Social psychology aims to understand how individuals think and behave in social contexts. The document discusses the history and potential contributions of social psychology in Malawi. It describes 3 stages in the development of psychology in developing countries: 1) Attempting to assimilate western studies, 2) Emphasizing positive cultural attributes through a western lens, 3) Independent assessment of social realities without comparison to the west. The document also outlines 5 "modes" of social psychology observed in Malawi: rejuvenation, refutation, realization, reconstitution, and restatement. Finally, it discusses how social psychology could help understand factors influencing health behaviors and messages in Malawi.
Social psychology and personality psychology have the same job: to seek to understand the meaningful, consequential, and for the most part social behaviors of daily life. Cognitive psychology examines component processes such as memory, perception, and cognition. Biological psychology seeks to understand the physical underpinnings of behavior in the anatomy, physiology, functional organization, genetic basis and evolutionary history of the nervous system. Developmental psychology explores the roots of behavior in genetics and early childhood experience, and changes across the life course. All of these fields could be viewed as foundational for the common concern of social and personality psychology, which is to understand what people do every day. In this light, it is unsurprising that courses in social and personality psychology are among the most popular offerings on most college campuses; their subject matter is not only important, it is personally relevant and intrinsically interesting.
Social and personality psychology began to come into their own about the same time – the 1920’s and 1930’s – through the work of many of the same people, such as the Allport brothers, Floyd and Gordon (F. Allport, 1924; G. Allport, 1931, 1937; F. Allport & G. Allport, 1921). What is surprising, in retrospect, is how the two fields diverged over the subsequent decades. Social psychology came to specialize in the study of what people have in common; in particular how aspects of situations can change what people, on average, will do. Personality psychology came to specialize in the study of how people differ from each other psychologically, and on ways to characterize and measure these differences. This division of labor makes a certain amount of sense, but problems arose as the fields gradually became so specialized that many practitioners of each field became unaware of the basic principles, findings and methods of the other, and grew worse when social psychologists began to suspect that personality psychology’s emphasis on individual differences was misguided. In his memoirs, the eminent social psychologist Roger Brown described one memorably awkward encounter between the two traditions:
In our globalised world, the contribution of social sciences is crucial, particularly with regard to the challenges of our time. Migrations, transnational undertakings, international issues health and environment related are major concerns that require shared perspectives. We can no longer afford former and standardized responses. Our generation smartly need a deeper understanding of diverse realities. The construction and the dissemination of cross-cultural knowledge’s are essential in order to break through received ideas and misconceptions. Majority and minority world traditions in the psychological sciences. Science is a tool into the hands of the ruling classes who ask questions, determine objects of study and choose attractive notions [1].
In that respect, the mainstream psychology inherited a double cultural halo effect, at the expense of “minorities” (or the dominated groups, who actually represent the majority) [2]. First, from an intercultural point of view, the global preponderance of western culture tend to present western school of thinking as “natural” and universal [3-5]. This ethnocentric vision is consistent with colonialist history of the 19-20th century. Thus, most of scientific theories –not only in psychology, but in social and human sciences at large– assume an individualistic point of view where individual factors explain behaviour [6]. Yet, in most cultures, the sense of self is mostly nested in the relationship with the social and the metaphysical environment [7-10].
Secondly, from an intracultural point of view, studies are mainly conducted with sampled from WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, developed) countries, typically with young, educated and white individuals, from which results are generalized to the global population [11]. Historically, this western approach occurred when psychology claimed the status of exact science, developing a positivist vision relying on validated concepts and instruments. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), the founder of the first pioneering psychological laboratory in Leipzig in 1879, laid the first stone of a “genuinely empirical” psychology, physiology-related but purposely completely disconnected from the social reality [12,13]. Marking a shift from general to applied psychology, but still relying on the same empirical standpoint, William Stern (1871-1938) introduced the notion of intelligence quotient and coined the term “psycho-technical” to refer to “a technical science, related to causal psychology as engineering is related to physics” (Miinsterberg 1914, cited in [14]). His work did not explore the social structuration but, rather posed the “national nature” as immutable and definitely established [1]. For instance, the intelligence tests do not consider the environmental impact of formation and learning. The plasticity of human nature, the structuration through environment, the lability of psychological trait was denied [1].
Cultural studies on emotions and communication skills in englishAlexander Decker
This academic article discusses cultural studies on emotions and communication skills in English. It provides an overview of how cultural studies of emotions originated from anthropology, sociology and psychology. Researchers have described unique emotional phenomena across cultures and how emotions are culturally determined. More recent studies use social psychology tools to identify general cultural principles that affect emotions. The article also examines how shame affects salespersons differently in individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. It discusses theories of emotion expression and how they relate to bodily responses and perception of emotions.
This document discusses how social psychology can be seen in everyday life through an experience the author had during a "spend a day" visit at a high school they were applying to. The author describes being given a tour of the school and attending classes with a current student to get a sense of what it would be like to attend that school. They note that the majority of students at the private school were white. The summary discusses an everyday experience that demonstrates principles of social psychology.
The Impact of Psychological Capital on Teaching Effectiveness in the Bafut Su...ijtsrd
The study adopted the survey design and used 78 teachers selected using the demographic cluster and incidental sampling techniques from a cross section of 324 secondary school teachers in Bafut Sub Division in the North West Region of Cameroon to examine the impact of psychological capital on teaching effectiveness. The over emphasis on academic qualification and negligence of developing teachers psychological capital compromise their effectiveness and therefore problematic. Data for this study was collected using a modified version of the recently constructed psychological capital questionnaire Luthans,F., Youssef, C. M., and Avolio, B.J, 2007 made up of 48 items for both teachers and administrators , 43 questionnaire items for conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, person job fit and person organization fit and 31 items for teaching effectiveness constructed by the researcher. The overall instrument was made up of 122 items. The STATA statistical package was used to run Regressions and establish Correlations used to establish relationships and in verifying the Research hypotheses. Psychological capital was found to be a significant predictor of teaching effectiveness after controlling for Emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness, person job fit and person organization fit. Also Self Efficacy, Hope and Optimism were shown to have significant impact on teachers’ Enthusiasm, Expectations and Task Orientation respectively. The study also found that the relationship between resilience and commitment was not statistically significant as the null hypothesis was retained. The study concludes with a call for the inclusion of psychological capital training programs to develop teachers’ psychological capital as an alternative to mitigate the ongoing challenges of ineffectiveness in the secondary school. environment.. Ndonwi Emmanuel "The Impact of Psychological Capital on Teaching Effectiveness in the Bafut Sub-Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35807.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35807/the-impact-of-psychological-capital-on-teaching-effectiveness-in-the-bafut-subdivision/ndonwi-emmanuel
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural PsychologyBilal Anwaar
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
The document summarizes the development of family therapy from the mid-1980s to the present. It discusses the shift from constructivism to social constructionism as the main theoretical framework. Social constructionism emphasizes that problems are shaped by language and wider social and cultural contexts rather than just family dynamics. It also focuses on how meanings are jointly constructed through conversations and interactions. The role of the therapist became less about expertise and more about facilitating collaborative conversations. Research studies explored topics like therapeutic processes, outcomes, and comparisons between family therapy and other treatment approaches. The document concludes by connecting the different phases and approaches in family therapy and considering possible future developments.
Social psychology and personality psychology have the same job: to seek to understand the meaningful, consequential, and for the most part social behaviors of daily life. Cognitive psychology examines component processes such as memory, perception, and cognition. Biological psychology seeks to understand the physical underpinnings of behavior in the anatomy, physiology, functional organization, genetic basis and evolutionary history of the nervous system. Developmental psychology explores the roots of behavior in genetics and early childhood experience, and changes across the life course. All of these fields could be viewed as foundational for the common concern of social and personality psychology, which is to understand what people do every day. In this light, it is unsurprising that courses in social and personality psychology are among the most popular offerings on most college campuses; their subject matter is not only important, it is personally relevant and intrinsically interesting.
Social and personality psychology began to come into their own about the same time – the 1920’s and 1930’s – through the work of many of the same people, such as the Allport brothers, Floyd and Gordon (F. Allport, 1924; G. Allport, 1931, 1937; F. Allport & G. Allport, 1921). What is surprising, in retrospect, is how the two fields diverged over the subsequent decades. Social psychology came to specialize in the study of what people have in common; in particular how aspects of situations can change what people, on average, will do. Personality psychology came to specialize in the study of how people differ from each other psychologically, and on ways to characterize and measure these differences. This division of labor makes a certain amount of sense, but problems arose as the fields gradually became so specialized that many practitioners of each field became unaware of the basic principles, findings and methods of the other, and grew worse when social psychologists began to suspect that personality psychology’s emphasis on individual differences was misguided. In his memoirs, the eminent social psychologist Roger Brown described one memorably awkward encounter between the two traditions:
In our globalised world, the contribution of social sciences is crucial, particularly with regard to the challenges of our time. Migrations, transnational undertakings, international issues health and environment related are major concerns that require shared perspectives. We can no longer afford former and standardized responses. Our generation smartly need a deeper understanding of diverse realities. The construction and the dissemination of cross-cultural knowledge’s are essential in order to break through received ideas and misconceptions. Majority and minority world traditions in the psychological sciences. Science is a tool into the hands of the ruling classes who ask questions, determine objects of study and choose attractive notions [1].
In that respect, the mainstream psychology inherited a double cultural halo effect, at the expense of “minorities” (or the dominated groups, who actually represent the majority) [2]. First, from an intercultural point of view, the global preponderance of western culture tend to present western school of thinking as “natural” and universal [3-5]. This ethnocentric vision is consistent with colonialist history of the 19-20th century. Thus, most of scientific theories –not only in psychology, but in social and human sciences at large– assume an individualistic point of view where individual factors explain behaviour [6]. Yet, in most cultures, the sense of self is mostly nested in the relationship with the social and the metaphysical environment [7-10].
Secondly, from an intracultural point of view, studies are mainly conducted with sampled from WEIRD (white, educated, industrialized, rich, developed) countries, typically with young, educated and white individuals, from which results are generalized to the global population [11]. Historically, this western approach occurred when psychology claimed the status of exact science, developing a positivist vision relying on validated concepts and instruments. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), the founder of the first pioneering psychological laboratory in Leipzig in 1879, laid the first stone of a “genuinely empirical” psychology, physiology-related but purposely completely disconnected from the social reality [12,13]. Marking a shift from general to applied psychology, but still relying on the same empirical standpoint, William Stern (1871-1938) introduced the notion of intelligence quotient and coined the term “psycho-technical” to refer to “a technical science, related to causal psychology as engineering is related to physics” (Miinsterberg 1914, cited in [14]). His work did not explore the social structuration but, rather posed the “national nature” as immutable and definitely established [1]. For instance, the intelligence tests do not consider the environmental impact of formation and learning. The plasticity of human nature, the structuration through environment, the lability of psychological trait was denied [1].
Cultural studies on emotions and communication skills in englishAlexander Decker
This academic article discusses cultural studies on emotions and communication skills in English. It provides an overview of how cultural studies of emotions originated from anthropology, sociology and psychology. Researchers have described unique emotional phenomena across cultures and how emotions are culturally determined. More recent studies use social psychology tools to identify general cultural principles that affect emotions. The article also examines how shame affects salespersons differently in individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. It discusses theories of emotion expression and how they relate to bodily responses and perception of emotions.
This document discusses how social psychology can be seen in everyday life through an experience the author had during a "spend a day" visit at a high school they were applying to. The author describes being given a tour of the school and attending classes with a current student to get a sense of what it would be like to attend that school. They note that the majority of students at the private school were white. The summary discusses an everyday experience that demonstrates principles of social psychology.
The Impact of Psychological Capital on Teaching Effectiveness in the Bafut Su...ijtsrd
The study adopted the survey design and used 78 teachers selected using the demographic cluster and incidental sampling techniques from a cross section of 324 secondary school teachers in Bafut Sub Division in the North West Region of Cameroon to examine the impact of psychological capital on teaching effectiveness. The over emphasis on academic qualification and negligence of developing teachers psychological capital compromise their effectiveness and therefore problematic. Data for this study was collected using a modified version of the recently constructed psychological capital questionnaire Luthans,F., Youssef, C. M., and Avolio, B.J, 2007 made up of 48 items for both teachers and administrators , 43 questionnaire items for conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion, person job fit and person organization fit and 31 items for teaching effectiveness constructed by the researcher. The overall instrument was made up of 122 items. The STATA statistical package was used to run Regressions and establish Correlations used to establish relationships and in verifying the Research hypotheses. Psychological capital was found to be a significant predictor of teaching effectiveness after controlling for Emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness, person job fit and person organization fit. Also Self Efficacy, Hope and Optimism were shown to have significant impact on teachers’ Enthusiasm, Expectations and Task Orientation respectively. The study also found that the relationship between resilience and commitment was not statistically significant as the null hypothesis was retained. The study concludes with a call for the inclusion of psychological capital training programs to develop teachers’ psychological capital as an alternative to mitigate the ongoing challenges of ineffectiveness in the secondary school. environment.. Ndonwi Emmanuel "The Impact of Psychological Capital on Teaching Effectiveness in the Bafut Sub-Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35807.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35807/the-impact-of-psychological-capital-on-teaching-effectiveness-in-the-bafut-subdivision/ndonwi-emmanuel
Introduction, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Cross Cultural PsychologyBilal Anwaar
This document provides an introduction to cross-cultural psychology, including its aim, objectives, and scope. Cross-cultural psychology compares human psychology across cultural groups and examines both differences and universals. It aims to study cultural differences and similarities using research methods, and applies findings in fields like clinical and organizational psychology. Key objectives include testing theories across cultures, understanding cultural variations, integrating results into a universal psychology, and exploring phenomena in cultural contexts. The scope of cross-cultural psychology broadly covers topics related to development, cognition, gender, emotion, language, personality, psychopathology, self and identity, social behavior, and its applications.
The document summarizes the development of family therapy from the mid-1980s to the present. It discusses the shift from constructivism to social constructionism as the main theoretical framework. Social constructionism emphasizes that problems are shaped by language and wider social and cultural contexts rather than just family dynamics. It also focuses on how meanings are jointly constructed through conversations and interactions. The role of the therapist became less about expertise and more about facilitating collaborative conversations. Research studies explored topics like therapeutic processes, outcomes, and comparisons between family therapy and other treatment approaches. The document concludes by connecting the different phases and approaches in family therapy and considering possible future developments.
For Dr. Biocca's class, I wanted to post this literature review I did for Professor Chock last semester. It could be relevant to the child-rearing gaming study.
Implications and scope of Cross cultural psychologyLaiba Aftab Malik
Cross-cultural psychology involves the comparative study of human behavior and mental processes across different cultures. It emerged in response to criticisms that early psychology research overly relied on Western subjects and generalized findings to all cultures. Cross-cultural psychologists aim to identify both universal behaviors and unique cultural influences on areas like family, education, and social experiences. They employ emic and etic approaches - studying cultures from insider and outsider perspectives. The field also examines ethnocentrism and seeks to rectify biases in psychological research. Cross-cultural psychology continues to grow through investigating cultural differences and establishing principles like recognizing culture-specific phenomena versus universal traits. Its overarching goal is removing bias and promoting understanding of other cultures on their own
This document contains a table of contents and sections on education, educational psychology, psychology, sociology, and a conclusion. It discusses that education involves teaching skills and discipline through institutions like schools. Educational psychology studies how people learn, while psychology examines topics like cognition, behavior, development, and social interaction. Sociology analyzes human social behavior and groups. In conclusion, education shapes individuals by developing values and knowledge can make or break a person depending on how they apply what they learn.
On the role of personal epistemology in the study of Science, Technology and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study of the social influence on the scientific praxis is an important branch of social
sciences. This branch, however, has focused mostly on large scale phenomena or otherwise individual ethics. In
this work we propose a way to approach this topic from individual psychological constructs using the
cognitiveframe of personal epistemology. In particular, we show that the insertion of psychological variables to
account for the self-control over personal epistemology is a useful tool facing the modern tendencies of the
scientific work. The pertinence of this approach for a complete analysis of the science agents is discussed in
several perspectives. We recall that, even when socio-scientific dynamics is not reducible to its constituents, it is
precisely within the individuals that many important clues can be found to understend complex collective
behaviors.
KEYWORDS : Personal epistemology, interdisciplinary research, cognitive processes, social sciences
Behavioral sciences in public health dentistryNidhi Singhal
This document provides an overview of behavioral sciences in dentistry. It discusses various topics related to behavior including psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics and theories of child development. Key concepts covered include the psychoanalytic, psychosocial and cognitive theories of child psychology. Factors influencing patient behavior like culture, environment and past experiences are also examined. The document concludes that understanding behavior through these sciences helps dentists promote healthy lifestyles and optimal oral health.
This document summarizes research on programs aimed at developing life strategies, emotional intelligence, social skills, and moral development in students. It outlines several studies that found educational programs teaching competencies like emotional regulation, social skills, problem solving, and character development led to benefits like reduced depression, increased social acceptance, and improved academic and job performance. The Appleby College Life Strategies Programme is based on this research showing emotional intelligence and social-emotional learning can be improved through deliberate programs and correlates with occupational success more than grades alone.
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Social Research MethodsSandra Arveseth
The document discusses social work research and anti-oppressive research methods. It notes that social work research is often constrained by institutional systems, including those that oppress the populations being studied. Effective anti-oppressive research considers power relationships and stakeholders. The researcher's positionality, reflexivity and power are important to consider in choice of methods. The document calls for a critical view of social work research due to these constraints and the need to consider alternative practices not covered in typical social work research courses.
This document summarizes research on programs and initiatives related to emotional intelligence, social ecology, and moral development. It provides annotations for several studies that developed and evaluated interventions targeting social and emotional skills. Key findings include that emotional intelligence can be improved through focused efforts; environmental characteristics influence individual functioning; and moral reasoning can be promoted to higher stages through targeted interventions, especially for individuals in institutional settings. The Appleby College Life Strategies Programme appears to be based on research showing the importance of these factors for success beyond grades.
This document outlines the content and performance standards for a course on Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP). The content standard covers understanding human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities. The performance standard requires students to acknowledge these concepts, adopt an open attitude, and appreciate anthropology, sociology and political science. The document then provides learning competencies and objectives for discussing the nature, goals and perspectives of anthropology, sociology and political science. Sample activities are also included to help students understand key concepts.
Running head ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE 1THE ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE.docxSUBHI7
Running head: ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE 1
THE ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE 5
Research Paper Outline: The Asian Muslim Culture
Name
University
1. Introduction
Culture is observable from a multifaceted approach in the form beliefs, art, morals, law, and customs. In the Asian continent, the Muslim culture has not been given as much focus as Muslims in the Middle East. The focus of this paper is to provide an outline for a research paper on Asian Muslims, a brief annotated bibliography that presents information on culture and practices, a reflection of what has been learned, and what I expect to learn by the end of the research paper.
2. Body Outline
a) The body of the research paper will detail a literature review that examines what other authors have published on the subject.
b) It will also have methodological procedures that entail data collection using existing documents and records.
c) The research paper will provide findings, conclusions, and discussion sections.
d) It will contain the implications of the culture's practices on parties that directly involve with the culture.
3. Annotated Bibliography
Jegatheesan, B., Miller, P. J., & Fowler, S. A. (2010). Autism from a religious perspective: A study of parental beliefs in South Asian Muslim immigrant families. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities.
The authors of this study provide a focus on Asian Muslims who have children who have Autism. They then interview South Asian Muslims with the aim of ascertaining their beliefs on autism. The methods used for the study were the collection of interviews and conversations that were recorded during an excursion that took a period of 17 months. The results indicated that Asian Muslim families understood that taking care of children with autism had to take place in Muslim terms. The families also contested the understanding provided by experts on the ailment. They believed that the approach presented by experts destabilized rather than supported their children's development. The findings provide insinuations of Muslims perceptions on the contemporary and conventional use of empirical results in the treatment of ailments.
Purkayastha, B. (2010). Interrogating intersectionality: Contemporary globalization and racialized gendering in the lives of highly educated South Asian Americans and their children. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 31(1), 29-47.
The author of the study explores the fit of intersectionality framework when seeking to understand transnational lives. The data used in the survey was obtained from the author’s exploration on South Asian migrant families as well as their youngsters to the United States. The study primarily focuses on highly educated migrants who have intent on maintaining useful family ties. The researcher uses the information to ascertain if the intersectionality methodology can provide an explanation of life that span between actual and hypothetical social worlds. The research concludes b ...
This document provides an overview of psychoanalytic criticism as an approach to literary analysis. It discusses some key concepts in psychoanalytic theory from Sigmund Freud, including the structural model of the psyche consisting of the id, ego, and superego. Freud's psychosexual stages of development and the Oedipus complex are also summarized. The document then discusses how psychoanalytic criticism can be used to interpret literature by analyzing symbols and archetypes to understand the author's unconscious desires and motivations. Examples are provided of different types of psychoanalytic criticism including Freudian, Jungian, and Lacanian approaches. Learning outcomes focus on identifying key psychoanalytic terminology and using Freudian psychoanalytic criticism to critique texts.
Social Learning Theory An Overview and Application in Understanding Human Beh...ijtsrd
This research paper provides an in depth examination of the Social Learning Theory SLT , a prominent psychological perspective that explains how individuals learn behaviours and attitudes through observation, imitation, and reinforcement. Developed by Albert Bandura, the SLT highlights the crucial role of social interactions, modelling, and cognitive processes in shaping human behaviour. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of the SLT, its core principles, and its relevance in various domains, including education, criminal justice, and marketing. By analysing empirical studies and real world applications, this research paper showcases the significance of the SLT in understanding human behaviour and fostering positive behavioural changes. Md Abdul Aziz Mandal "Social Learning Theory: An Overview and Application in Understanding Human Behaviour" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59886.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/59886/social-learning-theory-an-overview-and-application-in-understanding-human-behaviour/md-abdul-aziz-mandal
3 The Spiritual Core of African-CenteredPsycho.docxrobert345678
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The Spiritual Core
of African-Centered
Psychology
Over the past one hundred years, the discipline of psychology has exploded
onto the academic and scientific scene, advancing theories of human behavior,
theories of normal and abnormal development, and theories of the personal
and situational variables that contribute to one’s personality makeup. In fact,
there are entire schools of thought that have been developed as a way to syn-
thesize the vast array of ideas proposed by various theorists who are convinced
that their theory is the most compelling in the understanding of the human
psyche. There are Euro-American schools of thought that are labeled psychody-
namic, neo-analytic, behaviorism, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and exis-
tential (Myers, 2010).
MISSING ELEMENTS
In illustrating this point, many psychoanalytic theories are anchored in the
works of Sigmund Freud, who viewed human nature as a dynamic interplay be-
tween the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind. Each domain is be-
lieved to be responsible for navigating perspectives that influence how each
individual responds to internal instinctual drives (unconscious), repressed or
stored memories (preconscious), or to the demand of the external environment
(the conscious). Freud’s approach advanced the notion that the personality
comprised three interrelated parts labeled the ID (basic instincts that operate ac-
cording to what is pleasurable and satisfaction seeking), EGO (conscious
choices that are anchored in perceptions of reality), and the SUPER EGO (a
mental conscience influenced by parental values and principles of morality).
Psychoanalytic theory also proposed five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
genital) of development in a person’s life, each focusing on a region of the
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Account: s8994265.main.ehost
36 Chapter 3 • The Spiritual Core of African-Centered Psychology
body that aligned with the instinctual and pleasure seeking tendencies that
were believed to be the most salient at that point in time. The goals of a psy-
chodynamic clinician include: helping clients/patients recognize how unre-
solved issues in childhood continue to exert an influence in their lives and
helping clients gain insights into the roots of dysfunctional or maladaptive cop-
ing or lifestyle choices.
A contemporary of Freud .
Here are the key risks and challenges of risk analysis:
- Subjectivity - Risk analysis involves subjective judgments which can introduce biases. Different people may perceive and evaluate risks differently.
- Limited information - It can be difficult to identify all potential risks and quantify their likelihood and impact due to limited information. New risks may emerge over time.
- Dynamic environment - As a business and its environment change, existing risks may diminish or new risks may arise. Risk analysis needs to be ongoing to stay current.
- Cascading failures - Risks are often interconnected so the failure of one system or control may trigger other failures, multiplying the impact. This is difficult to fully map out.
- Human factors - How people and
Order Paper Writing Help 247 - Dissertation Page NumberiJoshua Gorinson
The document discusses femininity in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost. It notes that Milton was a controversial figure who used his writing to address important social and political issues of his time. As one of his most important works, Paradise Lost explores grave social problems related to femininity. The document suggests Milton likely incorporated his own views on topics like marriage and divorce into his portrayal of femininity in the poem.
Persuasive Essay Technical Research Paper ExampleJoshua Gorinson
The document provides an overview of the Victorian Era in England, including key events and social changes that defined this period. The Victorian Era saw Queen Victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901, during which time England experienced a rise in industrialization, economic growth, and expansion of the middle class and population. Society was highly conservative and patriarchal. Literature of the era reflected many of the rapid social and economic changes occurring during this transformative period in British history.
006 Essay Example Cover Letter For Application ExaJoshua Gorinson
Here are the key points made in the two stories regarding how Hispanic families worked to support themselves:
- Many Hispanic families had no choice but to work in the fields with their hands to earn a living and support their families. Office jobs requiring head work were not generally available or accessible to them.
- As depicted in both stories, physical labor like picking crops was grueling and took a toll on the body over long hours in the fields every day. However, it provided much needed income for basic survival.
- The stories realistically portray the challenges of subsistence through manual farm work, leaving little choice or opportunity for other types of employment at the time for many Hispanic families immigrating to America. Hard work in the
Famous Quotes For Essay Writing. Online assignment writing service.Joshua Gorinson
The document discusses Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott. It describes Parks' upbringing in Alabama under segregation. On December 1, 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus, leading to her arrest. In response, the black community of Montgomery organized a bus boycott that lasted over a year. The boycott challenged the legality of segregation on public buses and ultimately led to a Supreme Court ruling that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. The boycott marked a key moment in the civil rights movement.
Advertisements often portray gender roles in stereotypical ways. They frequently depict women as focused on beauty, fashion and homemaking, while men are shown as strong, powerful and focused on work and leisure activities. However, a closer examination reveals that gender is a social construct, not defined solely by biological sex, and advertising plays a role in perpetuating stereotypes about expectations of masculinity and femininity.
How To Write An Essay - How To Write An Easy Essay InstJoshua Gorinson
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Running head ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE 1THE ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE.docxSUBHI7
Running head: ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE 1
THE ASIAN MUSLIM CULTURE 5
Research Paper Outline: The Asian Muslim Culture
Name
University
1. Introduction
Culture is observable from a multifaceted approach in the form beliefs, art, morals, law, and customs. In the Asian continent, the Muslim culture has not been given as much focus as Muslims in the Middle East. The focus of this paper is to provide an outline for a research paper on Asian Muslims, a brief annotated bibliography that presents information on culture and practices, a reflection of what has been learned, and what I expect to learn by the end of the research paper.
2. Body Outline
a) The body of the research paper will detail a literature review that examines what other authors have published on the subject.
b) It will also have methodological procedures that entail data collection using existing documents and records.
c) The research paper will provide findings, conclusions, and discussion sections.
d) It will contain the implications of the culture's practices on parties that directly involve with the culture.
3. Annotated Bibliography
Jegatheesan, B., Miller, P. J., & Fowler, S. A. (2010). Autism from a religious perspective: A study of parental beliefs in South Asian Muslim immigrant families. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities.
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Purkayastha, B. (2010). Interrogating intersectionality: Contemporary globalization and racialized gendering in the lives of highly educated South Asian Americans and their children. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 31(1), 29-47.
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3 The Spiritual Core of African-CenteredPsycho.docxrobert345678
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The Spiritual Core
of African-Centered
Psychology
Over the past one hundred years, the discipline of psychology has exploded
onto the academic and scientific scene, advancing theories of human behavior,
theories of normal and abnormal development, and theories of the personal
and situational variables that contribute to one’s personality makeup. In fact,
there are entire schools of thought that have been developed as a way to syn-
thesize the vast array of ideas proposed by various theorists who are convinced
that their theory is the most compelling in the understanding of the human
psyche. There are Euro-American schools of thought that are labeled psychody-
namic, neo-analytic, behaviorism, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and exis-
tential (Myers, 2010).
MISSING ELEMENTS
In illustrating this point, many psychoanalytic theories are anchored in the
works of Sigmund Freud, who viewed human nature as a dynamic interplay be-
tween the unconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind. Each domain is be-
lieved to be responsible for navigating perspectives that influence how each
individual responds to internal instinctual drives (unconscious), repressed or
stored memories (preconscious), or to the demand of the external environment
(the conscious). Freud’s approach advanced the notion that the personality
comprised three interrelated parts labeled the ID (basic instincts that operate ac-
cording to what is pleasurable and satisfaction seeking), EGO (conscious
choices that are anchored in perceptions of reality), and the SUPER EGO (a
mental conscience influenced by parental values and principles of morality).
Psychoanalytic theory also proposed five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
genital) of development in a person’s life, each focusing on a region of the
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AN: 1081379 ; Thomas A Parham, Adisa Ajamu, Joseph L. White.; Psychology of Blacks : Centering Our Perspectives in the African Consciousness
Account: s8994265.main.ehost
36 Chapter 3 • The Spiritual Core of African-Centered Psychology
body that aligned with the instinctual and pleasure seeking tendencies that
were believed to be the most salient at that point in time. The goals of a psy-
chodynamic clinician include: helping clients/patients recognize how unre-
solved issues in childhood continue to exert an influence in their lives and
helping clients gain insights into the roots of dysfunctional or maladaptive cop-
ing or lifestyle choices.
A contemporary of Freud .
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A Brief History Of Social Psychology And Its Contribution To Health In Malawi
1. Malawi Medical Journal; 22(2) 34-37: June 2010
A brief history of Social Psychology and its
contribution to health in Malawi
Social psychology has been deined as “a branch of
psychology that is concerned with those aspects of mental
life which relate to social interaction and social phenomena
in general” 1
. Hewstone deines it thus: “the scientiic study
of how personal, situational and societal factors inluence
the cognition, motivation and behaviour of individuals and
(members of) social groups”2
. Jahoda lamented that many
textbook deinitions of social psychology were “pretentious
and utterly futile” because they were so “grossly over-
inclusive that they could encompass a whole range of
social and biological disciplines”3
. What emerges clearly is
that social psychology is seen as having the central task of
explaining how the ways in which we think and behave is
affected by interaction between people1
. It is in this context
that we deine social psychology for the purposes of this
article.
Search for relevance
The history of social psychology has been dogged by crises
based on different approaches to understanding human
behaviour. A part of this “crisis” has been the “cry” for the
ield to be more relevant. This need is more pronounced in
developing countries. Social psychology is accused of being
dominated by issues that are trivial and full of banalities4,5
.
This has been attributed to the ield’s reliance on few
traditional criteria of research such as internal consistency
at the expense of other areas such as novelty and pragmatic
value5
. Indeed, many writers have pointed out that the very
usefulness and survival of the subject rests on its relevancy
and practical application to the target population of study.
It has been argued that given the limited resources, social
psychology can hardly afford engaging in studies and
explanations that do not address concerns and issues in a
very real and practically translatable relevant manner. This
becomes more pressing in third world countries where issues
such as poverty, reduced life expectancy and disease are very
much in evidence 6
. Much of the history of social psychology
has been considered intellectual self interest at the expense of
addressing real needs. Hence with poverty so rampant, issues
so pressing, we can hardly afford the luxury of engaging in
intellectual debate without addressing real issues. In many
ways the standards by which social psychology as a subject
shall be evaluated is increasingly moving towards assessing
its practical usefulness. What has added to the frustration
of the lack of social psychology’s contribution to real world
issues, is the belief that as a ield, social psychology does
have something to offer. Its very nature, being the study
of individuals and social processes can add immensely to
knowledge about real world issues and problems7
. Given the
growing philosophical emphasis on “human development”,
psychology has a unique opportunity to have an impact8
.
Social psychology in Africa
Akin-Ogundeji argued that the history of psychology in
Africa is synonymous with the history of colonialism.
The colonial era did not do much for the development of
psychology with the result that psychology in Africa is not
moving in keeping with the changes Africa is going through.
He maintains that
“[P]sychologists outside academia have little impact, especially in areas
of national development like social mobilisation, family planning,
youth development, manpower planning, primary health care, rural
development, and environmental hygiene and design, where they should
be playing major roles” p.39
He argued that psychologists still had to justify the existence
of the discipline and was conined to academia. There was
the need “to change and refocus psychology in a pulsating
society of sporadic social and economic changes”9
p.3. The
empiricist approach to psychology was still largely practiced
in Africa. Hence the “essence of psychology which is relating
meaningfully to human values, social realities and whole-life
issues”9
(p.4.)hasbeenbypassedbytheexperimentalapproach
contributing to making psychology in Africa sterile. The
result has been that the output of research remains impotent
in the face of complex social and economic problems. He
spiced his argument with adjectives describing the role of
research as being “dry, artiicial, irrelevant or meaningless”9
.
Some of the research approaches were said to be packaged or
imported without direct relevance. There is need to draw on
approaches attuned to Africa’s social realities and avoid “ivory
towerism”. The emphasis must lie with the applicability of
the research. Psychology must offer explanations of social
change.
“Changes are taking place in Africa which demand new
thinking, new methods, and new areas of specialisation”. He
cites social psychology as one area where competencies have
been developed but these have made “little or no impact in
our societies” (p.4)
In response to this Raubenheimer suggested that academic
and professional psychology lourish in South Africa. He
showed how psychology lourishes in universities, research,
journals, numerous professional associations, that the ield
enjoys statutory recognition and graduates enjoy large
occupational prospects10
. Foster et al. however pointed
out that the existence of apartheid symbolised the most
signiicant difference between South Africa and the rest of
Africa. The ield of mental health has been racially segregated
and facilities for blacks (e.g. mental handicap) were almost
non existent. Psychologists, they argued had also played an
inluential role in developing apartheid11
.
Carr & MacLachlan argued that psychology is relevant to
developing countries and presented Malawi as a case in point.
They pointed to positive changes in teaching (by realigning
academic introductory courses towards African experiences),
marketing, consultancy and research where psychology
was relevant and lourishing within Malawi. Research was
targeted towards applied relevance12
. In response, Ager
pointed out that the development of the relevance of the
ield of psychology should not just be product oriented but
needed to take cognisance of the process involved in the
development of the ield. The search for relevance includes
the process of transformation and not just the outcome13
.
Chiwoza Bandawe1,2
1.Department of Mental Health, College of Medicine
2.Department of Physchology,University of Cape Town
2. MMJ 22(2) 2010 www.mmj.medcol.mw
35 A brief history of Social Psychology
In line with this Carr & MacLachlan point out that several
commentators seem to have indicated three stages in the
progress of psychology in developing countries14
. These
stages were said to be “reminiscent of Henri Tajfell’s inter-
group account of how social minorities ind a ‘positively
distinctive social identity’. The stages are:
Stage One: Attempts to assimilate into the main stream. For
example replicating western studies in developing countries.
This approach is particularly unhelpful since American
psychology is said to be based on norms of local middle
class U.S culture8
.
Stage Two: Emphasis on the positive aspects of cultural
attributes although western psychology is the criterion by
which this is judged. Hence, psychology is seen through
the spectacles of western psychology. Implicit in all this is a
“tinge of negative self image”14
, p.13
Stage Three: Assessment of social reality independent of
“apologetics” or comparison with the west. The focus is on
effective and relevant psychology that explains and operates
within the idiosyncracies of the local environment. Hence
this relects the call for indigenous psychology8
.
Application of Social Cognitive Theories
Social cognitive models serve the function of helping us
see the dynamics at play in cognitions that inluence the
interaction with the social world. The theory of Reasoned
Action is one such cognitive based theory and deals with the
relations among beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviours.
The theory posits that volitional behaviour, for example,
urinating in the lake is predicted by one’s intention to
perform the behaviour (“I intend to urinate in the lake”)15
.
These intentions are determined by normative and subjective
factors.
Consequently, the theory of reasoned action is useful in
givingdirectionabouthealtheducationmessagesandwhether
these should be targeted towards normative or personal
beliefs. This is a strength of the theory that is invaluable at
the practical level. Fishbein argues that many programmes
and interventions have been unsuccessful because they
misdirect their messages. They may focus on broad issues
rather than speciically on attitudes and/or subjective norms
that correspond directly with the behaviour one wishes to
change. They may also target attitudinal components instead
of the relevant normative components and vice versa16.
The
irst published study reporting the application of the theory
of reasoned action in Malawi was Bandawe & Foster’s 1996
study17
. In that HIV-related study we assessed intention of
191 students in three secondary schools to engage in sex
with the same partner and intention to utilise a condom
during each sexual encounter. The indings signiicantly
demonstrated the utility of the theory of reasoned action to
the Malawian sample being able to account for 50% of the
variance. For both behaviours intentions were predominantly
under attitudinal control. In the second such study of this
social cognitive model, Chipwete applied the theory of
reasoned action to primary school children in Mangochi,
Malawi. This was the irst time the theory had been applied
to this age group. He compared rural and urban children
with regard to intention to abstain from sexual intercourse
until marriage, stick to the one same sexual partner and use
or have their partners use a condom18
. His multiple linear
regression equations to predict intention were all signiicant
with over 25% of the variance accounted for in all the
behaviours investigated. Chipwete also found that intentions
of the primary school children were predominantly under
attitudinal control except for intention to stick to one partner,
which was predominantly under normative inluence. Both
these studies17,18
demonstrated that the theory of reasoned
action can be applied to a Malawian sample and that there
are no inherent cultural dificulties with applying this theory
to Malawi.
The social cognitive models discussed above are the one
level of social psychology and health education. We turn
now to examine the other level. Arguing that the application
of psychology to problems in Africa is not a luxury, but
essential to national development, MacLachlan & Carr
make an attempt to provide a “blueprint, a framework, a
conceptual thrust” (p.22). Psychology in Malawi has been
described as dynamic and not conined to “mainstream”
western post modernism19,20
. Carr and colleagues21
argue that
psychology is relevant in developing countries and present
a developmental view of social psychology that is neither
“historicist” nor “universalist” as the dominant theories are
classiied. They outline ive “discernible modes of social
psychology in the Malawian context” 20
,p.178 .
The irst one is rejuvenation, which refers to the
“rejuvenation” of social psychology theories that fell out of
vogue. This rejuvenation is due to socio-political changes in
the 1990s in Malawi.
The second mode is refutation, which is the refuting
of social psychology constructs for example Festinger’s
cognitive dissonance theory. Under this comes the notion of
cognitive tolerance19
, which asserts that several local studies
have demonstrated that most Malawians are comfortable
holding two belief systems about a disease without any sense
of conlict or contradiction. In other words, Malawians
understand the causes of diseases both by western scientiic
explanations as well as by traditional explanations which
draw more on mysticism and the role of spirits and ancestors
in the cause of disease19,21,22
. They can do so without seeking
cognitive “dissonance”.
The third mode is realisation, which refers to a realisation
of inconsistencies in the guiding philosophy of equity in
donor agencies development project delivery. This manifests
in the “pay me” situation where recipients of donor aid
demand payment for any contribution they make to the
programme even if it is said to be in the interests of the
local community.
Fourthly, there is the mode of reconstitution. Under this
comes the double demotivation theory where, due to the
large salary differences between expatriates and locals, both
parties in this disparity experienced internal conlicts with
equity principles, with the result that the sustainability of
the development project is compromised. Another factor is
that aid projects which threaten cultural identity may be less
sustainable especially since cultural identity always reasserts
itself.
Fifthly, there is restatement where the social psychology
assumption of the self promoting upward drive, needs to
be restated to allow for the costs of individual advancement.
The authors have termed this the “pull-down” syndrome,
3. A brief history of Social Psychology 36
MMJ 22(2) 2010 www.mmj.medcol.mw
where those who are advancing are pulled down by jealous
colleagues and relatives to maintain a level of “let us all be
poor together”.
Carr et al. added another mode which they termed relection
which is concerned with the relective and evaluative process
through which a common principle or thread is seen through
all the various events and observations.21
Applying this last mode immediately, we can ask what is
the common thread that weaves its way through social
psychology in Malawi? Carr asserts it is social inluence. It
cannot be imposed and has to be allowed to happen at its
own pace. As Carr puts it “the more one constrains, the less
one can sustain” (p.191)20
.
The Malawi psychology literature has reported attempts
at testing whether psychological constructs developed in
the West, such as the health locus of control measure do
have validity in Malawi given the varied cultural, political
and economic environment24
. MacLachlan et al. applied
the health locus of control questionnaire (HLOCQ) which
assesses subjects’ understanding of determinants of health
to Malawian university students to assess its cross cultural
validity25
. They investigated malaria, schistosomiasis and
AIDS. Their indings did not support the HLOCQ as a valid
measure of understanding health risk in the Malawian sample.
However using the same sample they applied the Coping
Strategy Indicator questionnaire and found close “factorial
structure of responses” to the original questionnaire
administered in the United States. They attribute the
HLOCQ’s failure to account for variations in health belief
of the Malawian sample to the questionnaire’s structure in
the composition of its sub-scales26
.
Potential contributions of social psychology
There is plenty of scope for social psychology to play a role
in Malawi.
The dynamics inluencing adopter decisions of successful
programmes needs to be understood to ensure effective
intervention and message strategies27,28
. Networks of
inluence exist to deine the socially accepted and preferred
behaviours. Identiication of such networks and inluence
processes would therefore be essential and social psychology
can play a key role29
.
Bennet & Murphy say there is a need for more process
evaluation and phased or “episodic” research in order to
understand “how” health education messages impact on the
target population. There has been too much emphasis on
intervention outcome effects (such as behaviour change) with
“the assumption that these have resulted directly from the
intended intervention. Whilst such outcomes have obvious
utility (p.128), they occur without a clear understanding of
how the message is received, interpreted and responded to by
the target population30
. This emphasises a “top down” view
of behaviour change, which deprives us of understanding
the process. There is therefore need for an understanding
of how
“Cultural or sub-cultural processes inluence the impact of any
intervention, and [modify] initiatives accordingly. Such research may
also prove a rich testing ground for psychological theory, and may be
achieved through the use of both qualitative and quantitative research
methods” (p.128)30
.
Given the high HIV prevalence in Malawi, it would be
worth further exploring the extent to which social control
in personal relationships plays a role in shaping health
behaviour31
. The interplay between social support and social
control in deining health outcome is beginning to receive
more attention, and a study incorporating these dynamics
would shed much light on the inluence of health related
behaviours.
Application of critical psychology theory to health related
issues also warrant further investigation. For example, Harré
& van Langenhove expand on “positioning theory” which
refers to the analysis of people’s interaction in discourse
with one another and their relative “positionings” through
speech-acts in relation to the story line32
. Of interest would
be to explore how such positionings can advance health-
related behaviours. What social dynamics operate to position
a person into such a place where they are more likely to use a
condom during sex for example? What discursive rules exist
to allow for the actions that are conducive to health-related
behaviours? Since episodes contain thoughts, intentions,
plans etc of the individuals involved, they also shape what
participants say and do32
. There is therefore a need to
understand how new episodes or “positions” are negotiated
within the idiosyncrasies of the sample under investigation.
The objective would then be to align such repositionings
with behaviours that are conducive to optimising health
from a health education perspective. Social psychology has
much scope contribute to health and behaviour in Malawi
as relected in the truth of these words from Desjarlais et al
that behaviour “is so rooted in social contexts, so inlected
by social differences, and so at the mercy of social resources
that behaviours must be thought of as primarily social. They
are subject to individual variations at the margins only”
(p.229)33
.
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