The document presents a detailed overview of various wireless communication technologies, focusing on Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band (UWB). It highlights Bluetooth's advantages of low cost and power consumption, while discussing its limitations such as range and data rate compared to 802.11 standards. Additionally, it covers UWB's high data capacity, potential for low power applications, and challenges with GPS interference, alongside Zigbee's role in the wireless market as a low-power, cost-effective alternative for network connectivity.

1. IEEE 802 Organization
LAN/MAN Standards Committee (Wireless Areas)
WLAN™ WPAN™ WMAN™ MBWA
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.20
802.15.1
“Bluetooth”
802.15.2
Coexistence
802.15.3 Task Group 3a
“High Data Rate” MAC &
Alt PHY (UWB)
2.4 GHz PHY
802.15.4 Study Group 4a
“Zigbee” 2.4 GHz (UWB?)

3. What is Bluetooth?
• Open Standard for Short Range Wireless Connectivity
• Designed for Transmitting Data and Audio Wirelessly
• Uses Radio Frequency (RF) Technology in the Unlicensed 2.4Ghz ISM
Frequency Band.
• Initial Target Applications include PC & PDA Peripherals, Wireless Audio
& Data, Data Synchronization, In-Vehicle (Telematics)
• Future Applications include Wireless Access Points, Healthcare,
Industrial Applications, Cordless Telephony, Smart Appliances,
Entertainment – Wireless Gaming.
• Provides for Ad Hoc device Connection and Service Discovery
• Promises Lower Power Consumption and Lower Cost per Node Than
Competing Wireless Technologies

4. Why Bluetooth?
• More Robust than Infrared (IrDA).
– RF based, not limited to line-of-sight.
– Supports 10 meter range (class 2), versus 1 meter.
• Power Consumption
– Bluetooth provides several classes of operation that
provide significant power advantages over other
wireless alternatives such as 802.11
• Projected to be Less Costly Than 802.11 & HomeRF.
– 802.11 & HRF estimate is > $25 per node, Bluetooth
target is < $ 5 when embedded in volume.
– Bluetooth costs will start declining sharply 1st half
2003.

5. Why Not Bluetooth?
• Range
– 802.11 WLAN & Home RF provide greater connection
distance
• Data Rate
– Bluetooth today provides 1Mbps raw data rate,
lower than competing technologies, 802.11b
(11Mbps), 802.11a (54Mbps)
• Hyped expectations have damaged its credibility
• Available 2 years latter than expected
• Interoperability problems with early products
• Interference from other products in the ISM band
• Future Technologies Promise Lower Power, Lower Latency
– wireless USB

6. Summary
• Bluetooth got off to a slow start but Momentum is Building
• Key Revenue Generators Today are Audio related (Headsets &
In-Vehicle Applications) and Data Related
• Currently 819 Qualified Products listed on the SIG web site,
more added daily
• For Further BT V1.1 Specification and Profile details, go to
www.bluetooth.com

7. Ultra Wide Band

8. Range and Data Rate

9. Introduction
• What is UWB?
– A series of very short baseband pulses with time
duration in nano-seconds that exist on ALL
frequencies simultaneously, like a blast of
electrical Noise.
• Synonyms:
– Non-sinusoidal Communication Technology
– Impulse Radio
– Baseband Pulse Technology

10. Large Relative (and Absolute) Bandwidth
Narrowband (30kHz)
Part 15 Limit
Wideband CDMA (5 MHz) ( -41.3dBm/Hz )
UWB (Several GHz)
Frequency
• UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where
RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
– Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
– Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total
– UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible
random noise to conventional radios

11. Why is UWB attractive?
– Capacity: a channel is linearly proportional to its
bandwidth. UWB can go up to 2 Giga-Hz in bandwidth.
• Spread spectrum: transmission in which the data sequence
occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth
necessary to send it. It uses only several frequencies, one at a
time.
• Successor to spread spectrum: UWB uses every frequency there is,
use them all at same time.
– Simplicity: it’s essentially a base-band system (Carrier
free), for which the analog front-end complexity is far less
than that for a traditional sinusoidal radio. (See Figures at
next page.)

12. Why is UWB attractive?
• 7.5 Ghz of “free spectrum” in the U.S.
– FCC recently legalized UWB for commercial use
– Spectrum allocation overlays existing users, but its allowed
power level is very low to minimize interference
• Very high data rates possible
– 500 Mbps can be achieved at distances of 10 feet under current
regulations
• “Moore’s Law Radio”
– Data rate scales with the shorter pulse widths made possible
with ever faster CMOS circuits
• Simple CMOS transmitters at very low power
– Suitable for battery-operated devices
– Low power is CMOS friendly

13. Pros
• High data capacity.
– Multiple Access provided by time hopping scheme. Can support close to 30,000
users at 19.2kbps with BER of 10-3 or a 6 users system with a peak speed of
50mbps.
• Low power.
– Transmitting at microwatts (one tenth thousandth power of cell phone) results in very low
harmful interference to other radio systems. Usually below the noise floor and
undetectable.
– Longer battery life for mobile devices.
• Resilient to distortions and fading (Great for indoor usage).
– Spread spectrum property overcomes frequency selective fading.
– High information redundancy and frequency diversity provides protection
against multi-path distortion.
• Simplicity translate to lower hardware cost.
– No carrier frequency translate analog front-end has simpler implementation
than traditional sinusoidal radio.
• Security
– UWB is inherently secure: Only a receiver that knows the schedule of the
transmitter can assemble the apparently random pulses into a coherent
message.

14. Cons
• Interference with GPS.
– Global positioning satellite currently have more than 10 million users and it’s
primarily applications are used for the safety of public. (I.e. aircraft flight and
approach guidance.) UWB presents a problem to GPS because their frequency
overlaps, and GPS signal is particular sensitive to interference (It as SNR level
around –164 dBW.)
• Limited on range
– Output power is limited in order to keep down the noise floor due to its
overlapping frequency bandwidth with other radio systems.
• One kilometer with high gain antenna.
• Ten to twenty meter with regular antenna.
• Affects on economy and current businesses.
– Speculations on UWB making current billion dollar FCC licensed frequencies
worthless.
– Increased competition for local cable or phone company. Making their existent
investments on cable and equipments obsolete.
• Side Note.
– FCC adopted a First Report and Order that permits the marketing and operation of
certain types of new products incorporating UWB technology, Feb 14,2002.
– Biggest loser: Increase the noise floor level for radio astronomer.

15. Possible Research Topics for
UWB
• UWB as WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3a)
currently, debating with PHY layer and MAC layer
- optimal MAC vs. 802.15.3 MAC vs. 802.11a MAC
- QOS scheduling algorithm for multimedia stream
- Interoperability with 802.11, Bluetooth, wired LAN, sensor network(?)
- security policy
• UWB as Localization device (in sensor network or other mobile node)
- optimal localization protocol in ad hoc network
(task dispatching between UWB and RF unit)
- security issue
• UWB as alternate RF component (in sensor network or other mobile
node)
- optimal MAC
- routing algorithm
- QOS scheduling

17. Wireless USB Vision

18. Physical Design
• Features of wUWB
– Speed/Range
• Scaleable speeds up over 1 Gbps
• Currently 480 Mbps at 3 m; 110 Mbps at 10 m
– Frequency: 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz
• Divided into 14 bands; 5 groups
– Each band is 528 MHz wide
– OFDM symbols are interleaved across all bands
– Provides protection against multi-path / interference

19. Physical Design
• Features of wUWB (cont.)
– Frequency: 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz (cont.)
• Band Groups 1 & 2: Longer range apps
• Bands Groups 3 & 4: Shorter range apps
• Bands can be turned off to accommodate for conflicts or for
regulations

20. Physical Design
Features of wUWB (cont.)
- Power
• Power is limited due
to usage of wide spectrum
• Low power for mobile
devices and minimum
interference
• Max output to
-41.3 dBm/MHz

21. Wireless USB Connection
Design
• Host/Slave Connection
– Similar to wired USB (127 devices; host is PC)
– Each host forms a cluster
– Clusters can coexist with minimum interference
• Power Management
– Sleep/Listen/Wake
used to conserve
power
– Tx/Rx power
management

22. Issues/Problems
• Interference Issues
– Potential conflict to devices on same frequencies
– “Detect and Avoid”
• Wisair’s solution to detect other frequencies
• Switches to frequencies not being used
– Conflict issues are more of a concern for wireless USB devices being
overpowered
• Competing Standards
– Cable-Free USB (Freescale)
– USB-Implementers Forum (Intel, HP, Microsoft)

23. Concluding Thoughts
• Appears well designed; good support
• Slow start of products
– Will it really catch on?
– More products need to be developed
• Promises a lot; will it deliver?
• Security is very important

24. Zig Bee

25. Market Application Landscape
Graphics Hi-Fi Digital
Text Internet audio Streaming video Multi-channel
video video
WAN
Long Range
GSM/CDMA GPRS/3G LMDS
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi5
802.11b LAN
802.11a/HL2
Short Range
ZigBee Bluetooth 2
802.15.4 WiMedia
Bluetooth 1 802.15.3
802.15.1 PAN
Low Data Rate High Data Rate

26. Why ZigBee?
• Standard in a fragmented market
– Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues
• Low Power consumption
– Users expect battery to last months to years!
• Low Cost
• High density of nodes per network
• Simple protocol, global implementation

27. ZigBee vs Bluetooth
Competition or Complementary?

28. But ZigBee is
Bluetooth is Best Better
For : IF :
• Ad-hoc networks between • The Network is static
capable devices • Lots of devices
• Handsfree audio • Infrequently used
• Screen graphics, pictures… • Small Data Packets
• File transfer

29. Timing Considerations
ZigBee:
• New slave enumeration = 30ms typically
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically
• Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically
Bluetooth:
• New slave enumeration = >3s
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically
• Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically
ZigBee protocol is optimized for timing critical applications