Residents in Ăsthammar Municipality have differing perspectives on the causes of eutrophication in the coastal inlets. While some agree that increased vegetation and poor water quality are issues, residents disagree on the root causes. Proposed solutions like wetlands and aluminum addition face uncertainty over costs and effects. A lack of consistent information and mutual understanding between actors has led to confusion and distrust of the municipality. A conceptual model outlines participatory processes to build common definition and trust through open discussion between residents and authorities.
This document summarizes the key issues around allocating environmental water requirements for Lake Urmia in Iran using an ecohydrological approach. It discusses how declining water levels in the lake due to human and climatic factors have led to a national outcry. A multi-stakeholder process was established to allocate water among the three provinces sharing the lake basin. After 21 months of discussions, a water allocation decision was reached for the first time based on stakeholder involvement and transparency. However, technical uncertainties remained an issue during the process. Further analysis of ethical and cultural perspectives was recommended to better inform water allocation decisions.
The document discusses issues with sewage treatment in Youngstown, Ohio that have led to environmental problems. It provides background on the history of sewage systems being built through local parks in 1919. Recent heavy rains in 2015 caused over 100,000 gallons of raw sewage to overflow into lakes, causing high E. coli levels and fish kills. Studies from 1999-2002 found the water quality in local rivers and lakes violated EPA standards due to overflows from sewage treatment plants. The city was under a federal consent decree from 2002 to address the problems, but was unable to afford the estimated $310 million in upgrades required. A new policy, the Clean Water Affordability Act, aims to make the upgrades more affordable for the city
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Â
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Â
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Our project will study the effects of stream restoration practices, J hook and cross vane, on polluted rivers and streams in the Great Lakes Basin area of Wisconsin. Specifically, we will implement these practices on the Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menominee rivers and study their impact on fish populations like trout. The methodology involves initial studies of water pollution and fish, applying the restoration structures, further evaluation, and a final report. The goal is to better understand how these techniques affect habitats and wildlife in order to inform future conservation efforts.
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility - The Challenges of Transbo...Klangpanya
Â
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asiaâs decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the riverâs ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
Climate Change Impacts on the Goals of the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary...Sabrina Ramkhelawan
Â
This document summarizes a report submitted to the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program (HEP) that analyzes how climate change may impact the goals of HEP's 2011-2015 Action Plan. The report was produced by students at Barnard College. It first outlines HEP's five main goals: clean up pollution; improve habitat and ecology; increase public access; support an economically viable port; and increase public education. It then identifies four key climate stressors - increasing temperature, precipitation, sea level, and extreme weather. Much of the report analyzes how each goal may be vulnerable to these stressors, such as higher pollution from more extreme rainfall, changes in habitats from rising seas and temperatures, and threats to the
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
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This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
This document summarizes the key issues around allocating environmental water requirements for Lake Urmia in Iran using an ecohydrological approach. It discusses how declining water levels in the lake due to human and climatic factors have led to a national outcry. A multi-stakeholder process was established to allocate water among the three provinces sharing the lake basin. After 21 months of discussions, a water allocation decision was reached for the first time based on stakeholder involvement and transparency. However, technical uncertainties remained an issue during the process. Further analysis of ethical and cultural perspectives was recommended to better inform water allocation decisions.
The document discusses issues with sewage treatment in Youngstown, Ohio that have led to environmental problems. It provides background on the history of sewage systems being built through local parks in 1919. Recent heavy rains in 2015 caused over 100,000 gallons of raw sewage to overflow into lakes, causing high E. coli levels and fish kills. Studies from 1999-2002 found the water quality in local rivers and lakes violated EPA standards due to overflows from sewage treatment plants. The city was under a federal consent decree from 2002 to address the problems, but was unable to afford the estimated $310 million in upgrades required. A new policy, the Clean Water Affordability Act, aims to make the upgrades more affordable for the city
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Â
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Â
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Our project will study the effects of stream restoration practices, J hook and cross vane, on polluted rivers and streams in the Great Lakes Basin area of Wisconsin. Specifically, we will implement these practices on the Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menominee rivers and study their impact on fish populations like trout. The methodology involves initial studies of water pollution and fish, applying the restoration structures, further evaluation, and a final report. The goal is to better understand how these techniques affect habitats and wildlife in order to inform future conservation efforts.
Trends in Social and Environmental Responsibility - The Challenges of Transbo...Klangpanya
Â
The Mekong River is essential to the livelihoods of more than 260 million people in China and Southeast Asia and supports plentiful and varied ecosystems. However, Southeast Asiaâs decades long period of economic growth has increased the demand on water and energy resources in the region. This has put the Mekong River on the spot as a primary water and hydropower source in the region. Consequent construction of dams and other interventions in the riverâs ecosystem has led to physical changes in the Mekong River Basin over the last five to ten years. These Interventions in the river system has raised various concerns for policy makers and environmental conservationists alike. However, there is little agreement among experts and policy makers on the primary causes of these changes and the transboundary nature of the Mekong River complicates the search for sustainable solutions. This report aims to shed light on the impact of the changing Mekong River on Thailand and the intricate causes for its change through interviews with experts and locals in affected areas. Based on this analysis the report further makes recommendations for ways forward that ensure the inclusive and sustainable development of the Mekong River basin.
Climate Change Impacts on the Goals of the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary...Sabrina Ramkhelawan
Â
This document summarizes a report submitted to the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program (HEP) that analyzes how climate change may impact the goals of HEP's 2011-2015 Action Plan. The report was produced by students at Barnard College. It first outlines HEP's five main goals: clean up pollution; improve habitat and ecology; increase public access; support an economically viable port; and increase public education. It then identifies four key climate stressors - increasing temperature, precipitation, sea level, and extreme weather. Much of the report analyzes how each goal may be vulnerable to these stressors, such as higher pollution from more extreme rainfall, changes in habitats from rising seas and temperatures, and threats to the
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
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This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
Â
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
This document discusses how human activities have significantly impacted rivers throughout history by using, diverting, depleting, and polluting their waters. It notes that to understand the impacts on the Los Angeles River specifically, one must understand both the water sources in its watershed and how human development in the Los Angeles area has altered the river's natural hydrology over time through channelization, concretization, and diversion of its flows. The growth of Los Angeles has dramatically changed the river from its natural state and affected the quality and quantity of water it carries.
Paleoecology and paleolimnology study ancient environments and inland waterways by examining sediments from lakes and wetlands. Sediments contain remains that provide clues about past climate, vegetation, and human impacts. Studies show wetlands expanded during warm, wet periods and contracted in cool, dry periods. While vegetation can impact wetland landscapes over time, wetlands remain stable ecosystems rather than progressing to forest climax communities as suggested by early theories of plant succession.
Kynan Witters Hicks, Global Perspectives Capstone, April 2014 -- Final DraftKynan Witters-Hicks
Â
This document provides a capstone research paper on transboundary water sharing between riparian states. It begins with an introduction to the importance of rivers and the history of water management. It then presents a theoretical framework and case studies of the Danube River Basin and Mekong River Basin. For the Danube, the context includes strong European political integration and legal structures for management. However, challenges remain at local levels due to shifting responsibilities and funding issues. Overall, the degree of sustainability achieved depends on both contextual factors and implementation of integrated water resource management principles.
Rate of sediment yield in the conveyance canals of kano river irrigation proj...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in the conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in northwestern Nigeria. Five canals were sampled to analyze sediment texture, suspended sediment concentration, canal discharge rates, and the impact of sediment accumulation. Testing found the sediment deposits mainly consisted of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. Canal discharge rates had reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. Factors like poor farming practices, tractor movement in canals, and lack of maintenance were found to contribute to increased sedimentation, highlighting the need for regular dissilting and cleaning of canals.
Rate of sediment yield in the conveyance canals of kano river irrigation proj...Alexander Decker
Â
This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in Nigeria. Five canals were sampled and tested for sediment texture, suspended sediments, and changes in water discharge over time. Testing found that the canal sediments consisted mostly of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. While statistical tests found no significant difference in design discharge versus current discharge, discharge had actually reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. High sedimentation is thought to be due to factors like farm vehicle traffic in canals, poor irrigation practices, and lack of maintenance. Regular dissilting and cleaning of
Experimental Study on the Settling Velocity of
Coastal Mud in Quiescent Water: The Case of
Huangmaohai Estuary, South China Sea by Dong XU in Examines in Marine Biology and Oceanography: Open Access
This document discusses developing a water quality management plan for restoring the Manawatu River in New Zealand. The river suffers from poor water quality due to agricultural runoff containing nutrients, pathogens, and sediments. A management plan is needed to identify sources of pollution, set water quality targets, and implement restoration strategies. Strategies may include planting riparian buffers, upgrading wastewater treatment, and improving farm management practices to filter runoff before it reaches waterways. The goal is to improve the river's water quality and ecological health while balancing economic needs. Public involvement will also be important for the plan's success.
This document describes a numerical study of hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport in the Cua Lo and Cua Hoi estuaries in Vietnam. A two-dimensional model was developed, calibrated, and verified to investigate hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphological changes under the influence of tides, river discharge, and seasonal monsoon winds and waves. Model results show opposite nearshore currents between the northeast and southeast monsoons and indicate wave climate is the main control of sediment transport. Sediment transport patterns between the two estuaries are influenced by an island and headland between them.
This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
This document has been prepared by the Agham Advocates of Science& Technology for the People (AGHAM) to aid local communities threatened by dam projects. This reference document contain information and tools that can be used by the community to have a better understanding of dams and make informed decisions how to collectively approach the dam project in their area. This guide is not exhaustive and complete, but centers on basic questions to learn more about the dam project in the area and to guide further research.
This document discusses a case study of sites along the Merri Creek in Australia before it meets the Yarra River. Due to geological processes over time, there is an extensive valley landscape with escarpments, gullies, cliffs and spurs of varying steepness governed by water movement. The area was historically important to Aboriginal people and then used for pastoralism and agriculture. It now serves recreational and transportation purposes and shows signs of human impact like litter.
151111 Abstract - DB Sediments - 6th Arab-German Energy ForumDietrich Bartelt
Â
This document discusses sustainable water storage and sediment management in reservoirs. It notes that sedimentation reduces global water storage capacity by around 1% each year, costing billions to address. The ConSedTrans process aims to restore natural sediment transport continuity while maintaining reservoir capacity. It involves continuously transferring sediments from areas of deposition within reservoirs to areas where flows allow natural downstream transfer, using automated vessels. This avoids problems from blocking sediment transport while meeting EU directives on achieving good water status. It is a cost-effective, scalable, and sustainable approach to managing sediments in reservoirs and rivers.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
This document provides an overview of a regional meeting on water issues in the Mediterranean basin that was held in Nicosia, North Cyprus from October 9-11, 2008. Over 150 scientists from 44 countries participated in the meeting and discussed water-related problems in the region across four main topics and various subtopics. The meeting included paper presentations, roundtable discussions, and a final plenary session to summarize findings. The goal of the meeting was to contribute to worldwide efforts to address water challenges in the Mediterranean region through cooperation and knowledge sharing.
The document discusses water sensitive cities and towns. It notes that population growth, climate change, and economic pressures pose challenges for water management. A water sensitive city aims to provide diverse water sources, protect ecosystems, and engage communities in sustainable water practices. Case studies from Hebei Province, China show how urbanization impacts water systems through increased impermeable surfaces and pollution. Strategies proposed include green roofs, permeable paving, rain gardens, and stormwater management to filter and infiltrate water on-site.
CCAA IRIS - Water and-sanitation-projectShawn Lennie
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This document summarizes an environmental water and sanitation project in the Maxaquene A neighborhood of Maputo, Mozambique. The neighborhood faces issues with access to potable water and sanitation. Black waters from rain often flood the low-lying area, potentially spreading illness. The water distribution system has many leak points where water is lost. The project aims to analyze the water supply system, assess access to potable water, identify leak points and their causes, and evaluate measures to minimize black waters. Through surveys, interviews and observation, the project will work to increase community awareness of water issues and promote more sustainable water use and management. The expected results include greater community involvement in problem-solving and the adoption of new policies to
Dams have several ecological impacts:
1. They can spread diseases by creating habitats for disease-carrying animals like mosquitoes and snails.
2. They often require resettlement of nearby populations, disrupting communities and livelihoods.
3. Dams block sediment flow and damage aquatic ecosystems downstream by preventing nutrient transport.
A Gaming Exercise To Explore Problem-Solving Versus Relational Activities For...Faith Brown
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This gaming exercise explores problem-solving and relational activities for river floodplain manage-
ment. The Floodplain Management Game was developed using a system dynamics model to simulate
floodplain agriculture. The game allows players like water managers and farmers to test new policies
for floods and droughts. It facilitates both technical problem-solving and social learning about stakeholder decision-making. In trials, the game proved useful for participants to experience challenges of
floodplain policymaking and for scientists to study decision-making.
The Electoral College How It W. Online assignment writing service.Kathryn Patel
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The main regulations for establishing a childcare centre require registering with the local authority and OFSTED, maintaining appropriate adult-to-child ratios depending on age, and ensuring at least half of staff are qualified in childcare at level three.
The document outlines the five steps to request and receive a custom paper writing service through HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
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5. Request multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction. Plagiarized work results in a full refund.
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This document discusses how human activities have significantly impacted rivers throughout history by using, diverting, depleting, and polluting their waters. It notes that to understand the impacts on the Los Angeles River specifically, one must understand both the water sources in its watershed and how human development in the Los Angeles area has altered the river's natural hydrology over time through channelization, concretization, and diversion of its flows. The growth of Los Angeles has dramatically changed the river from its natural state and affected the quality and quantity of water it carries.
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This document provides a capstone research paper on transboundary water sharing between riparian states. It begins with an introduction to the importance of rivers and the history of water management. It then presents a theoretical framework and case studies of the Danube River Basin and Mekong River Basin. For the Danube, the context includes strong European political integration and legal structures for management. However, challenges remain at local levels due to shifting responsibilities and funding issues. Overall, the degree of sustainability achieved depends on both contextual factors and implementation of integrated water resource management principles.
Rate of sediment yield in the conveyance canals of kano river irrigation proj...Alexander Decker
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This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in the conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in northwestern Nigeria. Five canals were sampled to analyze sediment texture, suspended sediment concentration, canal discharge rates, and the impact of sediment accumulation. Testing found the sediment deposits mainly consisted of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. Canal discharge rates had reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. Factors like poor farming practices, tractor movement in canals, and lack of maintenance were found to contribute to increased sedimentation, highlighting the need for regular dissilting and cleaning of canals.
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This document summarizes a study that examined the rate of sedimentation in conveyance canals of the Kano River Irrigation Project in Nigeria. Five canals were sampled and tested for sediment texture, suspended sediments, and changes in water discharge over time. Testing found that the canal sediments consisted mostly of fine sand with some clay and silt. Suspended sediment concentration averaged 8,474 tons per year. While statistical tests found no significant difference in design discharge versus current discharge, discharge had actually reduced by 47% on average, affecting irrigated land area. High sedimentation is thought to be due to factors like farm vehicle traffic in canals, poor irrigation practices, and lack of maintenance. Regular dissilting and cleaning of
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This document summarizes the flood pulse concept (FPC), an ecological model for river-floodplain systems. The FPC proposes that flooding periodically connects rivers to their floodplains, driving nutrient exchange and high primary production. Since the FPC was introduced in 1989, knowledge of floodplain ecology has increased, requiring updates and extensions to the original concept. The document reviews advances in understanding hydrology, biogeochemistry, biodiversity and other areas that have both supported predictions of the FPC and inspired new approaches to studying river-floodplain systems.
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2. Background
Since the city of Ăsthammar was granted privilege in 1368, the area experienced eventful human
activities such as being a trading community for the 1500âs silversmiths and leather tanning and
metal mining during the late 1800âs. Twenty century activities significant to the context of this
report are implementations include individual sewage systems in the 1930âs, the Karö bridge and
municipality water treatment plant of the 1960s. In addition, the area has been experiencing
topographical changes due to land rise, causing shallower water in the inlets. 2010 data shows
that 4, 500 residents lived in the city of Ăsthammar and in the rural areas around the coastal
inlets - the bays of Ăsthammar. The bay on the north is GranfjĂ€rden and one on the south is
ĂsthammarsfjĂ€rden. Karö bridge lays between them â crossing the channel of Husbacka.
Figure 1: The catchment area of the bays of Ăsthammar - GranfjĂ€rden and ĂsthammarsfjĂ€rden.
This report is one outcome of a case study exploring the current situation in the social-ecological
system concerning eutrophication in the bays. As a whole, the case study aims at creating a
holistic view of a complex situation (e.g. timeline and rich picture) involving both ecological
processes but not least social actors such as institutions, organisations and citizens. These
elements are both affecting and being affected by the eutrophication issue, i.e. the water quality
in the bays becoming poorer. As a specific purpose of this report we have chosen to focus on the
perspectives of the residents in the area, as we believe they are the actors most directly affected
by the development of this issue.
The poor water quality in the bays of Ăsthammar[1] has long been a fact to people living in the
area. Further, authorities have been aware and experts have performed numerous studies to
3. investigate the ecological and chemical status, which is characterized by increased vegetation
(e.g. reeds), poor water transparency and high levels of nitrogen, chlorophyll and phosphorus.
According to the European Union Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), the bays receive a
âbad statusâ compared to the surrounding ground and surface waters.
The situation characterizes of different institutions, organisations and groups of people being
concerned about the water development in the bays and they either have completed or want (or
plan) to implement measurements that may improve the situation, e.g. individual sewage,
building a new bridge, creating wetlands, fishing experiments and aluminium for sediment
phosphorus control. Still, what has emerged from the case study is that actors and stakeholders
do not share a common picture of what causes the eutrophication let alone what could improve
the situation. Moreover, scientists have presented contradicting results and see an urgent need to
investigate the causes further.
As a result the municipality of Ăsthammar, experts, residents and other parties have various
views on what should be of priority. This report will highlight perspectives and opinions of some
of the residents - how they define the situation, the causes and what they believe could improve
the water quality in the bays.
The following section will provide a short introduction to the methodological approach used in
this case study â the soft systems method (SSM). Thereafter, the thematic issue of the residentsâ
perspectives will be further explored and developed in models of the SSM approach such as
through a multiple cause diagram and a conceptual model suggesting a transformation of the
system to a more desired state. Finally, the report rounds up in a discussion and conclusion of the
soft systems process as well as reflecting over feedback received at a workshop with the studyâs
informants â where main results were presented and discussed.
The Soft Systems Method (SSM)
A soft systems method has been used in order to gather data and to gain a holistic view of the
issue. The method is considered to offer a more effective approach towards improving complex
and persistent problems.
[2]
The approach provides space for critical reflection on what kind of
knowledge is available on the issue and what actors are engaged. Also, it assesses whether
peopleâs feelings have been included in previous actions and how to include them at present in
order to improve the situation, among other considerations. The method enables various actors to
tap into the intelligence and wisdom of each other in order to improve the quality of their
decisions and performance (Daniels and Walker, 2001).
Although complex situations tend to be âwickedâ and âmessy,â applying the systemic approach in
such situations is valuable for considering the interconnected causes of the problem (Checkland
and Scholes, 2001). It promotes integrating input from different actors to improve the situation.
4. It is about citizen participation, collaboration and deliberation on issues that affect their
wellbeing. Its aim is to design a series of activities to attain the presupposed approaches of
dealing with complex problems (Daniels and Walker, 2001).
The data gathered for this study is partly based on previous research findings, however the main
data collection has been through semi-structured interviews with informants. The informants of
the case study have been identified through their role as citizens (residents), officials and/or
experts (scientists) that have professional experiences of the issue. This report focuses on the
interview data from the residents, who either have been active participants in the issue, such as
part of action groups (e.g. Save the Bays), or followed the process in other ways through
municipality meetings or even observing passively through e.g. media.
The thematic issue: Residentsâ perspectives
This section presents the soft systems methods models that we have applied to our theme â the
residentsâ perspectives of the eutrophication in the bays of Ăsthammar. The purpose is to âzoom-
inâ in on how the perspectives, opinions and attitudes of the residents are interconnected with the
remaining elements of the entire situation, as well; using a conceptual model we suggest what
might help to move the system from todayâs unsustainable trajectory to - what in our opinion -
could be an improved situation. The rich picture below emerged from the case study and it seeks
to capture the complexity of time, space and actors that are involved in the issue â the red parts
represent the residents.
Figure 2: A rich picture of the situation regarding eutrophication in the bays of Ăsthammar.
Most of the residents interviewed have seen changes in the area due to effects of eutrophication,
such as increased vegetation and decreased visibility in the water. The increasing amount of
5. reeds within the baysâ catchment area, which has narrowed the bays, was also mentioned several
times. Some residents felt clearing the reeds for recreational purposes (bathing/swimming,
fishing, boating) would be a good action. However, not all residents agree that the reed is
increasing. One informant living by GranfjÀrden stated that the reeds close to their property have
retreated in past years.
Residents held different opinions of what has or is causing the poorer water quality. Several
explanations emerged in the interviews e.g. it being a natural loading of sediments, the Karö
bridge stopping the flow between the bays, the water treatment plant lacking capacity to clean
the municipal sewage water, an old mine leaking phosphorus, an old plant school leaking
chemicals and the out-dated individual sewage systems from the 1930âs.
It also became apparent that some of the residents have heard experts expressing contradicting
things about the causes behind the eutrophication, resulting in themselves being confused. Some
residents said to have been participating in public meetings regarding the issue for up to 35
years, and made clear that now they want more action to be taken â mostly referring to the
municipality being inactive.
The most residents interviewed seemed to agree that creating the wetlands for additional
purification of municipal sewage could be a promising step forward - if it will have the desired
effects. Some also approved of the idea of aluminium addition for sediment phosphorus control.
However, people were concerned about the great costs of such operations compared to how
uncertain the expected effect on water quality in general would be. Some residents expressed a
lack of confidence or trust in the water authority (feel its capacity to treat water is low). Others
still have faith in the municipality but were unhappy with their lack of action in the matter.
The residentsâ differ in their opinion of whether or not to reconstruct the Karö bridge. On one
hand, some feel that a new bridge should be of high priority, it would increase the water flow
between the two bays as well as make it possible for smaller motor boats to pass under. The
increased flow would mean that the water quality would improve in both bays. On the other
hand, some residents are against changing the bridge and think the effects could be a flow of
polluted water from GranfjĂ€rden downstream to ĂsthammarsfjĂ€rden (some of these voices
perceive the two bays as separate systems, that should not be thought of as a whole).
The Multiple Cause Diagram
The multiple cause diagram (below Figure 3) shows that there are several perspectives on the
problem due to the residentsâ different backgrounds, experiences and knowledge as well as the
fact that they live in different parts of the area. Consequently, different perspectives lead to
different expectations on the development of for example the water quality, a new bridge,
removal of reeds, the use of aluminium or creation of wetlands. This appears to result in different
6. attitudes towards other actors, the situation in the two bays and the municipality. The different
attitudes indicate both confidence and lack of confidence towards the municipality.
Figure 3: A multiple-cause diagram showing possible connection between certain factors, beginning with different
perspectives that affect other developments.
Trust in the municipality builds support for (political) action, whereas lack of trust erodes such
support. However, whether trusting or not trusting the municipality, residents seem to attend
gatherings where the eutrophication is on the agenda (e.g. organised by the municipality) â as
they seem to look for opportunities to be engaged and express their opinions. Their feeling of
frustration increases when they feel not being listened to. This disappointment leads to them
seeking other channels to be heard e.g. forming action groups like the âSave the baysâ (RĂ€dda
FjÀrdarna), going through media, NGOs or seeking help at higher levels of government.
Further, a lack of communication and mutual understanding between involved actors seems to be
a reinforcing causal loop of confusion/uncertainty amongst residents, which reinforces distrust
and dissatisfaction.
7. TWOCAGES
This part of the SSM examines possible systems that could be a solution to the issue. The model
provides a possibility to analyse different future scenarios. It is also an attempt to achieve
progress in the issue (Daniels and Walker, 2001).
Transformation
A transformation to move from the current situation, where residents lack trust in some
municipality actions with regards to improving the water quality in the bays. Several residents
feel that not enough action (or right action) is being taken, which is worsened by lack of funding
for improvement measures. They also feel that there is a confusion (e.g. among experts)
regarding causes of the eutrophication.
To move to improved communication in the meeting arenas where collaborative processes are
created, leading to mutual understanding, enhanced trust and deliberative decision-making.
Worldview
The situation is not sustainable and something must be done. However, the municipality is not
taking responsibility, different perspectives are confusing and there is a high level of uncertainty
which is causing frustration. There is a need for consistent information and the right actions.
Owner
The Ăsthammar municipality is the owner. It has the power to control what action is taken and
what measurements are implemented. The municipality is the driver of the process, thus can
ensure the involvement of the residents in setting the agenda and to ensure that the proposed
systems works accordingly. The government can however be the responsible actor (owner) for
constructions such as improving the bridge.
Clients
Tourists, residents, the municipality, the CAB, experts and future generations define that
category of clients who are either beneficiaries or victims in the situation.
Actors
Important actors are residents, the municipality, the CAB, experts (e.g. scientific) and other
institutions such as the Transport Authority because they are involved in the process for
changing the situation.
Guardians
Those responsible to testify for those who cannot speak during the process are: politicians (who
represent the citizens), NGOâs and companies (e.g. tourist agencies).
Environment
8. Time and money pressure may affect the efforts to implement the transformation as well as
global warming, climate change goals and emission reduction targets on a long-term view.
(sub)System
There are several activities that should be implemented in the work to achieve transformation.
The municipality could offer more meetings and workshops. Forums or arenas have to be created
as well as information platforms (e.g. leaflets, social media, websites) for everyone who is
interested or has an interest in the development of this situation.
Root definition
A system to improve communication in the meeting arenas to create collaborative processes that
lead to mutual understanding; enhancing trust and deliberative decision-making. By deciding on
a timeframe and goals, a budget, work group members, hiring a facilitator to monitor and
manage the processes in several meetings and workshops in order to create mutual understanding
among actors and trust in authorities (municipality) and their actions. This system will be
managed (owned) by the municipality, who has the responsibility to involve and include the
clients in the collaborative process. This will benefit and may affect the clients, the residents, the
municipality, tourists and experts. The system will be guarded by politicians, the CAB, NGOs
(environmental conservationists) and tourist interests (e.g. tourist agencies/companies).
The conceptual model
The conceptual model (see below Figure 4) illustrates what could be possible steps to transform
the system onto a more sustainable trajectory. The current situation, from a residentsâ
perspective, is characterized by confusion, disappointment, decreased trust in authorities - as
they want to see them taking more responsibility and action in order to improve the situation.
Therefore, the conceptual model proposes steps to instead enhance trust and good
communication but foremost to create mutual understanding. Our hope is that this kind of
participatory process may enhance deliberative decision-making, meaning that residents and
other involved actors get the opportunity to be heard and to influence the decisions that will
affect their environment and future.
Firstly, we recommend the municipality to form a united front through a group within the
municipality responsible for the eutrophication issue. Secondly, they should appoint - a
preferably external - facilitator to drive and monitor the participatory process. The facilitatorâs
first task will be to engage residents in the process, to have them gathered to agree on what
priorities they want to push for and to have them choose their representatives for further steps. It
is important that the residentsâ assembly plans for follow-up meetings/platforms for feedback
and reflection. Next, a meeting/platform is created whereto all the involved actors are invited to
participate with representatives for their interests in the matter (the clients: tourist industry,
residents, municipality, CAB, experts etc.). This actors assembly will then have to build a
common understanding and definition of the situation (causes and future) and to agree on
9. priorities of action, who is responsible and what are the time frames. Afterwards, there should be
time for reflection and feedback. In a follow-up meeting, actors should agree on next steps and
actions. An extremely important part following each action is that time for reflection and
feedback back to the actorsâ platform/assembly is provided and planned for. The facilitator is
responsible for monitoring the process in accordance with the key criteria; conditions leading to
a process of mutual understanding, openness and respect to all parties as well as participation.
Moreover, timekeeping and time efficiency are important criteria. The facilitator makes
appropriate action, adjustments and control over the situation whenever necessary.
The time frame for the process could be about two years, or even more. The actions implemented
in the later stages of the model have an uncertain time frame depending on their nature and
scope. The environment can affect those actions as well. Several factors as time and money
pressure, (e.g. funding), motivation and achieving climate change goals or emission reduction
targets could hinder the process of transformation.
Figure 4: The Conceptual Model shows the transformation and activities to reach the desired output, to enhance
trust, better communication, and mutual understanding for improving the situation.
10. [1] There are other bays with similar status that belong to the municipality of Ăsthammar, however are not in the
focus of this case study
[2]
Derived from: www.appliedsystemsthinking.com
12. Furthermore, the feedback from participants in the workshop gave us an impression that the
suggested improvements were good and appreciated for enhanced cooperation, creating and
strengthening mutual understanding and providing feedback to residents. However, it was
difficult for us to get feedback on weaknesses of our proposed improvements. Participants gave
us an impression that they were impressed and were positive to the idea of what we proposed.
Therefore, we could conclude that our conceptualization, illustration and communication of
feasible and desirable transformation, including proposed activities to improve the situation were
successful. Our measure of this success is based on the type of feedback we received.
The SSM process had a mix of strengths and weaknesses. In terms of strengths, the process
enabled us to gather information, translate it and communicate it to the participants in the
workshop in a simplified way possible. It showed connections of issues raised by local people
and other actors. It further provided an idea where interventions could be carried-out to improve
the situation. A chain of activities to be undertaken and how they should be monitored was
provided to ensure that things were within track. The overview of activities provided a reflection
time and feedback loops to different actors in the implementation process.
Also, since our sample of residents is small it is hard to make generalizations about what are
dominant perspectives and attitudes in this matter, i.e. the reliability is limited.
Management recommendations
Actors should provide a time-frame for investigating issues and taking action so that peopleâs
confidence in them is not lost. Further, taking too long time has already created an impression
with the residents that the municipality either has limited capacity or is not willing to take action.
This risks a lack of public support in future management.
Feedback on actions being taken or causes of delay to take action should be provided to the
public. This enhances confidence and shows respect to actors who have been involved in the
process. Actors may be motivated to take part in future engagements, knowing the cause of lack
of action in the previous agreed-on actions.
Management should also try to be as open as possible when dealing with public issues. Openness
to allow deliberations over issues of public interest. It encourages effective public participation
and support. The openness includes being flexible to new ideas and suggestions to improve the
situation. It helps create arenas for mutual prioritizations.
What could have worked differently?
Capturing young peopleâs views on the situation would have added another dimension to
different perspectives, especially since the municipality indicated that young people shunned
public meetings discussing the situation. Demographic variation (age, gender and socioeconomic
13. status) would have provided another dimension of perspectives. Most of the local people
interviewed were men, and adding female voices would have broadened the perspectives for a
more inclusive collaborative process. Also a broader geographic selection of representatives
could have given another dimension of the perspective, as residents from different areas
experienced the problem from different angles.
Has this process lead to collaborative learning?
We believe collaborative learning happened as actors presented their perspectives on how best
they think the situation could be improved. The problem affects the residents in different ways,
thus their views are learning points to the authority (and residents themselves) on actions the
residents feel should be prioritized. It provided an arena for obtaining diversified perspectives
over the issues and seek commonality on desired actions in order to improve the situation.
14. References
CHECKLAND, P. and SCHOLES, J. (2001) Soft systems methodology in action. Chichester:
Wiley.
DANIELS, S. and WALKER, G. (2001) Working Through Environmental Conflict: The
Collaborative Learning Approach. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
APPLIED SYSTEMS THINKING. (2008) Importance of Systems Thinking Today. [Online]
Available from: http://www.appliedsystemsthinking.com/importance.html. [Accessed: 11th
December 2014].