This document discusses cell structure and organelles. It notes that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cells range widely in size but are generally 10-20 micrometers. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles are enclosed within the cell membrane. Larger organisms are made of many cells organized into tissues, organs and organ systems.

1. F F F
Cell and structure of cell
F ˈ F F ( F ˈ )
F F F F(organelles) ˈ F(cell)
F ˈ (tissue) ˈ (organ)
(organism) F F F
F F F F F F
F F F ˈ F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F 10-20 F
F F F F 15 F 1.8 x 10-9
ˈ F 2.5 x 109
F
4.5 x 1013
1 (0.05 ) F
2.25 x 108
F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F (cell wall) F F F F F F F
F F (chloroplast)
1

2. 2 F
1.1 F F (prokaryote cell) F
(eukaryotic cell)
F F (Cell structure)
F F ˈ 2 F F F (eukaryotic cell) F
(prokaryotic cell) F F F
F F 1.1 F ˈ F
ˈ F (unicellular organism)
F F F F F F F ˈ
F (multicellular organism) ( F ˈ F
ˈ F) F F F ˈ F
F F F F F F F F
F
ˈ F F F F F F F F F
F
F F
F
F
F
FF

3. 1 F F F 3
F F F F 1-10 F F F
3 F (cocci) F F (bacilli) F (spirilla)
F F F F F F ˂ F
F F F F F
F
F F F F F 10-100 F
F F F 1,000-1,000,000 F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F
F F F (vacuole) F
F F F F F
(cytoplasm) ˈ F F F 70-90 F
F (cytoskeleton) ˈ F
F F ˈ F ˈ F
F F F
F F F F F F F
pH 5 pH 6.9-7.2
F F F F F F ˈ F
F F F F
F
F F F F (cell membrane) ˈ ˈ
F F F F ˈ
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F ˈ F F F F
(cytoplasm) (cytosol) F F F F
(nucleus) F F (Deoxyribonucleic
acid) ( ) ˈ F F

4. 4 F
F F
F
F
F
F F
F
F
F F
F
1.1 F F F
F
1-10
ˈ F
F F
F F F
ˈ
( ʽ ) F
70s
F
F
(flagellum)
F F binary fission
F F
10-100
ˈ
F
F
F
F F F
ˈ F
( ʽ )
80s
F
F F mitosis
meiosis
F
/ F
F
F

5. 1 F F F 5
F F (Plasma membrane cell membrane)
F F F F F F F ˈ F F
F ˈ F 2 F F F F F
F F fluid mosaic F F (ion)
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F ( )
F F F glycocalyx F
F F ˂ F ˈ F F F
F F F F
F F
F F F F ˈ (receptor)
ˈ F F (protein channel pore) F
F F F ˈ
Transmembrane protein F F F
F F F ˈ F F F
Integral protein ˆ F F F (intrinsic protein)
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
ˈ F F F
Peripheral protein F F F
F F ˆ F (extrinsic protein) F F
F F (signal transduction)

6. 6 F
1.2 F F F F 2 F
F F
1.3 F F F F F

7. 1 F F F 7
F (simple diffusion) F F F
F F F F (Hydrophobic)
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F ˈ (largeunchargedpolarmolecules) F
F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
1.4 (A) F F F F F F (simple diffusion) F
F (passive transport) F (Active transport)
(B) F F F F electrochemical gradient F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F

8. 8 F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F concentration gradient F
F F F F F F
ˈ F F F F F F F F
F 2 carrier proteins ( carriers, permeases transporter)
ˈ F F F F F F
carrier protein F F F F channel proteins ˈ
ˈ F F F F F
ʽ - ʽ F F F channel proteins F F
F carrier protein
F F F F F (simple diffusion) F
carrier proteins channel proteins F F
F concentration gradient F F F F
F ˈ F (passive transport) F ˈ
F F F F F ˆˋ F F F F F
F F F concentration gradient F F carrier
protein F ATP F F F
F F (active transport)
(Mitochondria)
ˈ F F F 2 F F
(outer mitochondrial membrane) F F F F F
F F (inner mitochondrial membrane) F F F F F
F F F F
F F (cristae) F F (matrix)
ˈ F F F F F

9. 1 F F F 9
F F
F F F F
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
1.5 F
F F (outer mitochondrial membrane)
F porin F F F F
F F 2 (inter mitochondrial membrane space)
F F F F F F 2
(cytochrome c) F ˈ F F
F F (inner mitochondrial membrane)
F F F 5 F ˈ F F F F F F F F
cardiolipin F F F
F F F F H+
F
F F F H+
F F F F F F F ATP synthase
F ATP thermogenin F F F
F F
F
F F
( )

10. 10 F
F F F F (matrix) F
F ˈ F F F F
F F ATP F F
F F (oxidativephosphorylation)
F F
F F
F tRNA
F F F
F F F F 2 3
F F F
F F 5-10 F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F 32-36 ATP F F F
F 2 ATP F F F
F F F F F F F
(Ribosome)
ˈ F F F F (membrane) F ˈ F F
F F 50 ( F ) F F
2 F F F F F F F
mRNA F ˈ F