This document provides methodology for interpreting sedimentary features from borehole image logs, including:
1. Interpreting features at different scales from 1:500 to 1:5 and assigning confidence grades.
2. Integrating core descriptions with image logs to aid in facies identification and sedimentary structure interpretation.
3. Identifying lithofacies, grouping them into associations based on environment, and interpreting depositional environments and sediment dispersal patterns from structural dip removal and paleotransport analyses.
This document provides guidance on techniques for acquiring sedimentological data from clastic rocks, including sedimentary logging. The key points covered include:
1. The essential equipment needed for sedimentary logging includes a notebook, measuring tools, and grain size comparator.
2. An important initial step is selecting a representative logging route that is physically accessible and shows continuity.
3. Descriptions of lithological units like mudstones and sandstones involve semi-quantitative scales for aspects like bioturbation.
4. Logs are plotted using scales for lithology, thickness, and grain size. Sedimentary structures are coded onto the log.
5. Example logs and exercises are provided to demonstrate plotting techniques and
This document provides an outline for an image log and dipmeter analysis course. The course will cover topics such as tool selection, image quality control, structural and sedimentological interpretation techniques, and petrophysical applications. By the end of the course, students should be able to carry out quality control of borehole image data, provide brief structural interpretations, describe fractures and faults, recognize lithofacies styles and paleotransport indicators, and appreciate the limits of borehole image data. The course will include both paper-based interpretation exercises and discussions of integrating borehole image data with core, log, and seismic data using conceptual models.
Method of the sequence stratigraphic analysis.pdfSujan Pandey
This document provides an overview of sequence stratigraphic analysis methods. It discusses key concepts like facies, facies associations, facies models, depositional environments, Walther's Law, paleocurrent analysis, pedology, ichnology, and well logs. The document emphasizes that facies analysis is fundamental to sequence stratigraphy as it provides clues for reconstructing paleogeography and depositional environments over time in response to changes in base level.
Borehole image logs can be used to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. They provide high resolution data on structural features like fractures and faults, depositional features, and reservoir rock types. This allows for identification of permeability barriers and flow paths. Image logs can classify porosity types and estimate permeability in cored and uncored wells. When integrated with core data, they improve reservoir modeling and predictions of fluid flow.
Borehole image logs provide high-resolution data that can be used to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. Key applications include:
1) Identifying structural features like fractures, faults, and bedding orientations that control fluid flow and compartmentalization.
2) Classifying depositional facies and diagenetic textures to map lateral variations in reservoir properties.
3) Defining discrete image facies and image rock types correlated to permeability values to predict permeability in uncored wells and constrain 3D reservoir models.
Fracture identification in oil based mud systems.pptSaadTaman
This document discusses using borehole image logs to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. It describes how image logs at different scales can identify features from 1 mm to 1 km, including fractures, channels, reefs and slide blocks. The logs can be used to classify structures, facies, and pore systems in cored and uncored wells. By correlating log responses to core data, the logs can identify lithofacies, porosity types, and reservoir rock types to predict permeability distributions throughout the reservoir. This facilitates fracture modeling, production analysis, and constraining 3D reservoir models.
This document discusses using borehole image logs to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. It describes how image logs at resolutions of millimeters can identify features like fractures, facies changes, and pore types that influence permeability. The logs are calibrated to core data and used to classify rocks into reservoir rock types (RRTs) with distinct permeability properties. This allows predicting permeability in uncored wells and capturing small-scale heterogeneity for improved 3D reservoir models.
This document discusses using borehole image logs to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. It describes how image logs can be used at scales from microns to kilometers to identify structural features like fractures and faults, depositional features like channels and reefs, and lithofacies. Image logs combined with core data allow classification of porosity types and reservoir rock types, which can then be used to predict permeability distributions and refine 3D reservoir models, improving understanding of carbonate reservoir heterogeneity.
This document provides guidance on techniques for acquiring sedimentological data from clastic rocks, including sedimentary logging. The key points covered include:
1. The essential equipment needed for sedimentary logging includes a notebook, measuring tools, and grain size comparator.
2. An important initial step is selecting a representative logging route that is physically accessible and shows continuity.
3. Descriptions of lithological units like mudstones and sandstones involve semi-quantitative scales for aspects like bioturbation.
4. Logs are plotted using scales for lithology, thickness, and grain size. Sedimentary structures are coded onto the log.
5. Example logs and exercises are provided to demonstrate plotting techniques and
This document provides an outline for an image log and dipmeter analysis course. The course will cover topics such as tool selection, image quality control, structural and sedimentological interpretation techniques, and petrophysical applications. By the end of the course, students should be able to carry out quality control of borehole image data, provide brief structural interpretations, describe fractures and faults, recognize lithofacies styles and paleotransport indicators, and appreciate the limits of borehole image data. The course will include both paper-based interpretation exercises and discussions of integrating borehole image data with core, log, and seismic data using conceptual models.
Method of the sequence stratigraphic analysis.pdfSujan Pandey
This document provides an overview of sequence stratigraphic analysis methods. It discusses key concepts like facies, facies associations, facies models, depositional environments, Walther's Law, paleocurrent analysis, pedology, ichnology, and well logs. The document emphasizes that facies analysis is fundamental to sequence stratigraphy as it provides clues for reconstructing paleogeography and depositional environments over time in response to changes in base level.
Borehole image logs can be used to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. They provide high resolution data on structural features like fractures and faults, depositional features, and reservoir rock types. This allows for identification of permeability barriers and flow paths. Image logs can classify porosity types and estimate permeability in cored and uncored wells. When integrated with core data, they improve reservoir modeling and predictions of fluid flow.
Borehole image logs provide high-resolution data that can be used to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. Key applications include:
1) Identifying structural features like fractures, faults, and bedding orientations that control fluid flow and compartmentalization.
2) Classifying depositional facies and diagenetic textures to map lateral variations in reservoir properties.
3) Defining discrete image facies and image rock types correlated to permeability values to predict permeability in uncored wells and constrain 3D reservoir models.
Fracture identification in oil based mud systems.pptSaadTaman
This document discusses using borehole image logs to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. It describes how image logs at different scales can identify features from 1 mm to 1 km, including fractures, channels, reefs and slide blocks. The logs can be used to classify structures, facies, and pore systems in cored and uncored wells. By correlating log responses to core data, the logs can identify lithofacies, porosity types, and reservoir rock types to predict permeability distributions throughout the reservoir. This facilitates fracture modeling, production analysis, and constraining 3D reservoir models.
This document discusses using borehole image logs to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. It describes how image logs at resolutions of millimeters can identify features like fractures, facies changes, and pore types that influence permeability. The logs are calibrated to core data and used to classify rocks into reservoir rock types (RRTs) with distinct permeability properties. This allows predicting permeability in uncored wells and capturing small-scale heterogeneity for improved 3D reservoir models.
This document discusses using borehole image logs to characterize heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. It describes how image logs can be used at scales from microns to kilometers to identify structural features like fractures and faults, depositional features like channels and reefs, and lithofacies. Image logs combined with core data allow classification of porosity types and reservoir rock types, which can then be used to predict permeability distributions and refine 3D reservoir models, improving understanding of carbonate reservoir heterogeneity.
contents -
1. soil morphology
2. soil macromorphology
3. soil micromorphology
4. techniques used in micromorphology study
5. some terms, definations and concept
6. soil mineral material
7. soil organic materials
8. application
Well logging involves making detailed records of geological formations penetrated by a borehole using tools lowered into the hole. Logs can be based on visual core samples or physical measurements and are used to determine reservoir parameters like lithology, porosity, and fluid saturation. Common logs include resistivity, spontaneous potential, gamma ray, density, neutron, sonic, and caliper logs. Cross plots of two logs like neutron-density are used to calculate porosity and lithology. Clay content is important to measure as clay swelling can impact drilling. Porosity and water saturation are key parameters determined from logs using equations accounting for factors like temperature, lithology, and clay content. Cutoffs are applied to parameters like porosity, water saturation,
Field work in geology courses by different scienceThomIya
The document discusses the importance of field geology and outlines the process of planning and conducting geological field work, which generally proceeds in three stages - the planning stage, the mapping, observing, and collecting stage, and the report preparation stage. It emphasizes the importance of studying outcrops, rock units, and key beds in the field and mapping their distribution and contacts. Careful planning is essential to effectively scope the project and collect the most pertinent data.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
RAJAT YADAV, M.Sc. Previous ,TEXTURE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS .pptxRajatYadav135015
The document discusses sedimentary rock texture, including grain size, particle shape, sphericity, fabric, and packing. It describes how these textural properties are analyzed under a microscope and their geological significance. Grain size distribution provides clues about transportation and depositional conditions, while particle shape indicates the transporting agent and environment based on roundness and surface textures. Fabric and packing influence porosity and permeability. Together, textural analysis reveals information about the sediment source, transport, and depositional history.
This document provides an overview of sequence stratigraphy and its application to carbonate systems. It discusses:
1) The basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy including its integration of time, facies migration, and relative sea level changes. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of systems tracts.
2) Controls on sequence development including rates of subsidence, eustatic sea level change, and sedimentation. Relative sea level changes are a primary control but changes in sediment supply can also influence sequences.
3) Alternative perspectives on sequence stratigraphy models in carbonates, pointing out that eustasy alone is inadequate and other factors like depositional bias and environmental changes must be considered. A more
This document summarizes a master's dissertation on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of strata from two wells, XY-Well 1 and XY-Well 2, in the central Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Microfossils including foraminifera and palynomorphs were analyzed from core samples to determine the ages and depositional environments. For XY-Well 1, ages of Early Eocene to Middle Eocene were interpreted based on foraminifera, while Late Oligocene to Early Miocene ages were interpreted based on palynomorphs. Depositional environments of inner neritic to middle neritic were reconstructed. For XY-Well 2, ages of Miocene to Early Pliocene based on foramin
The document discusses architectural elements and sedimentary architecture. It defines key terms like unit, body, and element which refer to distinct geological entities or masses of sediment bounded by lower and upper boundaries. Architectural elements specifically refer to genetically related bodies or assemblages of bodies distinguished based on their geometry, scale, and facies. The document also discusses using a hierarchical classification of architectural elements from the basin scale downward.
This document describes an exercise to have students explore marine sediments using sediment core data, photos, and smear slides. The goals are for students to describe physical characteristics of cores, identify sediment components and origins, classify sediments, and explain patterns in global sediment distributions. Students work in teams to observe cores, identify components from smear slides, and classify sediments. They analyze patterns in sediment distributions and hypothesize controls. The exercise aims to teach students about seafloor sediments using real data and a constructivist approach.
Imagery Interpretation for Coastal and Marine Spatial PlanningKeith VanGraafeiland
2012 ASPRS Conference presentation in Sacramento California.
This paper describes the use of remote sensing data, GIS habitat mapping, and environmental sensitivity analysis methods to map selected coastal and seafloor features. These technologies are employed to develop an efficient means of determining and mapping nearshore and seafloor features warranting environmental protection. The application of remote sensing techniques to high-resolution aerial or satellite imagery may be utilized to identify and delineate near-shore and coastal features and perform habitat classifications. These data can be used to produce Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, thematic maps, and statistical summaries (areal and linear dimensions) of habitat type which may support Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), Environmental Impact Studies (EISs), Baseline Environmental Baseline Surveys (EBSs), monitoring plans, and spill contingency planning. This rapid assessment and mapping approach gives a time-efficient and cost-effective means to identify and map environmentally sensitive features within a large and environmentally complex geographical area. This paper additionally presents the development and application of an environmental impact mitigation plan based on a combination of the ESI analysis and habitat mapping data. This combined technical approach is a practical means to minimize environmental impact while meeting the scientific, engineering and logistic constraints of coastal and marine development activities.
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to cleavage, foliation, and lineation in metamorphic rocks. It defines different types of cleavage based on scale, including slaty, phyllitic, and schistosity. It also discusses crenulation and spaced cleavage. Examples are provided of slate, phyllite, schistosity, and crenulation cleavage in metamorphic rocks. The document also discusses concepts such as boudinage, gneissic structure, migmatization, mylonite, and different types of lineations. It provides examples of strain markers and describes analyzing strain in strongly deformed rocks. Finally, it discusses relationships between deformation, metamorphism, pl
The document discusses techniques for seismic stratigraphy analysis and interpretation. It describes delineating depositional sequences using reflection termination mapping. Reflection terminations indicate strata discontinuities and can be truncation, toplap, baselap, onlap, or downlap. Seismic sequence analysis involves analyzing seismic sequences, facies, and interpreting depositional environments. Reflection configurations, continuity, amplitude, and frequency are used to define seismic facies units representing depositional environments and lithofacies.
Guidelines for lithological, structural and geomorphic interpretationNikhil Sherekar
The document discusses guidelines for lithological, structural, and geomorphic interpretation from aerial photographs. It explains that aerial photos can be used to interpret rock types based on differences in topography, slopes, drainage, geometry, and other features. Structural features like dipping beds, folded structures, faults, and joints can also be identified from aerial photos. Lastly, geomorphic interpretation from aerial photos allows detailed mapping and analysis of landforms, drainage patterns, and other terrain features to study geomorphology.
Sedimentology Lecture 4. concept of sedimentary facies, association and proce...Sigve Hamilton Aspelund
The document discusses sedimentary facies analysis and the concepts of facies, facies associations, and sedimentary processes. It defines a facies as the physical features of a sedimentary deposit that can be used to distinguish it from adjacent deposits. Facies associations are genetically related groups of facies that record particular depositional environments. Sedimentary processes include selective processes that transport and structure sediments, as well as mass processes involving large sediment movements like debris flows, grain flows, mud flows, and turbidity flows.
This document discusses engineering geological mapping and provides details on:
1) The purpose of engineering geological maps is to provide basic information for land use planning, engineering works planning/design/construction/maintenance, and environmental planning.
2) Engineering geological maps represent characteristics of rocks/soils, hydrogeological conditions, geomorphological conditions, and active geodynamic phenomena.
3) Classification of rocks and soils on maps is based on properties indicating physical/engineering characteristics, such as mineralogy, texture, structure, and weathering state.
Structural Study of the West Red Lake AreaVadim Galkine
This document provides a summary of a complex structural study of the West Red Lake area in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It includes:
1) An analysis of lineaments (faults and fractures) visible in aerial photos, satellite images, and topographic data at multiple scales between 100x100m and 1000x1000m. Over 80,000 lineaments were identified and categorized.
2) Contour maps showing densities of lineaments and their intersections, with higher densities indicating more permeability and potential for mineralization.
3) Comparison of known gold occurrences in the area to the spatial distribution of different lineament types, showing a positive correlation between main lineaments and occurrences.
4) Discussion of methods
The document summarizes hydrocarbon exploration activities offshore Cyprus and plans for developing a natural gas discovery. It notes that Noble Energy discovered an estimated 7 trillion cubic feet gas field in 2011 (Block 12) and plans to conduct appraisal drilling in 2013. It outlines next steps for upstream development, pipelines to transport gas to Cyprus by 2017-2018, and plans to establish an onshore LNG plant by 2019 to export gas to Europe and beyond. The discovery could significantly change Cyprus' energy profile if additional discoveries are made through a second offshore licensing round.
This document discusses key concepts related to ore deposits and ore-forming processes. It defines mineralization as the geological formation of economic minerals in a lithological unit through natural earth processes. For a mineralization to be considered a mineral deposit, it must meet minimum thresholds for metal quantity and grade. Ore deposits are classified based on characteristics like host rock, mineral assemblage, size, and geological formation process. Metals are sourced from crustal or mantle rocks, transported by aqueous fluids complexed with ligands, and concentrated at deposition sites where drastic changes in pressure, temperature, or fluid composition occur. Driving forces include heat from volcanic or plutonic activity and fluid flow influenced by topography or geothermal gradients.
contents -
1. soil morphology
2. soil macromorphology
3. soil micromorphology
4. techniques used in micromorphology study
5. some terms, definations and concept
6. soil mineral material
7. soil organic materials
8. application
Well logging involves making detailed records of geological formations penetrated by a borehole using tools lowered into the hole. Logs can be based on visual core samples or physical measurements and are used to determine reservoir parameters like lithology, porosity, and fluid saturation. Common logs include resistivity, spontaneous potential, gamma ray, density, neutron, sonic, and caliper logs. Cross plots of two logs like neutron-density are used to calculate porosity and lithology. Clay content is important to measure as clay swelling can impact drilling. Porosity and water saturation are key parameters determined from logs using equations accounting for factors like temperature, lithology, and clay content. Cutoffs are applied to parameters like porosity, water saturation,
Field work in geology courses by different scienceThomIya
The document discusses the importance of field geology and outlines the process of planning and conducting geological field work, which generally proceeds in three stages - the planning stage, the mapping, observing, and collecting stage, and the report preparation stage. It emphasizes the importance of studying outcrops, rock units, and key beds in the field and mapping their distribution and contacts. Careful planning is essential to effectively scope the project and collect the most pertinent data.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
RAJAT YADAV, M.Sc. Previous ,TEXTURE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS .pptxRajatYadav135015
The document discusses sedimentary rock texture, including grain size, particle shape, sphericity, fabric, and packing. It describes how these textural properties are analyzed under a microscope and their geological significance. Grain size distribution provides clues about transportation and depositional conditions, while particle shape indicates the transporting agent and environment based on roundness and surface textures. Fabric and packing influence porosity and permeability. Together, textural analysis reveals information about the sediment source, transport, and depositional history.
This document provides an overview of sequence stratigraphy and its application to carbonate systems. It discusses:
1) The basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy including its integration of time, facies migration, and relative sea level changes. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of systems tracts.
2) Controls on sequence development including rates of subsidence, eustatic sea level change, and sedimentation. Relative sea level changes are a primary control but changes in sediment supply can also influence sequences.
3) Alternative perspectives on sequence stratigraphy models in carbonates, pointing out that eustasy alone is inadequate and other factors like depositional bias and environmental changes must be considered. A more
This document summarizes a master's dissertation on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of strata from two wells, XY-Well 1 and XY-Well 2, in the central Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Microfossils including foraminifera and palynomorphs were analyzed from core samples to determine the ages and depositional environments. For XY-Well 1, ages of Early Eocene to Middle Eocene were interpreted based on foraminifera, while Late Oligocene to Early Miocene ages were interpreted based on palynomorphs. Depositional environments of inner neritic to middle neritic were reconstructed. For XY-Well 2, ages of Miocene to Early Pliocene based on foramin
The document discusses architectural elements and sedimentary architecture. It defines key terms like unit, body, and element which refer to distinct geological entities or masses of sediment bounded by lower and upper boundaries. Architectural elements specifically refer to genetically related bodies or assemblages of bodies distinguished based on their geometry, scale, and facies. The document also discusses using a hierarchical classification of architectural elements from the basin scale downward.
This document describes an exercise to have students explore marine sediments using sediment core data, photos, and smear slides. The goals are for students to describe physical characteristics of cores, identify sediment components and origins, classify sediments, and explain patterns in global sediment distributions. Students work in teams to observe cores, identify components from smear slides, and classify sediments. They analyze patterns in sediment distributions and hypothesize controls. The exercise aims to teach students about seafloor sediments using real data and a constructivist approach.
Imagery Interpretation for Coastal and Marine Spatial PlanningKeith VanGraafeiland
2012 ASPRS Conference presentation in Sacramento California.
This paper describes the use of remote sensing data, GIS habitat mapping, and environmental sensitivity analysis methods to map selected coastal and seafloor features. These technologies are employed to develop an efficient means of determining and mapping nearshore and seafloor features warranting environmental protection. The application of remote sensing techniques to high-resolution aerial or satellite imagery may be utilized to identify and delineate near-shore and coastal features and perform habitat classifications. These data can be used to produce Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps, thematic maps, and statistical summaries (areal and linear dimensions) of habitat type which may support Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), Environmental Impact Studies (EISs), Baseline Environmental Baseline Surveys (EBSs), monitoring plans, and spill contingency planning. This rapid assessment and mapping approach gives a time-efficient and cost-effective means to identify and map environmentally sensitive features within a large and environmentally complex geographical area. This paper additionally presents the development and application of an environmental impact mitigation plan based on a combination of the ESI analysis and habitat mapping data. This combined technical approach is a practical means to minimize environmental impact while meeting the scientific, engineering and logistic constraints of coastal and marine development activities.
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to cleavage, foliation, and lineation in metamorphic rocks. It defines different types of cleavage based on scale, including slaty, phyllitic, and schistosity. It also discusses crenulation and spaced cleavage. Examples are provided of slate, phyllite, schistosity, and crenulation cleavage in metamorphic rocks. The document also discusses concepts such as boudinage, gneissic structure, migmatization, mylonite, and different types of lineations. It provides examples of strain markers and describes analyzing strain in strongly deformed rocks. Finally, it discusses relationships between deformation, metamorphism, pl
The document discusses techniques for seismic stratigraphy analysis and interpretation. It describes delineating depositional sequences using reflection termination mapping. Reflection terminations indicate strata discontinuities and can be truncation, toplap, baselap, onlap, or downlap. Seismic sequence analysis involves analyzing seismic sequences, facies, and interpreting depositional environments. Reflection configurations, continuity, amplitude, and frequency are used to define seismic facies units representing depositional environments and lithofacies.
Guidelines for lithological, structural and geomorphic interpretationNikhil Sherekar
The document discusses guidelines for lithological, structural, and geomorphic interpretation from aerial photographs. It explains that aerial photos can be used to interpret rock types based on differences in topography, slopes, drainage, geometry, and other features. Structural features like dipping beds, folded structures, faults, and joints can also be identified from aerial photos. Lastly, geomorphic interpretation from aerial photos allows detailed mapping and analysis of landforms, drainage patterns, and other terrain features to study geomorphology.
Sedimentology Lecture 4. concept of sedimentary facies, association and proce...Sigve Hamilton Aspelund
The document discusses sedimentary facies analysis and the concepts of facies, facies associations, and sedimentary processes. It defines a facies as the physical features of a sedimentary deposit that can be used to distinguish it from adjacent deposits. Facies associations are genetically related groups of facies that record particular depositional environments. Sedimentary processes include selective processes that transport and structure sediments, as well as mass processes involving large sediment movements like debris flows, grain flows, mud flows, and turbidity flows.
This document discusses engineering geological mapping and provides details on:
1) The purpose of engineering geological maps is to provide basic information for land use planning, engineering works planning/design/construction/maintenance, and environmental planning.
2) Engineering geological maps represent characteristics of rocks/soils, hydrogeological conditions, geomorphological conditions, and active geodynamic phenomena.
3) Classification of rocks and soils on maps is based on properties indicating physical/engineering characteristics, such as mineralogy, texture, structure, and weathering state.
Structural Study of the West Red Lake AreaVadim Galkine
This document provides a summary of a complex structural study of the West Red Lake area in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It includes:
1) An analysis of lineaments (faults and fractures) visible in aerial photos, satellite images, and topographic data at multiple scales between 100x100m and 1000x1000m. Over 80,000 lineaments were identified and categorized.
2) Contour maps showing densities of lineaments and their intersections, with higher densities indicating more permeability and potential for mineralization.
3) Comparison of known gold occurrences in the area to the spatial distribution of different lineament types, showing a positive correlation between main lineaments and occurrences.
4) Discussion of methods
Similar to 8a - Sedimentological methodology.ppt (20)
The document summarizes hydrocarbon exploration activities offshore Cyprus and plans for developing a natural gas discovery. It notes that Noble Energy discovered an estimated 7 trillion cubic feet gas field in 2011 (Block 12) and plans to conduct appraisal drilling in 2013. It outlines next steps for upstream development, pipelines to transport gas to Cyprus by 2017-2018, and plans to establish an onshore LNG plant by 2019 to export gas to Europe and beyond. The discovery could significantly change Cyprus' energy profile if additional discoveries are made through a second offshore licensing round.
This document discusses key concepts related to ore deposits and ore-forming processes. It defines mineralization as the geological formation of economic minerals in a lithological unit through natural earth processes. For a mineralization to be considered a mineral deposit, it must meet minimum thresholds for metal quantity and grade. Ore deposits are classified based on characteristics like host rock, mineral assemblage, size, and geological formation process. Metals are sourced from crustal or mantle rocks, transported by aqueous fluids complexed with ligands, and concentrated at deposition sites where drastic changes in pressure, temperature, or fluid composition occur. Driving forces include heat from volcanic or plutonic activity and fluid flow influenced by topography or geothermal gradients.
The document discusses subaerial unconformities visible in outcrops and provides examples from various locations around the world. Key criteria to identify subaerial unconformities include evidence of exposure like paleosols, erosion and truncation of underlying strata, paleotopography, and onlap of overlying strata. Photos show unconformities with regolith development, karst features, and basal conglomerates that onlap eroded surfaces. Forced regressive surfaces of marine erosion are also discussed and depicted in outcrops showing scoured contacts and shoreface sandstone wedges.
The document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines, including headlands, bays, wave-cut notches, wave-cut platforms, arches, caves, stacks, and blowholes. Headlands are areas that jut out into the sea, often ending in cliffs, while bays are wide curved inlets. Wave action can erode cliffs from below, forming platforms, notches, arches that eventually collapse into stacks and stumps. Blowholes form through joints in cliff rocks exposed to hydraulic action inside wave-eroded caves.
Waves eroding a coastline of varying rock resistance will form headlands of harder rock separated by bays in weaker rock. Landforms produced by wave erosion include headlands, bays, stacks, caves, arches, pillars, and wave-cut platforms and notches. Caves can develop into blowholes if joints in the rock connect the cave to the cliff top.
The document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines including:
- Stacks, which are pillars of rock isolated from the cliff due to wave erosion.
- Headlands, which are parts of the coastline that jut out into the sea, often ending in cliffs.
- Bays, which are wide curved inlets formed along coastlines with weaker, more erodible rock.
- Arches and caves, which are openings formed when waves erode through headlands or into cliffs.
Waves erode cliffs and headlands through various processes, forming different coastal landforms. Caves form where waves attack both sides of headlands. Arches may form if caves erode all the way through. Stacks and stumps are left when arches and stacks eventually collapse. Over time, this differential erosion of harder and weaker rocks creates a series of alternating headlands and bays along the coastline.
This document describes several landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines:
- Headlands jut out into the sea at the end of cliffs. Bays form sheltered inlets in weaker coastal rocks between headlands.
- Arches form when waves erode caves completely through headlands. Stacks are isolated pillars that remain when arches collapse.
- Other landforms include caves undercut at the base of cliffs, wave-cut platforms of gently sloping land left after cliff retreat, and blowholes which form when joints in cliff rocks connect eroded caves to the surface.
The document describes various landforms produced by wave erosion along coastlines including headlands, bays, wave-cut notches, wave-cut platforms, arches, caves, stacks, and blowholes. It explains how waves erode harder and softer rocks at different rates, forming headlands in harder rocks and sheltered bays in weaker rocks. Arches form when waves erode caves through headlands, and stacks remain when arches collapse, eventually becoming stumps.
Stratigraphic principles and sequence stratigraphy are methods used to analyze sedimentary rock layers and impose a temporal dimension. Key concepts include:
- Steno's laws of superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity which describe how sedimentary layers are deposited.
- Sequence stratigraphy subdivides strata using surfaces that represent changes in relative sea level, including sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces, and systems tracts like transgressive and highstand.
- Facies describe the characteristics of sediment deposited in different environments, and sequence stratigraphy studies the geometric relationships between facies belts to interpret depositional history.
Submarine canyons cut across continental shelves and slopes, carrying sediment from rivers and coastal areas to deep ocean basins. Submarine fans form at the mouths of canyons, accumulating sediment across the continental slope in a fan-shaped pattern. Sediment transport within submarine fans occurs through various mechanisms like debris flows, density currents, and turbidity currents, resulting in deposition of turbidite sequences that can be studied to understand ancient submarine fan environments.
This document summarizes a study of the Floridan Aquifer/Chipola River System funded by the USGS and FDEP. The objectives are to identify nutrient sources to the aquifer, characterize hydrologic transport processes using modeling, and match nitrate concentrations in springs using the model. The study area includes the Dougherty Karst Plain where the Floridan Aquifer is recharged through sinkholes and rivers. A MODFLOW model is being used to simulate nitrate tracking from recharge areas and calibrate to spring discharge concentrations. Local grid refinement is being added to improve flow path and travel time estimates in key springs.
Sediments form through the weathering and erosion of rocks, followed by transportation and deposition. There are three main types of sediments: mechanical (clastic), chemical, and organic. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments via the process of diagenesis. Sedimentology involves the study of sediment formation and depositional environments, while stratigraphy examines the temporal and spatial relationships between sedimentary strata. Key methods used in sedimentology include facies analysis, particle size and shape analysis, lithological analysis, and stratigraphic mapping and description.
This document discusses key petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks including porosity, permeability, saturation, and capillarity. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore space to total volume, permeability as the ability of rocks to allow fluid flow through interconnected pores, saturation as the volume of pore space occupied by a fluid, and capillarity as the pressure difference between fluids across curved interfaces in rock pores. Accurate analysis and modeling of these petrophysical properties is important for estimating petroleum reserves and recovery efficiency from reservoirs.
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The document discusses various methods used to prevent sloughing during well drilling operations. Specifically:
1. Circulating refrigerating fluid through the well below the freezing point of the formation to freeze it and prevent sloughing.
2. Circulating brine through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to seep into the formation, then circulating it below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation
The document discusses methods for drilling wells through formations containing sloughing shale to prevent borehole collapse.
It describes 6 methods:
1. Circulating refrigerated fluid through the well to freeze the formation, with the refrigerant having a freezing point below that of the formation fluid.
2. Circulating brine through the well and cooling it to freeze the formation, with the brine's freezing point below that of water.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well in the same way as method 2.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well in the same way as methods 2 and 3.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to contact
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2. Sedimentology 1/2
Provide methodology for image interpretation
- Interpretation confidence.
- Image facies analysis.
- Dip picking and interpretation.
- Core calibration.
The methodology can be demonstrated in a classroom;
the rest is PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE.
Objective
7. Sedimentology 1/7
Core versus images – complementary techniques
Advantages
Core
• Quantify lithological,
textural & mineralogical
information.
• Quantify f, K &
saturation.
• Good bed resolution.
• Detail of bedding
and/or lamination
types.
• And much more…
Images
• Larger aerial
coverage.
• Accurate orientation
information.
• Continuous regularly
sampled dataset.
• Good data on
bedding and/or
lamination continuity
8. Sedimentology 1/8
Images
• Provides little textural
information in
isolation.
• Qualitative
information on f, K &
saturation.
• Sensitive to borehole
conditions.
• How can we build
confidence?
Core versus images – complementary techniques
Disadvantages
Core
• Geometry of
sedimentary structures
often unclear.
• Often incomplete and
difficult to depth match.
• Orientation of
structures commonly
unclear.
11. Sedimentology 1/11
• Grade 1
– Features which can be categorically identified
• Grade 2
– Features which do not have a
unique interpretation
• Grade 3
– Features which are ambiguous,
i.e. probably non-geological
Image interpretation confidence
15. Sedimentology 1/15
Open hole log data.
Sedimentological
interpretation of images.
Image interpretation drag & drop
Facies interpretation
16. Sedimentology 1/16
Fabric index - determined via flash cards
Mottling and loss of fabric in this example is due to
bioturbation - hence we have a bioturbation index
Handling textures
19. Sedimentology 1/19
A Definition of ‘Lithofacies’
A sedimentary unit of distinctive
lithology and internal sedimentary
fabric .........................
21. Sedimentology 1/21
Having identified lithofacies…..
Grouped into Lithofacies
Associations which are of
environmental significance
Retrogradational or progradational stacking of
parasequence sets - these may be related to dip
variations
Grouped into Lithofacies Successions which
are analagous to Parasequences
Sequence Stratigraphy !
22. Sedimentology 1/22
• The images (tool gamma
ray) are depth-matched to
the OH logs (gamma ray).
• The core gamma ray is
depth matched to the image
gamma ray.
Reference curve
image log gamma ray
Match curve
core gamma ray
Core-image depth matching
• The core depth match is
“fine tuned” to match image
features.
24. Sedimentology 1/24
Interpretation of features
seen in images
Facies interpretation
Palaeotransport
Core description log
Image interpretation with core calibration
25. Sedimentology 1/25
Top 1011’
Base 1012’
Goniometry Technique
• The transparent goniometry
sleeves are matched in width to
the core circumference
• Each sleeve has a central
reference line which is matched
to the MOL
• The MOL provides an
independent reference line for
the measurement data and
ensures that features marked
on the sleeves are consistently
oriented for each core set
26. Sedimentology 1/26
Scribed core
Primary
knife
Secondar
y
knives
Data Collection
• Sedimentary and tectonic
features are traced onto the
sleeve and annotations made of
features & lithology
• Positions of primary and
secondary knives are recorded
(scribed core)
• Sleeves are unwrapped, photo-
reduced and spliced into A4-
sized image panels
• The panels are then digitised
and transferred into continuous
depth-based Terrasciences files
28. Sedimentology 1/29
Interpretability is primarily based on image
quality but can be aided by the
“local knowledge’ approach
Measuring confidence is subjective;
consistency is important.
Image interpretation confidence
29. Sedimentology 1/30
• Dips are picked on features
seen in the static (left) and
dynamic (right) images and
using the open hole logs.
• Dips are appropriately
classified.
• Facies are identified and
colours assigned in the right
hand column.
• Genetically related facies
are grouped into facies
associations and colours
are assigned in the left hand
column.
• Schemes are refined as the
interpretation continues.
Image interpretation lithofacies collation
30. Sedimentology 1/31
Dry Sandflat
Dry Sandflat
Good Good <5
Poor Poor N/A
Aeolian Dune
Aeolian Dune
<35-65
API
Good Good >15
Good Good
Button
to
Button
Pad
to
Pad
Dip
Angle
Clasts?
<15 >5
Facies
Associations
Description Environment GR
Response
High angle cross-
beds.
Axh
Axg
Al
Am
Aw
Sap
Low angle
cross-beds.
Planar
stratification.
Wavy lamination -
>20% clay
Wavy lamination -
<20% clay
Massive
Damp Sandsheet
Damp Sandflat
Moderate
to good
Poor to
moderate
Variable
low angle
Moderate
to good
Poor to
moderate
Variable
low angle
<35-65
API
<35-65
API
<40-75
API
Density
&
porosity
2.5-2.6g/cc
3%
2.5-2.6g/cc
3%
2.55-
2.7g/cc
3%
<35-90
API
2.5-2.6g/cc
3%
2.45g/cc
3-8%
No data No data
Lithofacies associations
Fluvio-aeolian succession
38. Sedimentology 1/39
1. Recognition of palaeohorizontal.
2. Determination of structural dip.
3. Structural dip removal from the dip data set.
4. Assess sediment dispersal orientations.
5. Refine dip classification scheme.
6. Repeat 4 and 5 as necessary.
Sediment dispersal methodology
39. Sedimentology 1/40
• Recognition of originally horizontal sediments
(particularly mudrocks) is key to structural and
sediment dispersal analyses (palaeotransport/
palaeoslope).
• Sediments deposited horizontally are structural
dip indicators (<20% of strata are deposited
horizontally).
• Removal of the structural dip component from
the dip data set allows for analysis of sediment
transport.
Palaeohorizontal
45. Sedimentology 1/46
Statistical local curvature techniques
Cross bed sets deposited on horizontal surface
Axis of curvature
Poles to
bedding planes
Tilting and
generation of
structural dip
Poles to bedding describe a
plane, the pole to which
(axis of curvature) is in the
plane of structural dip.
The axis of curvature
of multiple, variably
oriented bed sets
define the structural dip.
Structural dip.
47. Sedimentology 1/48
Axial Trend Analyses
Genetically related deformed surfaces will plot on a great
circle (with some natural scatter), and the pole (or axis) to
that great circle will define the overall trend of the
architecture (fold or slump axis).
48. Sedimentology 1/49
• Dips in the 5-15o range are critical to defining
reservoir architecture and dispersal orientations.
• Identify angular unconformities.
• Direct measurement of stratal geometry.
• Orientation of major bounding surfaces.
e.g. incised features, flooding surfaces
• Analyse changes in depositional regime and
sediment dispersal at key surfaces.
Palaeotransport interpretation
49. Sedimentology 1/50
Unimodal mode perpendicular to current.
e.g. point bar master bedding.
Bipolar azimuthal patterns in cross bedding deposited
by unidirectional currents.
small reverse azimuth spread due to antidune
cross bedding.
Bipolar cross bedding with transport axis perpendicular
to angle of repose.
e.g. seif dunes
Bipolar palaeocurrents with perpendicular mode.
e.g. turbidite erosional and slump structures.
after Selley, 1972
Palaeocurrent significance
57. Sedimentology 1/58
• In order to interpret sediment dispersal, an
appropriate conceptual depositional model is
required.
• This involves the understanding of:
• The spatial arrangement of different hierarchies
of bedding surfaces.
• The implications of these geometries for
sedimentation.
• Bedform orientation.
Bedform reconstruction
58. Sedimentology 1/59
• Identify features on the images.
• Identify sedimentary facies .
• Select the most reliable transport indicators (or
indicators) of sand body geometry.
• Remove structural dip.
• Construct azimuth histograms, vector plots etc and
reconstruct architecture if possible.
• Are the dip magnitudes and azimuth patterns typical
of these features?
• Is the azimuth scatter tolerable?
• Is there evidence for artefact data?
Palaeocurrent analysis method
65. Sedimentology 1/66
Deep water clastic systems
STRUCTURES
– slumping/soft sediment deformation
– slide/glide planes
– bed-top relief
– erosional scours/bed bases
– compactional, drape features & (rare?) internal structures
USES
– regional/local palaeoslope
– local sandbody orientation (channels)
– lithology and net:gross
PITFALLS
– palaeoslope and palaeoflow difficult to distinguish
– disturbed zones masking transport information
– often wide scatter of palaeoflow data
66. Sedimentology 1/67
Deep water systems - debris flow
Debris flow
unit with
conductive
mudrock
clasts
Static & dynamic
FMI images
69. Sedimentology 1/70
Deep water clastic sediments
Static and dynamic
UBI images of deep
marine sandstones
Non-planar feature -
this represents
sandstone remobilised
during dewatering
73. Sedimentology 1/74
Deltaic systems
STRUCTURES
– distributary channels - similar to fluvial
– small scale structures in interdistributaries
– range of structures & orientations in delta-top facies
(wave/tide influence)
– compactional structures potentially useful
USES
– delta front dip profiles may indicate progradational direction
– palaeocurrent patterns give clues to basinal regime
(waves, storms, tides)
– delta-top sandstone architecture
PITFALLS
– regional significance of palaeocurrent data from distributary
channels questionable
– rapid lateral changes in some delta systems
– soft sed. deformation may obliterate some structures
74. Sedimentology 1/75
Deltaic sediments
Static UBI image illustrating
deltaic sediments
The dark bands represent
coal horizons
Note the dramatic drop in
the density (red) and
porosity (blue) curves
75. Sedimentology 1/76
Deltaic sediments
Static UBI image
illustrating deltaic
sediments
Marine mudstones
appear laminated
in core, but are
difficult to distinguish
on the images
78. Sedimentology 1/79
Marine clastic systems
STRUCTURES
– cross stratification (variable orientation)
– low angle lamination (0-10o)
– bimodal/bipolar foresets (tidal)
– hummocky cross-stratification
– mud drape/reactivation surfaces (tidal)
USES
– palaeogeography/basinal regime
– shoreline trend and transport direction
– evidence for tidal influence
– orientation of tidal shoals and shelf sand ridges
PITFALLS
– orientation of cross-stratification highly variable
– data from a single well not taken in isolation
– disruption due to bioturbation
83. Sedimentology 1/84
Marine clastic sediments
UBI images of
marine
sandstones
Note
development of
large-scale
vuggy porosity
within carbonate
cemented sands
87. Sedimentology 1/88
• Identify features on the images.
• Identify sedimentary facies .
• Select the most reliable transport indicators (or
indicators) of sand body geometry.
• Remove structural dip.
• Construct azimuth histograms, vector plots etc and
reconstruct architecture if possible.
• Are the dip magnitudes and azimuth patterns typical
of these features?
• Is the azimuth scatter tolerable?
• Is there evidence for artefact data?
Palaeocurrent analysis method