The document provides an overview of several instrumental techniques used for structure determination of organic compounds, including mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It discusses sample preparation, basic principles, and how to interpret data from each technique.

1. Chapter 11 Structure Determination of Organic Compounds

5. Mass Spectrometry Sample eluting from GC Pressure changes to ~10- 5 torr (1 ng/M sensitivity) Electron Impact (EI ) source: W filament sends electron beams that ionize molecules (M --> M + ) High Voltage Quadrapule rod The molecules are separated according to their mass to charge (m/Z) ratio. Detector. Counts the ions as they elute by m/z. Electron multipier amplifies it To data systems

8. IR spectrometer for solids Sample Laser Path Mirrors

10. FT-IR NaCl Salt Plate holder Laser Beam

13. UV- Vis Cuvette Clear side should face beam Sample should be dilute (~10 -5 M)

15. Nuclear magnetic resonance The sample is placed between powerful magnets and a magnetic field sweeps through the sample NMR tube Magnets Sample Spinner