mobile Networks, Mobile Networks, Future Research areas in WLANs, challenges in wireless networks, HomeRF, Bluetooth, HiperLAN ½, Operation modes of 802.11, Different 802.11standards, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standard:, Wireless LAN Standards, Diffused Configuration, Omni directional Configuration, Direct beam Configuration, Narrowband microwave LANs, Spread spectrum LANs, Infrared (IR) LANs , Types of Wireless LANs, History of Wireless LAN.
Wireless networks are accessible to anyone within the router’s transmission radius. This makes them vulnerable to attacks. Hotspots are available in public places such as airports, restaurants, parks, etc.
In this module, we will introduce you to common techniques used to exploit weaknesses in wireless network security implementations. We will also look at some of the countermeasures you can put in place to protect against such attacks.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IEEE's 802 standards are not always the most intuitive to navigate. Browse through our guide to quickly familiarize yourself with the different standards that pertain to networking.
The performance of wireless sensor network (WSN)
can be effect by interference. The many devices in network
capable of causing interference and this can cause dropping
packets or block the transmission channel. In this paper we study
how manage the interference in WSN. This managing can be
done by flow control and power level control. We used
heterogeneous collaborative network nodes like PIC
microcontroller, ARM microcontroller and Personal Computer
(PC) to build our network. Also we assign priority level for each
node to allow the node with high priority to manage the flow and
power level of other node within same network and same used
channel. The time synchronization required due to different
nodes used. The protocol used for time synchronization is
Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN).
This paper presents a comparative study of IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n wireless LAN standards in an ELearning classroom network using adhoc networks as communication support. The evaluation is performed through a series of scenarios schematizing communication between students and practitioners in an educational context. The first objective is to plan the physical layer via the choice of the suitable transmission standard that satisfy the implementation specifications. Given the real-time traffic considered, a good traffic transmission must be ensured.
Wireless networks are accessible to anyone within the router’s transmission radius. This makes them vulnerable to attacks. Hotspots are available in public places such as airports, restaurants, parks, etc.
In this module, we will introduce you to common techniques used to exploit weaknesses in wireless network security implementations. We will also look at some of the countermeasures you can put in place to protect against such attacks.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IEEE's 802 standards are not always the most intuitive to navigate. Browse through our guide to quickly familiarize yourself with the different standards that pertain to networking.
The performance of wireless sensor network (WSN)
can be effect by interference. The many devices in network
capable of causing interference and this can cause dropping
packets or block the transmission channel. In this paper we study
how manage the interference in WSN. This managing can be
done by flow control and power level control. We used
heterogeneous collaborative network nodes like PIC
microcontroller, ARM microcontroller and Personal Computer
(PC) to build our network. Also we assign priority level for each
node to allow the node with high priority to manage the flow and
power level of other node within same network and same used
channel. The time synchronization required due to different
nodes used. The protocol used for time synchronization is
Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN).
This paper presents a comparative study of IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n wireless LAN standards in an ELearning classroom network using adhoc networks as communication support. The evaluation is performed through a series of scenarios schematizing communication between students and practitioners in an educational context. The first objective is to plan the physical layer via the choice of the suitable transmission standard that satisfy the implementation specifications. Given the real-time traffic considered, a good traffic transmission must be ensured.
Wireless Data Communication Techniques to Coordinate Distributed Rooftop PVs ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A necessity of the availability of communication network to provide data transfer amongst the
coordinated single-phase rooftop photovoltaic (PV) in unbalanced three-phase low voltage (LV) feeder is
essential since fetching data within the sensor of each PV unit requires real-time measurement and
reliable data exchange within smart grid (SG), loads and other PV units. The main objective of this paper is
to model the popular Wi-Fi, WiMax and ZigBee wireless data communication techniques into algorithms
using numerical analysis. Those communication technologies have low cost and low power consumption.
The benefits and drawbacks of those considered wireless data communications are shown as the required
data that transferred and appropriate coding is also proposed. The number of transmitted symbols and the
processing time delay of the proposed data coding are numerically analyzed, the results indicated that the
100% penetration level of PV that resulted higher injected reactive power back into the networks is able to
be overcome since the coordinated PVs along the feeder is communicating to lower the unbalanced
voltage profile.
EFFECT OF INTER PACKET DELAY IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF COEXISTENCE HETEROGEN...IJNSA Journal
As the explosive growth of the ISM band usage continues, there are many scenarios where different systems operate in the same place at the same time. One of growing concerns is the coexistence of heterogeneous wireless network systems. For the successful deployment of mission-critical systems such as wireless sensor networks, it is required to provide a solution for the coexistence. In this paper, we propose a new scheme using inter packet delay for the coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 LRWPAN and IEEE 802.11b WLAN. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, measurement and simulation study are conducted using Qualnet 4.5 simulation software. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is effective in performance improvement for coexistence network of IEEE 802.15.4 for varioustopologies.
IEEE 802 Standard Network’s Comparison under Grid and Random Node Arrangement...Eswar Publications
The IEEE 802 standard well-known as 802.11 called as Wi-Fi network, 802.15.4 called as ZigBee or sensor network and 802.15.1 called as Bluetooth network. The network such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi works in 2.4 GHz ISM band. All the above networks works in same ISM band of 2.4 GHz, but the performance of the network varies. The performance of simulation depends upon the coverage area, data rates, and power consumption in each network. The heterogeneous network performances is evaluated with static and mobility model in random and grid node placement by varying the traffic loads of one CBR and with five CBR for each network. The
simulation result is compared in terms of jitter, average end to end delay and throughput to analyze the network performance in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. IEEE 802.11 network shows the low jitter and delay value with high throughput compared with sensor network.
1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
25
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 802.11b AND 802.11g
NETWORK
1
T. K. Alumona; 2
Chiedozie O. Eze; 3
Christian I. Eze; 4
Akemu Efe N.
1
Nnamdi Azikiwe University/Electronic and Computer Engineering, Awka, Nigeria.
Email: hontheo1@yahoo.com
2
Nnamdi Azikiwe University/Electronic and Computer Engineering, Awka, Nigeria.
Email: dozzycol@yahoo.co.uk
3
Nnamdi Azikiwe University/Electronic and Computer Engineering, Awka, Nigeria.
Email: christeze95@yahoo.com
[
4
National Open University of Nigeria/ School of Science and Technology.
Email: hisawonder@gmail.com
Abstract
Recent advances in wireless technology has led to the introduction of new devices utilizing the 2.4GHz industrial
scientific and medical (ISM) unlicensed band traditionally used by Wireless LANS (WLAN). The increasing
demand of higher data rate in WLANs has prompted the continual emergence of different 802.11 protocols with
increased performance. Interoperability and coexistence between these networks become key issues and must be
catered for, to guarantee satisfactory performance of both networks. 802.11 refer to a family of specifications
developed by the International Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineering (IEEE) for wireless LAN
technology. IEEE accepted the specification for 802.11 in 1997. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has
become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and the increasing popularity of laptop computers.
WLAN is based on IEEE 802.11 standard and is also known as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) [1]. In this paper, the
comparative analysis of IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g networks are x-rayed.
KEYWORDS: 802.11b, 802.11g, WLAN, IEEE, OFDM, LRWPANS, Wireless Fidelity, Wireless Medium
Access Control, Physical Layer.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The 802.11 standard specifies wireless LANs that provide up to 2 Mbps of transmission speed and operate in the
2.4−GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band using either frequency−hopping spread spectrum
(FHSS) or direct−sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). The IEEE approved this standard in 1997. The standard
defines a physical layer (PHY), a medium access control (MAC) layer, the security primitives, and the basic
operation modes [2].
IEEE 802.11b is an extension to 802.11 that operates at speeds up to 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to
5.5, 2, and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4−GHz band and uses only DSSS. IEEE 802.11b is also known as 802.11 high rate
or wireless fidelity (Wi−Fi) [3].
The 802.11g standard operates in the 2.4−GHz band and provides speeds up to 54 Mbps (with a fallback to 48,
36, 24, 18, 11, 5.5, 2, and 1 Mbps). The 802.11g differs from 802.11b because it can optionally use OFDM
(802.11g draft mandates that OFDM be used for speeds above 20 Mbps).
1.1 IMPORTANTS OF STANDARDS
Standards are a set of specifications that all manufacturers must follow in order for their products to be
compatible. This is important to insure interoperability between devices in the market. Standards may provide
some optional requirements that individual manufacturers may or may not implement in their products.
2. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
26
2.0 THE PROTOCOL OVERVIEW
2.1 IEEE 802.11b
In 1995, the Federal Communications Commission allocated several bands of wireless spectrum for use without
a license. The FCC stipulated that the use of spread spectrum technology would be required in any devices. In
1990, the IEEE began exploring a standard. In 1997, the 802.11 standard was ratified but is now obsolete.
The 802.11b standard has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same media access method defined
in the original standard. 802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since 802.11b is a direct
extension of the modulation technique defined in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of
802.11b (compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid
acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.
Devices using 802.11b experience interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Devices
operating in the 2.4 GHz range include microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors, cordless telephones
and some amateur radio equipment.
802.11b is a Wi-Fi standard developed by the IEEE for transmitting data over a wireless network. It operates on
a 2.4 GHz band and allows for wireless data transfers up to 11 Mbps.
2.2 IEEE 802.11g
The IEEE 802.11 standard defines both the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols
for WLANs [4]. The standard operates in a total of 14 channels available in the 2.4-GHz band, numbered 1 to
14, each with a bandwidth of 22MHz and a channel separation of 5MHz. This channel mapping can be seen in
figure 3. WLAN output powers are typically around 20dBm and operate within a 100m range.
In 2003, the IEEE ratified the 802.11g standard with a maximum theoretical data rate of 54 megabits per second
(Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. As signal strength weakens due to increased distance, attenuation (signal loss)
through obstacles or high noise in the frequency band, the data rate automatically adjusts to lower rates
(54/48/36/24/12/9/6 Mbps) to maintain the connection.
Fig.2.0: Maximum throughput for IEEE 802.11g
3. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
27
2.3 Spectral masks for 802.11g
Since the spectral mask only defines power output restrictions up to ±11 MHz from the center frequency to be
attenuated by −50 dBr, it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits. It
is more correct to say that, given the separation between channels, the overlapping signal on any channel should
be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel. Due to the near-far
problem a transmitter can impact a receiver on a "non-overlapping" channel, but only if it is close to the victim
receiver (within a meter) or operating above allowed power levels.
Confusion often arises over the amount of channel separation required between transmitting devices. 802.11b
was based on DSSS modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth of 22 MHz, resulting in three "non-
overlapping" channels (1, 6, and 11). 802.11g was based on OFDM modulation and utilized a channel bandwidth
of 20 MHz. This occasionally leads to the belief that four "non-overlapping" channels (1, 5, 9 and 13) exist
under 802.11g, although this is not the case as per 17.4.6.3 Channel Numbering of operating channels of the
IEEE Std 802.11 (2012) which states "In a multiple cell network topology, overlapping and/or adjacent cells
using different channels can operate simultaneously without interference if the distance between the center
frequencies is at least 25 MHz and section 18.3.9.3 and Figure 18-13.
This does not mean that the technical overlap of the channels recommends the non-use of overlapping channels.
The amount of interference seen on a 1, 5, 9, and 13 channel configuration can have very small difference from a
three channel configuration and in the paper entitled "Effect of adjacent-channel interference in IEEE 802.11
WLANs" by Villegas this is also demonstrated.
Fig. 2.1: Spectral masks for 802.11g channels 1 – 14 in the 2.4 GHz band
3.0 COMPARISON OF THE NETWORK
3.1 Differences between 802.11b and 802.11g networks
When both 802.11b and 802.11g clients are connected to an 802.11g router, the 802.11g clients will have a lower
data rate but if they are connected to separate routers, the data rate of 802.11g becomes higher. Many routers
provide the option of allowing mixed 802.11b/g clients or they may be set to either 802.11b or 802.11g clients
only.
802.11b devices control their interference and susceptibility to interference by using direct-sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) method while 802.11g devices controls theirs using orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) signalling method.
Their speed of data transfer within a local network differs; 802.11g is faster and can support data transfer rates
up to 54 Mbps while 802.11b can only support up to 11 Mbps.
4. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
28
Table 3.0: A comparison of 802.11b and g LAN Standards
Standard Maximum
Data Rate
(Mbps)
Typical
Throughput
(Mbps)
Operating
Frequency
Band
Maximum
Non Overlapping
Channels
(Americas)
802.11b 11 6.5 2.4 GHz 3 *1
802.11g 54 8 (Mixed b/g)
25 (Only 802.11g)
2.4 GHz 3 *1
3.2 Similarities between 802.11b and 802.11g networks
Both 802.11b and 802.11g devices use the 2.4 GHz ISM band, operating in the United States under Part 15 of
the U.S. Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations. Because of this choice of frequency
band, 802.11b and g equipments may occasionally suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless
telephones and Bluetooth devices.
3.3 802.11b Limitations
802.11b is haunted by the possibility of interference in the 2.4−GHz frequency band in which it operates.
However, the 2.4−GHz frequency is already crowded and will soon be more so. An even greater threat to
802.11b stability is just around the corner. Blue−tooth, the short−range wireless networking standard, which also
operates in the 2.4−GHz range, is slated to coexist with wireless LANs. Bluetooth is not bothered a bit by
802.11b signals, but not vice versa. Depending on the proximity and number of devices, Bluetooth can have a
negative impact on the performance of an 802.11b connection due to electromagnetic interference caused by the
Bluetooth devices. Fig -1 shows the bit error rate versus Es/N0 at different data rate for 802.11b extension. The
bit error rates for different data rate are shown in table-2.
3.4 802.11g Limitations
Though 802.11g devices would provide higher speed than the currently available 802.11b devices, it still suffers
the interference issue with other devices operating in the same RF band; primarily the Bluetooth devices. [5]
3.5 The channel Assignments of 802.11b and 802.11g networks
The IEEE channel assignments for the two standards, i.e. 802.11b and 802.11g are shown in the table
below in a detailed form.
5. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.5, No.10, 2014
29
Table 3.1 IEEE channel Assignments for 802.11b/g
Channel Frequency Band
(GHz)
Channel Center
Frequency (GHz)
FCC – Americas ETSI (Europe)
1 2.401 2.423 2.412 X X
2 2.406 2.428 2.417 X X
3 2.411 2.433 2.422 X X
4 2.416 2.438 2.427 X X
5 2.421 2.443 2.432 X X
6 2.426 2.448 2.437 X X
7 2.431 2.453 2.442 X X
8 2.436 2.458 2.447 X X
9 2.441 2.463 2.452 X X
10 2.446 2.468 2.457 X X
11 2.451 2.473 2.462 X X
12 2.456 2.478 2.467 X
13 2.461 2.483 2.472 X
14 2.473 2.495 2.484
Fig 3.0: Graphical representation of Wi-Fi channels in the 2.4GHz band
4.0 Conclusion
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) certified a new standard, 802.11g, by merging two
incompatible wireless networking standards 802.11b (goes far but not fast) and 802.11a (goes fast but not far).
The new "g" standard has a 150-foot range, and the top speed is 54 Mbps
7. Business, Economics, Finance and Management Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Journal of Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Journal of Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Advances in Life Science and Technology ALST@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Journal of Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org
Journal of New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Journal of Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org
8. The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event management.
The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following
page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those
inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version of the journals is also
available upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek
EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar