This document provides a summary of research projects and initiatives focused on restoring and studying pronghorn populations in the Trans-Pecos region of west Texas. The pronghorn population in this region has declined significantly since the 1980s and reached a low of 3,745 animals in 2011. Current research projects are evaluating the role of barriers on pronghorn genetics, identifying diseases and their effects, assessing predation impacts on fawns, documenting restoration efforts, and monitoring translocated pronghorn. The document discusses research on habitat fragmentation and genetics, high disease and parasite loads found in some pronghorn, and plans to study fawn survival rates. Funding comes from Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and other organizations.
The document summarizes research that uses analysis of DNA polymorphisms on the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome to trace the dispersal of human populations. Key findings include:
- Analysis of Y chromosome polymorphisms in over 1,000 men from 52 populations identified 131 haplotypes and 10 haplogroups.
- Maximum parsimony analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor of human Y chromosomes to be around 60,000 years ago.
- The geographic distribution of haplogroups provides insights into early human migration routes out of Africa and the colonization of the world.
This document summarizes a study on the reproductive biology of male pipefish (Trachyramphus bicoarctatus) in Lake Qarun, Egypt. The study found that the sex ratio was male to female of 1:1.37, significantly different than the expected 1:1 ratio. Males reached sexual maturity at a length of 7.9cm. Mature males and those brooding eggs were found from December to April. Male fecundity ranged from 42 to 111 eggs and was correlated to fish length. The reproductive period extended from December to April, peaking in February.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA from chickens in Vanuatu and Guam to characterize genetic diversity and identify haplogroup lineages. The researchers found that 40 samples from Vanuatu and 3 from Guam belonged to haplogroup D, supporting this as an ancient Pacific chicken lineage. Two haplogroup E lineages were observed in Guam and two in Vanuatu, one matching ancient Polynesian samples. Few globally distributed domestic lineages were found, suggesting less European chicken introduction to Vanuatu. The maintenance of ancestral lineages could help resolve debates about haplogroup E relationships and ancient samples.
This study analyzed the vocalizations of black-capped chickadees in three populations along a river in Colorado over two winter seasons. The researchers recorded the "gargle" vocalizations of 46 individual birds to identify their unique call repertoires. They identified 56 distinct syllables used to construct the birds' various gargle calls. Each population shared some call types with nearby populations, but also had unique calls. Sharing of both full calls and their component syllables was greater within populations than between populations. The frequencies of calls and syllables were correlated over the two study years, with stronger correlation for syllables.
Hybridization is the breeding between two different species or genera. This document discusses different types of hybridization in fish, including interspecific (between different species of the same genus), intergeneric (between different genera), and natural vs artificial hybridization. Interspecific hybridization in Indian major carp led to hybrids that exhibited faster growth than parents. Over 30 intergeneric hybrids were produced between catla, labeo, and cirrhinus genera. Natural hybridization is more common in freshwater fish due to overlapping habitats and spawning grounds. Factors like external fertilization and unchanged behavior can lead to natural hybridization. Artificial hybridization aims to combine desirable traits and is done by various methods like cohabitation and hormone
This presentation summarizes research on interspecific hybridization between Atlantic salmon and brown trout. The study examined hybridization in rivers in northern Spain where one species colonized areas inhabited by the other. When Atlantic salmon colonized brown trout areas, 5-10% of juveniles were found to be hybrids, with Atlantic salmon as the maternal species. Similarly, when brown trout colonized an area, 5-7% of juveniles were hybrids with brown trout as the maternal species. The research suggests that the colonizing female species exhibits relaxed mate choice, leading to initial hybridization. However, as the colonizing species expands, hybridization decreases or changes direction. Introgression between the species occurs at low levels and is unlikely
This document discusses various topics related to human evolution, including:
1) Relative and absolute dating methods are used to date fossils, including radiometric dating which relies on the decay of radioactive isotopes.
2) Mass extinctions occurred throughout history, including one at the K-T boundary 66 million years ago likely caused by an asteroid impact.
3) Early hominins like Australopithecus gradually evolved and began walking upright between 3-5 million years ago, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
57; combat behaviour in varanus salvator (natural history note)Roger Meek
This document summarizes two observations of aggression in water monitors (Varanus salvator) in Sri Lanka. In the first observation, a large monitor attacked and chased off a smaller monitor basking on the bank of a narrow waterway. In the second observation, two large monitors were seen wrestling in the water in a typical combat embrace. This suggests monitors may display aggression over territory even in aquatic environments, which had not been reported previously. The document also summarizes an observation of a Philodryas patagoniensis snake that had preyed upon and consumed a venomous snake, possibly a young one, based on the presence of a fang in its feces. This suggests P. patagoniensis may occasionally
The document summarizes research that uses analysis of DNA polymorphisms on the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome to trace the dispersal of human populations. Key findings include:
- Analysis of Y chromosome polymorphisms in over 1,000 men from 52 populations identified 131 haplotypes and 10 haplogroups.
- Maximum parsimony analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor of human Y chromosomes to be around 60,000 years ago.
- The geographic distribution of haplogroups provides insights into early human migration routes out of Africa and the colonization of the world.
This document summarizes a study on the reproductive biology of male pipefish (Trachyramphus bicoarctatus) in Lake Qarun, Egypt. The study found that the sex ratio was male to female of 1:1.37, significantly different than the expected 1:1 ratio. Males reached sexual maturity at a length of 7.9cm. Mature males and those brooding eggs were found from December to April. Male fecundity ranged from 42 to 111 eggs and was correlated to fish length. The reproductive period extended from December to April, peaking in February.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA from chickens in Vanuatu and Guam to characterize genetic diversity and identify haplogroup lineages. The researchers found that 40 samples from Vanuatu and 3 from Guam belonged to haplogroup D, supporting this as an ancient Pacific chicken lineage. Two haplogroup E lineages were observed in Guam and two in Vanuatu, one matching ancient Polynesian samples. Few globally distributed domestic lineages were found, suggesting less European chicken introduction to Vanuatu. The maintenance of ancestral lineages could help resolve debates about haplogroup E relationships and ancient samples.
This study analyzed the vocalizations of black-capped chickadees in three populations along a river in Colorado over two winter seasons. The researchers recorded the "gargle" vocalizations of 46 individual birds to identify their unique call repertoires. They identified 56 distinct syllables used to construct the birds' various gargle calls. Each population shared some call types with nearby populations, but also had unique calls. Sharing of both full calls and their component syllables was greater within populations than between populations. The frequencies of calls and syllables were correlated over the two study years, with stronger correlation for syllables.
Hybridization is the breeding between two different species or genera. This document discusses different types of hybridization in fish, including interspecific (between different species of the same genus), intergeneric (between different genera), and natural vs artificial hybridization. Interspecific hybridization in Indian major carp led to hybrids that exhibited faster growth than parents. Over 30 intergeneric hybrids were produced between catla, labeo, and cirrhinus genera. Natural hybridization is more common in freshwater fish due to overlapping habitats and spawning grounds. Factors like external fertilization and unchanged behavior can lead to natural hybridization. Artificial hybridization aims to combine desirable traits and is done by various methods like cohabitation and hormone
This presentation summarizes research on interspecific hybridization between Atlantic salmon and brown trout. The study examined hybridization in rivers in northern Spain where one species colonized areas inhabited by the other. When Atlantic salmon colonized brown trout areas, 5-10% of juveniles were found to be hybrids, with Atlantic salmon as the maternal species. Similarly, when brown trout colonized an area, 5-7% of juveniles were hybrids with brown trout as the maternal species. The research suggests that the colonizing female species exhibits relaxed mate choice, leading to initial hybridization. However, as the colonizing species expands, hybridization decreases or changes direction. Introgression between the species occurs at low levels and is unlikely
This document discusses various topics related to human evolution, including:
1) Relative and absolute dating methods are used to date fossils, including radiometric dating which relies on the decay of radioactive isotopes.
2) Mass extinctions occurred throughout history, including one at the K-T boundary 66 million years ago likely caused by an asteroid impact.
3) Early hominins like Australopithecus gradually evolved and began walking upright between 3-5 million years ago, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
57; combat behaviour in varanus salvator (natural history note)Roger Meek
This document summarizes two observations of aggression in water monitors (Varanus salvator) in Sri Lanka. In the first observation, a large monitor attacked and chased off a smaller monitor basking on the bank of a narrow waterway. In the second observation, two large monitors were seen wrestling in the water in a typical combat embrace. This suggests monitors may display aggression over territory even in aquatic environments, which had not been reported previously. The document also summarizes an observation of a Philodryas patagoniensis snake that had preyed upon and consumed a venomous snake, possibly a young one, based on the presence of a fang in its feces. This suggests P. patagoniensis may occasionally
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and theories of evolution, including:
1. Evolution is defined as the gradual change in species over generations through natural selection acting on genetic variations.
2. There are two types of evolution - microevolution involving short-term changes and macroevolution involving large changes over long periods of time through fossil history.
3. Early theories of evolution included Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and Cuvier's catastrophism theory involving sudden extinctions and repopulation.
4. Darwin developed the theory of natural selection, where heritable traits better suited to the environment tend to be preferentially passed on, leading to evolution of species over generations.
The document summarizes key aspects of evolution including:
- Evolution is the gradual change in species over long periods of time through processes like natural selection and genetic variation.
- Important early evolution theorists included Lamarck who proposed acquired traits could be inherited, and Darwin who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection through his observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
- The modern synthesis combines Darwin's theory of natural selection with genetics to explain evolution as the interplay between genetic variation and selection, though some challenges have emerged like neutral mutations and punctuated equilibrium.
Transgenic fish or genetically modified fish(GM fish) are genetically modified organism. The DNA of the fish is modified using genetic engineering techniques.
Aim is to introduce a new trait to fish
GM fish has been approved by FDA
This document discusses recent analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences from sacred male pseudohermaphroditic "tuskers" and hairless pigs from Vanuatu. The analyses aimed to determine the distribution of the "Pacific clade" lineage and introduced domestic lineages on different Vanuatu islands, examine the relationships between the sacred Narave and Kapia pig breeds, and investigate the origin of the Pacific clade to better understand the human settlement of the Pacific. The results showed that most pigs from Malo, including all Narave, belonged to the Pacific clade, while three-quarters of pigs from Tanna, including two-thirds of hairless Kapia, had lineages associated with recently introduced domestic breeds from elsewhere. Some
The document summarizes research on tilapia conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture. Key points include:
1) Research has studied tilapia genetics, nutrition, disease, and reproduction since 1978.
2) Studies have focused on developing all-male strains using techniques like hormone treatment and chromosome manipulation.
3) Recent work shows photoperiod control and continuous low light can improve spawning activity, fecundity, growth rates, and production cycles in tilapia.
- There are two species of orangutans found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra: the Bornean orangutan and the critically endangered Sumatran orangutan.
- Orangutans spend nearly all their time in trees, feeding on fruit which makes up 65-90% of their diet. They construct new nests in trees every night.
- Both orangutan species are facing major threats from habitat loss and fragmentation as well as illegal hunting and pet trades, and their numbers have declined sharply in recent decades. Conservation efforts are underway to protect remaining populations.
Hybridization is the act of breeding between two different fish species or genera that do not ordinarily interbreed. There are two types: natural hybridization which can occur when species spawn in the same area due to habitat changes, and artificial hybridization where gametes are manually mixed. This results in a hybrid offspring that has intermediate physical characteristics between the parents. Examples include hybrids of different carp species. Hybrids can be diploid or polyploid depending on chromosome manipulation techniques used. While hybridization may have economic benefits, uncontrolled hybridization could cause losses.
Though not considered an immediate risk to museum collections, subterranean termites are a significant pest for historic structures. Termite colonies can cause extensive damage before being noticed, ranging in size from a few hundred to several hundred thousand termites. Control efforts are challenging due to factors like termite adaptability, building intricacies, and limitations of control methods. Colonial Williamsburg takes a holistic approach to minimize termite damage to over 600 buildings, using in-house and contract resources categorized by risk and priority.
2021 montgomery county md 1st volunteer training sessionMCDEP
FrogWatch 101, a General overview: Learn about frogs and toads of Montgomery County, how to become a FrogWatch volunteer, and exciting updates to the program.
The document summarizes research on the Magdalena River turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) in northern Colombia. It includes:
1) Studies of the reproductive ecology, nesting biology, incubation temperatures, hatchling sex ratios and growth under field and laboratory conditions. Temperature-dependent sex determination was confirmed in this species.
2) Analysis of genetic variation between two populations that found low genetic differentiation.
3) Research on hatchling performance, such as running speed, righting response, and swimming ability, and how it relates to egg and hatchling measurements.
4) A discussion of potential impacts of climate change, including a potential expansion of the species' geographic range but negative consequences for
The document discusses evidence from genetics, anatomy, and behavior that traces the evolutionary path from early primates to Homo sapiens. It describes several early primate species such as Proconsul and Sivapithecus found in Africa and Asia dating back millions of years. Genetic evidence shows humans share over 99% of DNA with chimpanzees and diverged from them around 5-6 million years ago. Anatomical similarities and differences in the pelvis, feet and locomotion provide insights into the emergence of bipedalism. Higher primates display sophisticated communication including gestures, facial expressions, and tool usage, providing clues about early human behavior.
AnswerPrimates often have social intelligence that is essential f.pdftemperaturejeans
Answer:
Primates often have social intelligence that is essential for securing food, and gain competition
over predators and reproduction along with hierarchy. In these aspects, primates such as humans
and Chimps for example possess properties such as self-awareness, deception and cooperation.
These adaptive purposive behavior is depend on brain size with neocortex ratio. Tactical
deception is completely learning outcomes of the individuals what they have learned from
previous experiences. However, Chimpanzees are not direct common ancestors of humans
eventhough they share common features with humans. For example, humans possess various
tactical behaviors for predation and for their survival in the habitat and in society compared to
other primates. Sometimes primates perform intentional deception by manipulating other primate
belief has and desires. Self-awareness is another goal directed and purposive behavior exhibited
by primates but do not have any awareness for other intentions or beliefs. For example in case of
humans, often they save and secure their food after predation for the future use.
Evolutionary order:
Ape-->Pan, the chimpanzees-----> Australopithecus genus-------> Homo habilis and Homo
neanderthalensis ---->Genus ---> Homo -----> species ----------> sapiens
Taxonomical order:
Kingdom-------> Animalia; Phylum---> Chordata; Class----->Mammalia; Subclass----> Theria
Infraclass------> Placentalia; Order -----> Primates---> Family -----> Hominidae -----> Subfamily
-------> Homininae; Initial tribe------> Hominini--à modern human----> species
Ardipithecus ramidus is 4.4 million years ago and it has locomotor organs with bipedal property.
It possesses a grasping hallux along with big toe and these features are predominantly
adaptations for locomotion in the trees. Their habitat is near to forest including lakes, swamps
and springs associated woodlands and grasslands. Biological and ecological adaptations include
a better reproductive ability to sustain their race. They possess archaic features to lead their life
along with predation.
They possess hard skeleton and possess reduced canine teeth. They usually communicated with
Afar language. The brain size is smaller compared to apes and chimps and its size is about 300
and 350 cm3. The sexual dimorphism is mainly can be identified by the presence of upper canine
teeth and males prominently possess larger and sharp upper teeth compared to females.
They developed structural adaptations as per their requirement with the habitat as they are
socially communicative, cultural adaptations, behavioral adaptations and hunting adaptations.
These adaptations are crucial to selection pressure by the environment. Habitat on the earth
including land that is suitable for the growth and survival of the Hominid species as they were
perfectly showed adaptations to their environment by producing stronger teeth that made them
sustained to the climate throughout the dry season.
DNA sequencing is the method .
This ppt clarifies the differences and similarities of DNA of human and ape. Gives a conclusion that how the minimum differences gives major differences among human and ape.
Presentation 2.5 Ecology, virulence factors and global spread of pathogenic V...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
This document discusses the use of parasitic biological tags in fish stock identification, biology, and fisheries management studies. It provides examples of parasites that have been used as tags, including their life cycles and hosts. Characteristics of ideal parasitic tags are described. The document summarizes several studies that have used parasites to identify fish stocks and understand fish movements in various parts of the world. Advantages of using parasites as natural tags over artificial tagging are also highlighted.
The researchers analyzed the genetic structure of eastern mud snail populations from Fort Wadsworth and Plumb Beach in New York to determine if they are from the same or different populations. They extracted and sequenced DNA from the cytochrome c oxidase I gene of mud snails collected from both locations. Analysis showed very low genetic divergence between the two populations and a phylogenetic tree grouped the DNA sequences together rather than into separate clades. This supports the hypothesis that the mud snail populations are from the same population and do not need to be managed separately.
Morphological studies of Female Simulium damnosum s.l. in Akamkpa Local Gover...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out between February 2014 and January 2015 to investigate the morphology of Simulium damnosum s.l. populations along Kwa Falls and Rhoko river in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, in relation to the strain of Onchocerca volvulus transmitted in the study area. Two fly boys working on shift of 6 hours captured Simulium flies settling on them for blood meals by inverting specimen vials over them. Simulium flies were preserved in 70% ethanol and transported to the Biological Science Laboratory of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, for entomological studies. Of the 265 Simulium species studied, 29 species were identified as savanna-dwellers, 98 species as transition zone dwellers and 138 species as forest-dwellers. There was significant difference (p<0.001)>0.05) between blackflies from these rivers. Mean thorax/antenna ratios of 2.4143, 1.9673, and 2.033 were recorded for savanna dwellers, transition zone dwellers and forest species respectively. Based on the morphology of Simulium damnosum s.l. studied, it could be inferred that there are likely four Simulium sibling species related to Simulium sirbanum, S. squamosum, S. yahense and S. damnosum sensu stricto in the study area.
Diversification of the genus Dolichothele (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the Bra...WendyArroyo8
Wendy Y. Arroyo-Pérez1,2, Vera Nisaka Solferini2
1Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, University of Campinas, Brazil.
2Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology – University of Campinas, Brazil
*vera.solferini@gmail.com
*wendyarroyo2015@gmail.com
Bare-bones summaries of current research papers. Basic data, graphics and links only. News items to be fleshed out on tour. Part 1 addresses the genomic basis for understanding early humans in Franco-Iberia. We are at the peak of modeling ancient gene flow based on modern and 'fossil' DNA. Addressed is the genetic makeup of prehistoric modern humans Neandertals and Denisovans. Presentation generally follows publication order. Includes links to the original abstracts--the online papers usually lie behind a paywall.
This document examines various life history traits of dicyemids to understand their reproductive strategies and adaptations to living as endoparasites in cephalopod renal organs. It finds that dicyemids have a hermaphroditic gonad that produces roughly equal numbers of eggs and sperm. Fecundity increases with adult body size. Embryo size correlates with host size, suggesting host factors influence dispersal and infection of new hosts. While individual fecundity is low, total reproductive capacity per community is high due to asexual multiplication within the host. Adult size appears constrained by the volume and features of the renal habitat within different host species.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and theories of evolution, including:
1. Evolution is defined as the gradual change in species over generations through natural selection acting on genetic variations.
2. There are two types of evolution - microevolution involving short-term changes and macroevolution involving large changes over long periods of time through fossil history.
3. Early theories of evolution included Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and Cuvier's catastrophism theory involving sudden extinctions and repopulation.
4. Darwin developed the theory of natural selection, where heritable traits better suited to the environment tend to be preferentially passed on, leading to evolution of species over generations.
The document summarizes key aspects of evolution including:
- Evolution is the gradual change in species over long periods of time through processes like natural selection and genetic variation.
- Important early evolution theorists included Lamarck who proposed acquired traits could be inherited, and Darwin who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection through his observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands.
- The modern synthesis combines Darwin's theory of natural selection with genetics to explain evolution as the interplay between genetic variation and selection, though some challenges have emerged like neutral mutations and punctuated equilibrium.
Transgenic fish or genetically modified fish(GM fish) are genetically modified organism. The DNA of the fish is modified using genetic engineering techniques.
Aim is to introduce a new trait to fish
GM fish has been approved by FDA
This document discusses recent analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences from sacred male pseudohermaphroditic "tuskers" and hairless pigs from Vanuatu. The analyses aimed to determine the distribution of the "Pacific clade" lineage and introduced domestic lineages on different Vanuatu islands, examine the relationships between the sacred Narave and Kapia pig breeds, and investigate the origin of the Pacific clade to better understand the human settlement of the Pacific. The results showed that most pigs from Malo, including all Narave, belonged to the Pacific clade, while three-quarters of pigs from Tanna, including two-thirds of hairless Kapia, had lineages associated with recently introduced domestic breeds from elsewhere. Some
The document summarizes research on tilapia conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture. Key points include:
1) Research has studied tilapia genetics, nutrition, disease, and reproduction since 1978.
2) Studies have focused on developing all-male strains using techniques like hormone treatment and chromosome manipulation.
3) Recent work shows photoperiod control and continuous low light can improve spawning activity, fecundity, growth rates, and production cycles in tilapia.
- There are two species of orangutans found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra: the Bornean orangutan and the critically endangered Sumatran orangutan.
- Orangutans spend nearly all their time in trees, feeding on fruit which makes up 65-90% of their diet. They construct new nests in trees every night.
- Both orangutan species are facing major threats from habitat loss and fragmentation as well as illegal hunting and pet trades, and their numbers have declined sharply in recent decades. Conservation efforts are underway to protect remaining populations.
Hybridization is the act of breeding between two different fish species or genera that do not ordinarily interbreed. There are two types: natural hybridization which can occur when species spawn in the same area due to habitat changes, and artificial hybridization where gametes are manually mixed. This results in a hybrid offspring that has intermediate physical characteristics between the parents. Examples include hybrids of different carp species. Hybrids can be diploid or polyploid depending on chromosome manipulation techniques used. While hybridization may have economic benefits, uncontrolled hybridization could cause losses.
Though not considered an immediate risk to museum collections, subterranean termites are a significant pest for historic structures. Termite colonies can cause extensive damage before being noticed, ranging in size from a few hundred to several hundred thousand termites. Control efforts are challenging due to factors like termite adaptability, building intricacies, and limitations of control methods. Colonial Williamsburg takes a holistic approach to minimize termite damage to over 600 buildings, using in-house and contract resources categorized by risk and priority.
2021 montgomery county md 1st volunteer training sessionMCDEP
FrogWatch 101, a General overview: Learn about frogs and toads of Montgomery County, how to become a FrogWatch volunteer, and exciting updates to the program.
The document summarizes research on the Magdalena River turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) in northern Colombia. It includes:
1) Studies of the reproductive ecology, nesting biology, incubation temperatures, hatchling sex ratios and growth under field and laboratory conditions. Temperature-dependent sex determination was confirmed in this species.
2) Analysis of genetic variation between two populations that found low genetic differentiation.
3) Research on hatchling performance, such as running speed, righting response, and swimming ability, and how it relates to egg and hatchling measurements.
4) A discussion of potential impacts of climate change, including a potential expansion of the species' geographic range but negative consequences for
The document discusses evidence from genetics, anatomy, and behavior that traces the evolutionary path from early primates to Homo sapiens. It describes several early primate species such as Proconsul and Sivapithecus found in Africa and Asia dating back millions of years. Genetic evidence shows humans share over 99% of DNA with chimpanzees and diverged from them around 5-6 million years ago. Anatomical similarities and differences in the pelvis, feet and locomotion provide insights into the emergence of bipedalism. Higher primates display sophisticated communication including gestures, facial expressions, and tool usage, providing clues about early human behavior.
AnswerPrimates often have social intelligence that is essential f.pdftemperaturejeans
Answer:
Primates often have social intelligence that is essential for securing food, and gain competition
over predators and reproduction along with hierarchy. In these aspects, primates such as humans
and Chimps for example possess properties such as self-awareness, deception and cooperation.
These adaptive purposive behavior is depend on brain size with neocortex ratio. Tactical
deception is completely learning outcomes of the individuals what they have learned from
previous experiences. However, Chimpanzees are not direct common ancestors of humans
eventhough they share common features with humans. For example, humans possess various
tactical behaviors for predation and for their survival in the habitat and in society compared to
other primates. Sometimes primates perform intentional deception by manipulating other primate
belief has and desires. Self-awareness is another goal directed and purposive behavior exhibited
by primates but do not have any awareness for other intentions or beliefs. For example in case of
humans, often they save and secure their food after predation for the future use.
Evolutionary order:
Ape-->Pan, the chimpanzees-----> Australopithecus genus-------> Homo habilis and Homo
neanderthalensis ---->Genus ---> Homo -----> species ----------> sapiens
Taxonomical order:
Kingdom-------> Animalia; Phylum---> Chordata; Class----->Mammalia; Subclass----> Theria
Infraclass------> Placentalia; Order -----> Primates---> Family -----> Hominidae -----> Subfamily
-------> Homininae; Initial tribe------> Hominini--à modern human----> species
Ardipithecus ramidus is 4.4 million years ago and it has locomotor organs with bipedal property.
It possesses a grasping hallux along with big toe and these features are predominantly
adaptations for locomotion in the trees. Their habitat is near to forest including lakes, swamps
and springs associated woodlands and grasslands. Biological and ecological adaptations include
a better reproductive ability to sustain their race. They possess archaic features to lead their life
along with predation.
They possess hard skeleton and possess reduced canine teeth. They usually communicated with
Afar language. The brain size is smaller compared to apes and chimps and its size is about 300
and 350 cm3. The sexual dimorphism is mainly can be identified by the presence of upper canine
teeth and males prominently possess larger and sharp upper teeth compared to females.
They developed structural adaptations as per their requirement with the habitat as they are
socially communicative, cultural adaptations, behavioral adaptations and hunting adaptations.
These adaptations are crucial to selection pressure by the environment. Habitat on the earth
including land that is suitable for the growth and survival of the Hominid species as they were
perfectly showed adaptations to their environment by producing stronger teeth that made them
sustained to the climate throughout the dry season.
DNA sequencing is the method .
This ppt clarifies the differences and similarities of DNA of human and ape. Gives a conclusion that how the minimum differences gives major differences among human and ape.
Presentation 2.5 Ecology, virulence factors and global spread of pathogenic V...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
This document discusses the use of parasitic biological tags in fish stock identification, biology, and fisheries management studies. It provides examples of parasites that have been used as tags, including their life cycles and hosts. Characteristics of ideal parasitic tags are described. The document summarizes several studies that have used parasites to identify fish stocks and understand fish movements in various parts of the world. Advantages of using parasites as natural tags over artificial tagging are also highlighted.
The researchers analyzed the genetic structure of eastern mud snail populations from Fort Wadsworth and Plumb Beach in New York to determine if they are from the same or different populations. They extracted and sequenced DNA from the cytochrome c oxidase I gene of mud snails collected from both locations. Analysis showed very low genetic divergence between the two populations and a phylogenetic tree grouped the DNA sequences together rather than into separate clades. This supports the hypothesis that the mud snail populations are from the same population and do not need to be managed separately.
Morphological studies of Female Simulium damnosum s.l. in Akamkpa Local Gover...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out between February 2014 and January 2015 to investigate the morphology of Simulium damnosum s.l. populations along Kwa Falls and Rhoko river in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, in relation to the strain of Onchocerca volvulus transmitted in the study area. Two fly boys working on shift of 6 hours captured Simulium flies settling on them for blood meals by inverting specimen vials over them. Simulium flies were preserved in 70% ethanol and transported to the Biological Science Laboratory of Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, for entomological studies. Of the 265 Simulium species studied, 29 species were identified as savanna-dwellers, 98 species as transition zone dwellers and 138 species as forest-dwellers. There was significant difference (p<0.001)>0.05) between blackflies from these rivers. Mean thorax/antenna ratios of 2.4143, 1.9673, and 2.033 were recorded for savanna dwellers, transition zone dwellers and forest species respectively. Based on the morphology of Simulium damnosum s.l. studied, it could be inferred that there are likely four Simulium sibling species related to Simulium sirbanum, S. squamosum, S. yahense and S. damnosum sensu stricto in the study area.
Diversification of the genus Dolichothele (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in the Bra...WendyArroyo8
Wendy Y. Arroyo-Pérez1,2, Vera Nisaka Solferini2
1Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, University of Campinas, Brazil.
2Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology – University of Campinas, Brazil
*vera.solferini@gmail.com
*wendyarroyo2015@gmail.com
Bare-bones summaries of current research papers. Basic data, graphics and links only. News items to be fleshed out on tour. Part 1 addresses the genomic basis for understanding early humans in Franco-Iberia. We are at the peak of modeling ancient gene flow based on modern and 'fossil' DNA. Addressed is the genetic makeup of prehistoric modern humans Neandertals and Denisovans. Presentation generally follows publication order. Includes links to the original abstracts--the online papers usually lie behind a paywall.
This document examines various life history traits of dicyemids to understand their reproductive strategies and adaptations to living as endoparasites in cephalopod renal organs. It finds that dicyemids have a hermaphroditic gonad that produces roughly equal numbers of eggs and sperm. Fecundity increases with adult body size. Embryo size correlates with host size, suggesting host factors influence dispersal and infection of new hosts. While individual fecundity is low, total reproductive capacity per community is high due to asexual multiplication within the host. Adult size appears constrained by the volume and features of the renal habitat within different host species.
This study aims to quantify and compare the gut microbiome diversity among populations of the endangered Channel Island fox. Scat samples were collected from all six inhabited Channel Islands and genomic DNA was extracted. The DNA was amplified using cytochrome b and 16S rRNA V4 region primers, confirming the presence of canid DNA and microorganisms. The 16S rRNA V4 region from available genomes will be sequenced and microbial diversity quantified and compared among populations. It is hypothesized that more phylogenetically similar populations will have more similar gut microbiomes, and foxes with lower body conditions will have less diverse microbiota.
This lab report analyzes faunal remains excavated from the Anacapa Island archaeological site (ANI-4) to understand past human subsistence patterns and environment. A total of 1267 bone fragments were inventoried and identified to taxonomic level. Minimum number of individuals was calculated as 1251. Results showed mammals, particularly marine mammals, were the most abundant class, reflecting the coastal marine habitat. Five excavation levels revealed consistent dominance of mammals over time. While remains provided insights, limited identification prevented a full understanding of fauna present. Further analysis may provide more details on island environment-human relationships.
The document analyzes three specimens of Paranthropus robustus fossils from the Pleistocene period in South Africa that had not been previously examined. It compares the enamel characteristics that have evolved over time in southern Africa during the early Pleistocene. The study uses dental micro wear texture analysis to examine how the enamel of Paranthropus robustus had evolved by looking at extant primate taxa. The main purpose was to understand how and why the enamel, molars, and premolars have changed over time.
Poster prepared by Takele Taye Desta, David Wragg, Fabienne Tessiot, Lawal A. Raman, Judy Bettridge, Stacey E. Lynch, Kassech Melese, Marisol Collins, Tadelle Dessie, Zelalem Gutu Terfa, Androniki Psifidis, Paul Wigley, Pete Kaiser, Rob M. Christley, Joram M. Mwacharo and Olivier Hanotte for the Annual Meeting of the Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Madrid, Spain, 20-22 March 2013.
1) A study on rowi, an endangered kiwi species in New Zealand, found that individuals released in larger groups had higher post-release survival rates than those in small groups, suggesting social mechanisms affect survival. The findings informed changes to rowi release protocols.
2) A talk discussed promising future directions for research at the intersection of mechanisms of animal behavior, development, ecology, and evolution. Closer integration of these fields is needed to realize future progress.
3) Playback experiments found that male western bluebirds respond more aggressively to songs of non-kin compared to kin, suggesting vocal signatures serve as kin recognition cues in this species.
The fecundity of brackish river prawn (macrobrachium macrobrachion, herklots,...Alexander Decker
I. This study examined the fecundity of the brackish river prawn (Macrobrachium macrobrachion) from the Great Kwa River in Nigeria over a six month period.
II. The number of eggs ranged from 63 to 14,531 with a mean of 4,420.58 eggs per female. Egg diameters ranged from 0.26 to 0.38mm.
III. A strong positive correlation was found between female body size (weight, length, carapace length) and number of eggs. Fecundity increased linearly with body size.
This document provides an overview of the Atlas of the Mammals of Ontario. It was created through the collection of distribution data from institutions and volunteers. Species accounts and range maps are provided for Ontario's 86 wild mammal species. The maps show mammal records plotted within grid squares, with symbols indicating the time period of the record. The atlas aims to document the current distribution of mammals in Ontario and identify areas needing more research. It is intended to aid conservation efforts and environmental assessments.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the diversity of rRNA genes in the guts of adult and fingerling Mugil cephalus (flathead grey mullet) fish inhabiting an Egyptian Mediterranean estuary. Bulk DNA was extracted from the guts and the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene, bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and archaeal 16S rRNA gene were amplified via PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Rarefaction analyses identified 11, 18, and 13 phylotype groups of rRNA genes for eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, respectively, in adult guts, and 6 and 11 phylotype groups for eukaryotes and bacteria in fingerling guts (archaea were not detected in
Similar to 8987491 pronghorn research-report_2012_final_lah (20)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
This letter responds to a request to change Texas Parks & Wildlife's elk policy from extirpation to management. It provides several arguments against the current policy: 1) Elk are native to Texas based on historical records, cave paintings, and accounts from early settlers; 2) Eliminating elk is not supported by ecological science as elk fill an important niche as grass consumers; 3) The department has not adequately researched the topic as basic internet searches reveal evidence of elk inhabiting Texas; 4) It is illogical to think elk inhabited some areas of Texas but not others given their wide-ranging behavior; the policy of total elimination is not consistent with the department's mission of conservation based on sound science.
Christopher Gill to Editor of Big Bend Sentinel on Elk RemovalsPitchstone Waters
- A rancher near Van Horn, Texas is challenging the practice of Texas Parks and Wildlife shooting elk in the Sierra Diablo Wildlife Management Area, which borders his ranch.
- Parks and Wildlife says shooting elk is important for conserving desert bighorn sheep, whose habitat overlaps with elk. However, the rancher argues that elk should be protected.
- The issue reflects a disagreement over how to balance protecting native species like bighorn sheep with introduced species like elk. Parks and Wildlife amended their management plan slightly in response but still plan to control elk populations.
The archaeologist found several artifacts in a cave including a small corn cob fragment, arrow head, and sandal fragments. No ceramics were found except for one small sherd, indicating the site is older than 200 AD. The archaeologist will meet with a colleague to examine culturally modified bones found at the site. Radiocarbon dating will help determine the exact ages of the artifacts, and there is a chance a Paleoindian cultural deposit could be found 2 meters below the surface.
This document provides habitat guidelines for mule deer in the Southwest Deserts ecoregion. Precipitation highly influences deer populations as winter rainfall determines spring forb production critical for doe nutrition and fawning success. Excessive grazing can reduce forage availability, negatively impacting deer reproduction. Conservation efforts should focus on maintaining adequate forage through management of livestock and other herbivores.
Christopher Gill argues that habitat decline, not overhunting or other factors, is the root cause of declining pronghorn populations. He asserts that removing livestock from rangelands has led to "over-rest" which is as harmful as overgrazing. Gill's ranch in West Texas has increased its pronghorn herd by employing holistic planned grazing with cattle, while surrounding herds declined 80%. He advocates restoring biodiversity by grazing domestic animals and wildlife together under attentive management, and calls for a congressional inquiry into current range management practices.
The document discusses managing habitat for two species of quail - bobwhite quail and scaled quail. It outlines their requirements for food, water, cover, and home range. For food, quail eat plants and insects, relying heavily on forbs. Water should be available within half a mile. Cover includes brush, grass, and forbs for protection and nesting. Home ranges are typically 20-50 acres for bobwhite quail and 80-300 acres for scaled quail. The key is providing the right balance of food, water, cover, and space to support healthy quail populations on rangelands and farms.
The document summarizes a workshop called "Cows & Quail" put on by Holistic Management International that teaches land managers how to create healthy environments for livestock, wildlife, and land using holistic management grazing techniques. The workshop helps participants understand how large grazers like cows interact with quail species and other wildlife, and how their habitat responds to grazing. Participants saw significant gains in their knowledge of general ecology, wildlife habitat assessment, and management of species like mule deer and pronghorn. The workshop trained 39 people and influenced over 536,000 acres of land.
Report on Mule Deer Research in the Chihuahuan Desert Pitchstone Waters
1) A study evaluated the impacts of the herbicide Spike 20P on mule deer habitat in west Texas. Spike 20P effectively controlled invasive brush but significantly reduced forb diversity and abundance for at least 5 years after application.
2) Researchers analyzed seasonal home ranges of mule deer bucks in the Trans-Pecos using GPS collars. Winter home ranges were largest, and home ranges were smaller on ranches that provided supplemental feed.
3) The study found mule deer preferred areas closer to supplemental feed and water stations. Use of feed and water varied seasonally, with greatest use in fall and least in spring. Permanent water is especially important for mule deer in the arid Trans-P
The document provides historical and taxonomic evidence that elk were native to Texas before being hunted to extinction prior to 1900. It summarizes 13 eyewitness accounts and 8 reports of elk in Texas between 1600-1900 from various areas of the state. It also discusses 4 archaeological finds of elk bones and 2 reports of elk antlers. Additionally, it analyzes rock art depictions and place names providing evidence of elk. The document reviews taxonomy and concludes that elk in Texas were the same species, Cervus canadensis canadensis, as modern elk, rejecting the idea that elk in West Texas were a different extinct species. The evidence has implications for classifying elk as native
1. T R A N S - P E C O S P RO N G H O R N
R E S T O R AT I O N A N D R E S E A R C H
R E P O RT , 2 0 1 2
By Louis A. Harveson, Shawn Gray, Billy Tarrant,
James Weaver, and Justin Hoffman
2. THE PRONGHORN DECLINE
P ronghorn populations in Texas have
seen better days. Their distribution
once ranged as far east as Interstate 35
but are now restricted to the Trans-Pecos,
Panhandle, western Edwards Plateau, and
southern Rolling Plains regions. The Trans-
Pecos region alone supported 60-70% of the
state’s pronghorn, with numbers reaching a
high of 17,000 animals during the mid-1980s.
With few exceptions, the pronghorn
population in the Trans-Pecos has been in a
steady decline since the 1980s and experienced
Trends in pronghorn numbers in the Trans-
a 30-year low of 3,745 animals in 2011.
Pecos region of west Texas.
Although pronghorn herds have been affected
by drought, precipitation alone can not explain Current projects and initiatives summarized in
the continued decline. Following the drought this report include:
of the 1990s, pronghorn populations showed
initial recovery, but their populations Evaluating the role of barriers on the
continued to decline despite average to above- genetic diversity of Trans-Pecos pronghorn
average rainfall and habitat conditions. herds,
Realizing the urgency of the pronghorn Identifying diseases in pronghorn and
decline, the Trans-Pecos Pronghorn Working determining their effects,
Group was formed comprised of area
ranchers, biologists, hunting guides, Assessing the effects of predation on
veterinarians, and scientists. The Working pronghorn fawns,
Group has helped direct restoration and Documenting the success of pronghorn
research priorities for pronghorn in the Trans- restoration efforts, and
Pecos. The Trans-Pecos Pronghorn Working
Group has been an effective organization for Monitoring the movements of pronghorn
leveraging money for conservation and following translocation.
research, communicating with landowners, and
for devising and implementing strategies for SPONSORS
the recovery of pronghorn.
Funding for these projects comes from Texas
This research report is being provided to our Parks and Wildlife Department, Dixon Water
partners, donors, and supporters across the Foundation, Horizon Foundation, Borderlands
state to better inform them of our current Research Institute, Safari Club International
research investigations. Chapters (West Texas, Lubbock, El Paso,
Southern New Mexico, Pittsburgh), and from
the Pronghorn Benefit Dinner and Dance.
3. Habitat fragmentation and genetics
H abitat fragmentation is a growing
concern across Texas. Habitats
become fragmented when obstacles
or barriers inhibit free movement of wildlife
from one habitat patch to another. Struggling
pronghorn populations in the Trans-Pecos
may be susceptible to the effects of habitat
fragmentation. Barriers can potentially inhibit
pronghorn from finding adequate food and
water, reduce gene flow which can cause
inbreeding, and reduce genetic diversity and
health of populations.
Pronghorn are reluctant to jump over or maneu-
In other western states, natural (e.g., ver through fences, making them susceptible to
habitat fragmentation and genetic isolation.
mountains and canyons) and manmade
obstacles (e.g., fences, railroads, and roads) seasons, we obtained 344 tissue samples from
have been shown to reduce pronghorn across the Trans-Pecos, Panhandle, and
movements and isolate populations. western Edwards Plateau. We then extracted
DNA from the tissue and analyzed it for
We evaluated the effects of fences, highways, genetic variation and compared our genetic
and other barriers on pronghorn movements data across management units and delineated
and genetic variability. Using hunter-harvested barriers.
pronghorn during the 2007 and 2008 hunting
Our data suggests that few barriers currently
exist in the Trans-Pecos to curtail genetic flow
of pronghorn. Additionally, our findings
revealed moderate levels of genetic diversity
for Trans-Pecos and Panhandle pronghorn
herds. However, the northwestern portion of
the Trans-Pecos (Culberson and Hudspeth
counties) did show genetic differences. These
herd units are separated from most of the
Trans-Pecos pronghorn herds by several
mountain ranges and Interstate 10. We also
discovered that Trans-Pecos and Panhandle
had similar genetic diversity.
The levels of genetic diversity may be a result
of adequate movements of pronghorn across
herd units in the Trans-Pecos or from previous
Barriers such as roads, railroads, and fences may translocation efforts.
reduce genetic flow for pronghorn in the Trans-
Pecos.
4. Diseases and parasites
O ne of our leading hypotheses regard- parasite loads in the Trans-Pecos; they also had
ing the decline of pronghorn popula- the lowest fawn production during this time.
tions includes the presence of dis- Comparing all pronghorn, average parasite
eases or parasites. During a pronghorn die-off loads were highest in 2009 (552 worms/
in the summer of 2009, we identified unprece- abomasum) compared to 2010 (268) and 2011
dented parasite loads from several pronghorn (461).
that we were able to necropsy. Barber pole
worms (Haemonchus spp.) are parasitic round-
worms that attach to the inner lining of the
digestive system and an average adult worm is
able to draw off 0.1 cc of blood/day. Addi-
tionally, where the worms attach in the stom-
ach becomes scarified inhibiting the ability of
the stomach to absorb nutrients. Parasite
loads of 2,000 for an individual sheep or goat
would jeopardize their survival. To better un-
derstand the role diseases and parasites have in
pronghorn survival, we initiated a thorough
Average loads of Haemonchus for pronghorn in
investigation. the Trans-Pecos across sampling units and years.
During our study we were also able to establish
a noninvasive technique for evaluating parasite
loads—fecal egg counts. From our data, fecal
egg counts are highly correlated to abomasum
parasite load (92%) thus allowing us to moni-
tor parasite loads without sacrificing prong-
horn. This technique is especially important as
The barber pole worm (Haemonchus spp.) is we begin evaluating parasite loads of prong-
a parasitic round worm frequently found in horn herds for potential restoration efforts.
domestic ruminants and some wildlife.
Although Haemonchus have been documented
In the fall of 2009, 2010, and 2011 we col- in pronghorn prior to our findings, infestations
lected samples of hunter-harvested pronghorn of this magnitude have not been reported pre-
to evaluate parasite loads, as well as the occur- viously. The high levels of parasites can have
rence of blue tongue, epizootic hemorrhagic detrimental impacts on pronghorn survival.
disease, and copper and selenium levels. We Infested pronghorn can become anemic and
obtained 102, 95, and 41 pronghorn samples in weak making them more susceptible to preda-
2009, 2010, and 2011, respectively. Over 95% tion and other mortality factors. Most re-
of the pronghorn evaluated in our study had cently, our collaborators suggest that the strain
Haemonchus in their abomasum. Some parasite of Haemonchus does not appear to be from live-
loads exceeded 4,000 individual worms. The stock and that it may be a new strain specific
herd units in the Marfa Plateau had the highest to pronghorn, desert environments, or both.
5. Fawn Survival
F or wildlife populations to sustain or capture fawns were weighed, aged, ear-tagged,
grow, gains (births and immigration) and a light-weight, expandable radiocollar was
must exceed population losses (deaths affixed. Fawns were monitored from afar to
and emigration). For pronghorn populations document their behaviors and fate.
in the Trans-Pecos, immigration and emigra-
tion can be considered negligible. Thus, for
pronghorn populations suffering from a re-
gion-wide decline, pronghorn recruitment is
paramount to population recovery. Fortu-
nately, pronghorn have the reproductive po-
tential to recover from catastrophes given that
adult does have high incidence for twinning
(~98%) including yearling does on a high nu-
tritional plane.
Since 2008, annual pronghorn surveys have Causes of mortality for pronghorn fawns
monitored in the Trans-Pecos, 2011.
revealed exceptionally low fawn recruitment.
In fact most of the Trans-Pecos experienced
fawn recruitment of less than 10% for two In 2011, we captured and radioed 26 neonate
consecutive years in 2010 and 2011. These low fawns over 4 study sites throughout the Trans-
fawn crops are a major contributing factor to Pecos region. We documented high predation
the overall pronghorn decline in the Trans- rates of fawns in our study where only 2 of the
Pecos. Several hypotheses emerged regarding 26 fawns survived to 6 months old. Mortalities
pronghorn recruitment including fertilization were attributed to bobcats (29%), coyotes
rates, conception rates, fawning rates, inci- (25%), and unknown predators (42%). One
dence of twinning, and fawn survival. fawn was inadvertently trampled by cattle.
One of the more alarming statistics we docu-
mented in our study was the extremely low
body weights of fawns. The abnormally low
body weights suggest that the nutrition of
fawns was compromised. We speculate that
the drought conditions experienced in 2011
depleted the nutritional reserves of pregnant
does during their last trimester of pregnancy
and during lactation following parturition. The
Neonate pronghorn fawns were captured and nutritional condition of pronghorn were fur-
outfitted with radiocollars to monitor survival. ther jeopardized by high concentrations of
Haemonchus. Fawn production across the
To address fawn recruitment in the Trans- Trans-Pecos was consistent with our malnutri-
Pecos, we initiated a fawn survival study. tion hypothesis in that many pregnant does
Fawns were capture prior to 2 weeks of age were documented, but few fawns survived to 6
using hoop-nets and spotlights at night. Upon months of age.
6. Restoration efforts and survival
T ranslocating pronghorn has been a During the first
common management technique to 8 weeks follow-
improve and sustain pronghorn popu- ing release, we
lations in Texas and North America. In fact, documented 26
since the 1930s almost 6,000 pronghorn have mortalities pri-
been translocated across Texas. Because of marily from cap-
the severity of the declining pronghorn popu- ture myopathy
lation, we initiated efforts to supplement exist- and predation.
ing pronghorn herds in the Trans-Pecos. A Food resources
surplus of pronghorn was identified in the started to be-
northwest Panhandle of Texas, where prong- come more
horn were depredating agricultural crops. scarce as tem-
Working with landowners in the Panhandle peratures began
and Trans-Pecos, we coordinated one of the to climb and the
largest translocations in the state. body condition
of the translo- Using helicopters and netguns,
In February 2011, we captured 200 and re- cated pronghorn 200 pronghorn were translo-
leased 194 pronghorn (176 F, 18 M) to 5 re- started showing cated to the Trans-Pecos.
lease sites in the Marfa Plateau. Because previ- signs of malnu-
ous studies had not documented translocation trition. We documented an additional 38 mor-
success and we anticipated subsequent translo- talities from April-July that were a combination
cations, we took the opportunity to monitor of predation, Haemonchosis, vehicle collisions,
site-fidelity, movements, survival, and fawn and unknown causes. In late July, the rains
production of the translocated pronghorn. To returned to portions of the Trans-Pecos stimu-
monitor mortality and investigate limiting fac- lating forb growth. Mortalities waned, but the
tors affecting their survivability, 80 (40%) fawn production was nonexistent.
pronghorn were equipped with radiocollars (62
F, 18 M). To date, we recorded 63 mortalities of the 80
radio-collared pronghorn (82%). Unknow-
ingly, several natural and climatic events had
dramatic impacts on our efforts to restore
pronghorn including record setting freezes,
drought, heat, and wildfires.
It appears that younger pronghorn were more
adaptable to the harsh conditions that pre-
vailed following the release. Despite the out-
comes of the translocated pronghorn, translo-
cations will continue to serve as a vital tool in
Causes of mortality for translocated pronghorn
in Trans-Pecos, Texas. The extended drought
sustaining and recovering pronghorn popula-
wreaked havoc on pronghorn survival. tions in the future. Results from this effort will
be used to further our ability to recover prong-
horn populations in the Trans-Pecos.
7. Movements following translocation
W hen evaluating the success of any Fixed Kernal Density Estimator (KDE) at
wildlife restoration effort, surviv- both 95% and 50%. Overall range use areas for
ability is typically top priority during 100% MCP was a 9,521 acres with KDE 95%
assessment. However, understanding the and 50% being 14,085 and 2,718 acres, respec-
movements and post-release behavior of trans- tively. Range use areas generally decreased
located animals and how they change over time from month-to-month. Translocated prong-
are important aspects for assessing the success horn selected areas of disturbance or low-lying
of translocations and improving future efforts. areas (e.g., swales and draws) that contained-
We assessed the behaviors and movements of deeper, moister soils with higher forb availabil-
translocated pronghorn by equipping 28 (15 F, ity.
13 M) pronghorn with GPS radiocollars. GPS
radiocollars were designed to obtain 1 loca-
tion/hr with a 300-day battery life.
Net-wire fencing impaired the movements of
translocated pronghorn.
A herd of translocated and resident pronghorn
meander through the Marfa Plateau.
Scatter plots of radioed pronghorn also re-
Mean distances of locations in relation to the vealed some interesting data. Movement pat-
initial release site were measured for dispersal. terns were much larger than anticipated and
Within 24 hours of release, pronghorn dis- many pronghorn were not able to navigate the
persed from 3.6-10 mi. As time progressed, existing fences. We speculate that the exten-
mean distances gradually increased, but indi- sive fencing system may have contributed to
viduals responded differently. The differences the death of several pronghorn. In fact, during
in these values suggest habitat and resource a severe drought in the 1960s net-wire fences
availability, fences, resident pronghorn, and in the Trans-Pecos prevented a pronghorn
other factors influenced the degree of site fi- herd from moving into areas with available
delity exhibited. Pronghorn moved an average forage. That population subsequently experi-
of 814 ft/hr. Diurnal movement rates (1,345 enced a 60% die off due to malnutrition.
ft/hr) were greater than nocturnal movement This information will allow wildlife managers
rates (791 ft/hr). in the future to understand how pronghorn
Range use areas were measured by utilizing initially adapt to a new environment and assist
100% Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) and in improving monitoring and site preparation
efforts.
8. The future of pronghorn
The Borderlands Research Institute, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, and Trans-Pecos
Pronghorn Working Group are dedicated to restoring pronghorn to their former habitats.
However, we will need your help in our efforts.
We are currently planning several projects to better understand the pronghorn decline:
Continued efforts to restore pronghorn to historic habitats, including the “super-stocking”
technique.
Assessment of the nutrition quality of forage.
Evaluating the role of fire and other disturbances on habitat quality.
Monitoring the movement of resident pronghorn on the Marfa Plateau.
To find out how you can help with future restoration and research efforts please contact:
Dr. Louis A. Harveson, Borderlands Research Institute
P.O. Box C-16, SRSU, Alpine, Texas 79832
Phone: 432.837.8488; Fax: 432.837.8822
Email: harveson@sulross.edu
Website: http://www.sulross.edu/brinrm
Trans-Pecos Working Group Members
Jon Means, Bobby McKnight, Albert and Bill Miller, Dr. Dan McBride, Dr. Ken Waldrup, Robert
Potts, Jim White, Billy Tarrant, Ernie Davis, Shawn Gray, and Louis A. Harveson.