The document provides information about intracranial hemorrhage including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and management. It discusses two main types of intracranial hemorrhage: intra-axial bleed which occurs within the brain tissue and includes intraparenchymal and intraventricular hemorrhage, and extra-axial bleed which is outside the brain tissue and includes subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, and epidural hemorrhage. Focal neurological signs that may result from hemorrhages in different areas of the brain are also outlined.
This document discusses urinary extravasation, which is when urine leaks out of the urinary tract into other body cavities. It defines two types - superficial and deep extravasation. Superficial extravasation occurs above the perineal membrane and is usually caused by injuries to the penile urethra during instrumentation. Deep extravasation occurs below the perineal membrane due to injuries of the membranous urethra or extraperitoneal bladder from pelvic trauma. Management involves pain relief, antibiotics, suprapubic catheterization, and sometimes surgical exploration and drainage of collections.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
This document discusses head injuries and their management. It covers various types of head injuries like scalp lacerations, skull fractures, and different types of intracranial bleeding. Assessment involves the Glasgow Coma Scale and other scales. Management depends on the type of injury and may include wound closure, observation, surgery to repair fractures or evacuate hematomas. The goal is to prevent secondary brain damage from low blood pressure, hypoxia, swelling, and infections.
The phrenic nerve originates from cervical spinal nerves C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle of respiration. It descends through the neck and thorax, giving motor innervation and sensory branches. Damage to the phrenic nerve can cause paralysis of the diaphragm, impairing breathing. The phrenic nerve is clinically significant as crushing it was historically used to immobilize diseased lungs.
The document summarizes the functions of the exocrine pancreas. It discusses that the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate. The enzymes include proteases, lipases and amylases which help break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the small intestine. Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid and regulates the pH for optimal enzyme activity. Secretion is regulated by acetylcholine, cholecystokinin and secretin which stimulate enzyme and bicarbonate release respectively in a multiplicative fashion over the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases after a meal.
Head injuries can range from minor lacerations to life-threatening conditions like skull fractures and cerebral compression. The document outlines the different types of head injuries including concussions, contusions, compressions, skull fractures, subdural hematomas, and epidural hematomas. It describes the symptoms of each type of injury and emphasizes that even seemingly minor head trauma requires medical monitoring since complications can arise. Immediate first aid involves stabilizing the victim's head and neck and controlling any bleeding while seeking emergency help.
Upper limb mcqs joints and muscles by Dr. Shadab KamalDr. Shadab Kamal
For more content go to thinkwithdrshadab.blogspot.com
subscribe to youtube channel 'think with dr shadab' and enjoy free video lectures by me.
make anatomy easy. retain it forever.
The document provides information about intracranial hemorrhage including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and management. It discusses two main types of intracranial hemorrhage: intra-axial bleed which occurs within the brain tissue and includes intraparenchymal and intraventricular hemorrhage, and extra-axial bleed which is outside the brain tissue and includes subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, and epidural hemorrhage. Focal neurological signs that may result from hemorrhages in different areas of the brain are also outlined.
This document discusses urinary extravasation, which is when urine leaks out of the urinary tract into other body cavities. It defines two types - superficial and deep extravasation. Superficial extravasation occurs above the perineal membrane and is usually caused by injuries to the penile urethra during instrumentation. Deep extravasation occurs below the perineal membrane due to injuries of the membranous urethra or extraperitoneal bladder from pelvic trauma. Management involves pain relief, antibiotics, suprapubic catheterization, and sometimes surgical exploration and drainage of collections.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
This document discusses head injuries and their management. It covers various types of head injuries like scalp lacerations, skull fractures, and different types of intracranial bleeding. Assessment involves the Glasgow Coma Scale and other scales. Management depends on the type of injury and may include wound closure, observation, surgery to repair fractures or evacuate hematomas. The goal is to prevent secondary brain damage from low blood pressure, hypoxia, swelling, and infections.
The phrenic nerve originates from cervical spinal nerves C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle of respiration. It descends through the neck and thorax, giving motor innervation and sensory branches. Damage to the phrenic nerve can cause paralysis of the diaphragm, impairing breathing. The phrenic nerve is clinically significant as crushing it was historically used to immobilize diseased lungs.
The document summarizes the functions of the exocrine pancreas. It discusses that the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate. The enzymes include proteases, lipases and amylases which help break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the small intestine. Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid and regulates the pH for optimal enzyme activity. Secretion is regulated by acetylcholine, cholecystokinin and secretin which stimulate enzyme and bicarbonate release respectively in a multiplicative fashion over the cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases after a meal.
Head injuries can range from minor lacerations to life-threatening conditions like skull fractures and cerebral compression. The document outlines the different types of head injuries including concussions, contusions, compressions, skull fractures, subdural hematomas, and epidural hematomas. It describes the symptoms of each type of injury and emphasizes that even seemingly minor head trauma requires medical monitoring since complications can arise. Immediate first aid involves stabilizing the victim's head and neck and controlling any bleeding while seeking emergency help.
Upper limb mcqs joints and muscles by Dr. Shadab KamalDr. Shadab Kamal
For more content go to thinkwithdrshadab.blogspot.com
subscribe to youtube channel 'think with dr shadab' and enjoy free video lectures by me.
make anatomy easy. retain it forever.
The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located near the thyroid gland that regulate calcium homeostasis. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium levels. There are usually four parathyroid glands receiving blood supply from the inferior thyroid arteries. Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by a single adenoma. Investigations for hypercalcemia include PTH and calcium levels. Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected gland(s), with preoperative localization using ultrasound or sestamibi scans to allow for minimally invasive surgery.
4 million people experience head trauma annually, with severe head injury being a leading cause of trauma death. Timely treatment is critical to prevent increased intracranial pressure from hemorrhages or edema, which can cause permanent brain damage or death. Signs of increased ICP include changes in vital signs, pupil reactivity, eye movements, muscle tone, and level of consciousness on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Early interventions like oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and maintaining normal blood pressure and carbon dioxide levels are important to preserve brain perfusion and prevent further neurological injury.
This document discusses head trauma, including:
- The anatomy of the head and brain and types of injuries like concussions, contusions, hematomas.
- Primary and secondary brain injuries, with primary occurring immediately from force and secondary developing over hours from hypoxia or decreased blood flow.
- Assessment of head injury patients including neurological exam signs like anisocoria and posturing that indicate increased intracranial pressure.
- Management focuses on airway control, preventing hypotension, limiting agitation to reduce intracranial pressure, and treating cerebral herniation syndrome aggressively.
Thalamic pain syndrome is caused by a stroke in the thalamus region of the brain and results in centralized neuropathic pain that is worsened by temperature changes and often accompanied by hyperalgesia and allodynia. Recovery from a thalamic stroke focuses on restoring compromised abilities, though some side effects may not fully recover. The main cause of thalamic syndrome is a stroke, either hemorrhagic or ischemic, that occurs in the blood vessels of the thalamus region.
This document discusses the management of a polytrauma patient presenting with blunt abdominal trauma at POF Hospital. It describes the patient's presentation with shock and a grade 3 spleen injury found on FAST scan. Exploratory laparotomy revealed additional injuries including a grade 5 splenic injury and grade 4 renal injury. Definitive surgical management included splenectomy, nephrectomy, and sigmoid colostomy. The patient recovered well after multiple blood transfusions and other supportive care. Key components of polytrauma management include primary and secondary surveys, resuscitation, diagnostic studies like FAST scan, and definitive surgical or conservative treatment of injuries.
This document provides an overview of the parathyroid glands including their anatomy, physiology, disorders, investigations, and treatment options. It begins with an introduction to the parathyroid glands and their discovery. It then discusses the surgical anatomy and development of the parathyroid glands. The document outlines various disorders associated with the parathyroid glands including hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroid carcinoma. It also discusses investigations and various surgical treatment options for disorders of the parathyroid glands.
This document discusses head trauma and traumatic brain injury (TBI). It provides information on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management of various types of brain injuries including skull fractures, cerebral contusions, intraparenchymal hemorrhages, and epidural hemorrhages. Evaluation involves neurological examination, imaging studies like CT and MRI to identify fractures and bleeds. Management depends on the specific injuries identified and may involve surgical intervention for depressed fractures, hematomas, or hemorrhages causing mass effect.
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to acute bleeding inside skull or brain. It’s a life-threatening emergency.
An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull, most commonly caused by rupture of a blood vessel within the brain or from trauma such as a car accident or fall. The blood collection can be within the brain tissue or underneath the skull, pressing on the brain.
Intracranial hemorrhage refers to any bleeding within the intracranial vault, including the brain parenchyma and surrounding meningeal spaces.
The document discusses diseases of the parathyroid gland. It describes the structure and regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, including how calcium levels control PTH levels. It also discusses hyperparathyroidism, the most common form being primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a single adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands leading to elevated PTH levels and hypercalcemia. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, and bone disease. The genetics and clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism are also summarized.
A review of liver anatomy and physiology for anesthesiologistsArun Shetty
The document provides an overview of liver anatomy and physiology. It discusses the liver's macroscopic and microscopic structure, including its lobes, vascular and biliary systems. Key functions of the liver are metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and drugs. The liver's role in hematopoiesis, bilirubin metabolism, and production of clotting factors is also summarized. Phases of drug biotransformation and factors affecting it are briefly explained. Common liver function tests and their clinical significance are reviewed to assess hepatic abnormalities.
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated to keep plasma calcium levels within a narrow range. Three hormones - parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, and calcitonin - work together to regulate calcium levels by moving calcium between bones and extracellular fluid. The kidneys also play an important role by reabsorbing around 80% of filtered calcium in the proximal tubule and regulating further calcium reabsorption in other parts of the nephron in response to these hormones and other factors like calcium levels and pH. Disruptions to this regulatory system can lead to hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia.
This document discusses decompressive craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure where part of the skull bone is removed to relieve pressure in the brain. It can be performed prophylactically before surgery to prevent increased intracranial pressure, or therapeutically to treat intractable increased pressure. Risks and contraindications are provided. Techniques including hemicraniectomy and posterior fossa craniectomy are described. Post-operative management and potential complications are also outlined.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the upper limb and sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb. It is divided into 5 parts - roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The document proceeds to describe each part in detail and lists the minor branches of the brachial plexus, their spinal root contributions, and motor and sensory functions. The blood supply of the brachial plexus is also summarized.
The thyroid gland is located in the lower front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe has an apex that can extend into the larynx and a base that sits at the level of the 4th or 5th tracheal ring. The isthmus crosses the midline in front of the trachea. The thyroid gland has right and left lobes, an isthmus, anterior and posterior borders, and lateral, medial, and posterolateral surfaces. It is related anteriorly to neck muscles and veins and posteriorly to the trachea, larynx, and esophagus. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into internal jugular veins.
The lumbar vertebrae have five typical vertebrae (L1-L4) and one atypical fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). They have large bodies and triangular vertebral foramina. The vertebral arch is formed by short, strong pedicles and thick, short laminae connected by a quadrilateral spine. Each vertebra has transverse processes and superior and inferior articular facets. The lumbar vertebrae ossify from primary centers that appear between 9-16 weeks and fuse between ages 1-6 years, with secondary centers appearing at puberty and fusing by age 25. Anomalies can include sacralization of L5 or lumbarization of S1. Applied anatomy discusses conditions like disc prolapse
This document provides guidelines for the assessment and management of cervical spine injuries. It discusses the neurological assessment of spinal cord injury, airway management techniques to minimize spine movement, guidelines for tracheal intubation, importance of breathing and circulation support, clinical criteria for clearing the c-spine, cervical spine immobilization methods, and c-spine clearance guidelines. It recommends early removal of cervical collars when possible to reduce complications, and describes imaging guidelines for c-spine clearance in trauma patients.
This document provides an overview of shock, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, initial management, and specific types such as hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. It defines shock as inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, discusses the body's compensatory mechanisms and their failure in severe shock. It classifies shock into hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive types and provides details on managing each type, including damage control resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock and use of vasopressors for neurogenic shock. Key goals in shock management are outlined as well as factors like lactate and base deficit that can guide res
Acid-base balance is essential for normal cell function. Acidosis occurs when blood has too much acid or too little base, lowering pH, while alkalosis occurs when blood has too much base or too little acid, raising pH. Acid-base balance is regulated by buffers, respiration, and the kidneys. Disorders occur when these mechanisms are disrupted, causing metabolic or respiratory acidosis/alkalosis that can impact cells, enzymes, and potassium levels.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the diaphragm. It is divided into three parts: the sternal, costal, and lumbar parts. The sternal part arises from the xiphoid process, the costal part from the lower six ribs, and the lumbar part from the lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves and contracts during inspiration to flatten its shape and increase the vertical diameter of the thorax. Relaxation of the diaphragm allows expiration to occur as the thorax decreases in size. The diaphragm plays an important role in respiration and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
A craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the skull. It differs from a craniotomy in that the removed bone is not replaced, leaving a defect in the skull. A craniectomy is performed to relieve pressure on the brain, such as from swelling, bleeding, or infection. After the procedure, patients require wound care including cleaning and monitoring the incision, hair washing, and safety measures like fall prevention due to their vulnerability. Complications can include infection, bleeding, seizures, and brain injury.
The document provides suggestions for 8 beginner metal lathe projects of increasing complexity for learning how to use a metal lathe. It starts with simple projects like replicating metal bullets, making a mallet, or rings. More advanced projects include a rod with a captive ring, candlestick, cup, and bowl. Finally, it recommends a machinist's scribe/pen. Additional bonus projects suggested are making individual chess pieces or an entire metal chess set. The goal is to familiarize yourself with the metal lathe through hands-on practice and gain confidence to take on more complicated designs.
This document provides 10 tips for customizing reel kits, including how to patina brass, drill holes in thin metal sheets, add details to screws and washers, make a click drag, unique grips, raised pillar frames, electroplating, flame polishing Delrin, preventing galvanic corrosion, and adding millgraining. It includes instructions, materials lists, diagrams, and photos to illustrate each technique. The tips were originally published in the author's newsletter and compiled into an eBook to share handy customization ideas for reelsmiths and metalworkers.
The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located near the thyroid gland that regulate calcium homeostasis. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium levels. There are usually four parathyroid glands receiving blood supply from the inferior thyroid arteries. Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by a single adenoma. Investigations for hypercalcemia include PTH and calcium levels. Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected gland(s), with preoperative localization using ultrasound or sestamibi scans to allow for minimally invasive surgery.
4 million people experience head trauma annually, with severe head injury being a leading cause of trauma death. Timely treatment is critical to prevent increased intracranial pressure from hemorrhages or edema, which can cause permanent brain damage or death. Signs of increased ICP include changes in vital signs, pupil reactivity, eye movements, muscle tone, and level of consciousness on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Early interventions like oxygen supplementation, ventilation support, and maintaining normal blood pressure and carbon dioxide levels are important to preserve brain perfusion and prevent further neurological injury.
This document discusses head trauma, including:
- The anatomy of the head and brain and types of injuries like concussions, contusions, hematomas.
- Primary and secondary brain injuries, with primary occurring immediately from force and secondary developing over hours from hypoxia or decreased blood flow.
- Assessment of head injury patients including neurological exam signs like anisocoria and posturing that indicate increased intracranial pressure.
- Management focuses on airway control, preventing hypotension, limiting agitation to reduce intracranial pressure, and treating cerebral herniation syndrome aggressively.
Thalamic pain syndrome is caused by a stroke in the thalamus region of the brain and results in centralized neuropathic pain that is worsened by temperature changes and often accompanied by hyperalgesia and allodynia. Recovery from a thalamic stroke focuses on restoring compromised abilities, though some side effects may not fully recover. The main cause of thalamic syndrome is a stroke, either hemorrhagic or ischemic, that occurs in the blood vessels of the thalamus region.
This document discusses the management of a polytrauma patient presenting with blunt abdominal trauma at POF Hospital. It describes the patient's presentation with shock and a grade 3 spleen injury found on FAST scan. Exploratory laparotomy revealed additional injuries including a grade 5 splenic injury and grade 4 renal injury. Definitive surgical management included splenectomy, nephrectomy, and sigmoid colostomy. The patient recovered well after multiple blood transfusions and other supportive care. Key components of polytrauma management include primary and secondary surveys, resuscitation, diagnostic studies like FAST scan, and definitive surgical or conservative treatment of injuries.
This document provides an overview of the parathyroid glands including their anatomy, physiology, disorders, investigations, and treatment options. It begins with an introduction to the parathyroid glands and their discovery. It then discusses the surgical anatomy and development of the parathyroid glands. The document outlines various disorders associated with the parathyroid glands including hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and parathyroid carcinoma. It also discusses investigations and various surgical treatment options for disorders of the parathyroid glands.
This document discusses head trauma and traumatic brain injury (TBI). It provides information on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management of various types of brain injuries including skull fractures, cerebral contusions, intraparenchymal hemorrhages, and epidural hemorrhages. Evaluation involves neurological examination, imaging studies like CT and MRI to identify fractures and bleeds. Management depends on the specific injuries identified and may involve surgical intervention for depressed fractures, hematomas, or hemorrhages causing mass effect.
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to acute bleeding inside skull or brain. It’s a life-threatening emergency.
An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull, most commonly caused by rupture of a blood vessel within the brain or from trauma such as a car accident or fall. The blood collection can be within the brain tissue or underneath the skull, pressing on the brain.
Intracranial hemorrhage refers to any bleeding within the intracranial vault, including the brain parenchyma and surrounding meningeal spaces.
The document discusses diseases of the parathyroid gland. It describes the structure and regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, including how calcium levels control PTH levels. It also discusses hyperparathyroidism, the most common form being primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a single adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands leading to elevated PTH levels and hypercalcemia. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, and bone disease. The genetics and clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism are also summarized.
A review of liver anatomy and physiology for anesthesiologistsArun Shetty
The document provides an overview of liver anatomy and physiology. It discusses the liver's macroscopic and microscopic structure, including its lobes, vascular and biliary systems. Key functions of the liver are metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and drugs. The liver's role in hematopoiesis, bilirubin metabolism, and production of clotting factors is also summarized. Phases of drug biotransformation and factors affecting it are briefly explained. Common liver function tests and their clinical significance are reviewed to assess hepatic abnormalities.
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated to keep plasma calcium levels within a narrow range. Three hormones - parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, and calcitonin - work together to regulate calcium levels by moving calcium between bones and extracellular fluid. The kidneys also play an important role by reabsorbing around 80% of filtered calcium in the proximal tubule and regulating further calcium reabsorption in other parts of the nephron in response to these hormones and other factors like calcium levels and pH. Disruptions to this regulatory system can lead to hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia.
This document discusses decompressive craniectomy, a neurosurgical procedure where part of the skull bone is removed to relieve pressure in the brain. It can be performed prophylactically before surgery to prevent increased intracranial pressure, or therapeutically to treat intractable increased pressure. Risks and contraindications are provided. Techniques including hemicraniectomy and posterior fossa craniectomy are described. Post-operative management and potential complications are also outlined.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves that provides motor innervation to the muscles of the upper limb and sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb. It is divided into 5 parts - roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The document proceeds to describe each part in detail and lists the minor branches of the brachial plexus, their spinal root contributions, and motor and sensory functions. The blood supply of the brachial plexus is also summarized.
The thyroid gland is located in the lower front of the neck. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe has an apex that can extend into the larynx and a base that sits at the level of the 4th or 5th tracheal ring. The isthmus crosses the midline in front of the trachea. The thyroid gland has right and left lobes, an isthmus, anterior and posterior borders, and lateral, medial, and posterolateral surfaces. It is related anteriorly to neck muscles and veins and posteriorly to the trachea, larynx, and esophagus. Blood supply comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into internal jugular veins.
The lumbar vertebrae have five typical vertebrae (L1-L4) and one atypical fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). They have large bodies and triangular vertebral foramina. The vertebral arch is formed by short, strong pedicles and thick, short laminae connected by a quadrilateral spine. Each vertebra has transverse processes and superior and inferior articular facets. The lumbar vertebrae ossify from primary centers that appear between 9-16 weeks and fuse between ages 1-6 years, with secondary centers appearing at puberty and fusing by age 25. Anomalies can include sacralization of L5 or lumbarization of S1. Applied anatomy discusses conditions like disc prolapse
This document provides guidelines for the assessment and management of cervical spine injuries. It discusses the neurological assessment of spinal cord injury, airway management techniques to minimize spine movement, guidelines for tracheal intubation, importance of breathing and circulation support, clinical criteria for clearing the c-spine, cervical spine immobilization methods, and c-spine clearance guidelines. It recommends early removal of cervical collars when possible to reduce complications, and describes imaging guidelines for c-spine clearance in trauma patients.
This document provides an overview of shock, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, initial management, and specific types such as hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. It defines shock as inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery, discusses the body's compensatory mechanisms and their failure in severe shock. It classifies shock into hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive types and provides details on managing each type, including damage control resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock and use of vasopressors for neurogenic shock. Key goals in shock management are outlined as well as factors like lactate and base deficit that can guide res
Acid-base balance is essential for normal cell function. Acidosis occurs when blood has too much acid or too little base, lowering pH, while alkalosis occurs when blood has too much base or too little acid, raising pH. Acid-base balance is regulated by buffers, respiration, and the kidneys. Disorders occur when these mechanisms are disrupted, causing metabolic or respiratory acidosis/alkalosis that can impact cells, enzymes, and potassium levels.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the diaphragm. It is divided into three parts: the sternal, costal, and lumbar parts. The sternal part arises from the xiphoid process, the costal part from the lower six ribs, and the lumbar part from the lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves and contracts during inspiration to flatten its shape and increase the vertical diameter of the thorax. Relaxation of the diaphragm allows expiration to occur as the thorax decreases in size. The diaphragm plays an important role in respiration and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
A craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the skull. It differs from a craniotomy in that the removed bone is not replaced, leaving a defect in the skull. A craniectomy is performed to relieve pressure on the brain, such as from swelling, bleeding, or infection. After the procedure, patients require wound care including cleaning and monitoring the incision, hair washing, and safety measures like fall prevention due to their vulnerability. Complications can include infection, bleeding, seizures, and brain injury.
The document provides suggestions for 8 beginner metal lathe projects of increasing complexity for learning how to use a metal lathe. It starts with simple projects like replicating metal bullets, making a mallet, or rings. More advanced projects include a rod with a captive ring, candlestick, cup, and bowl. Finally, it recommends a machinist's scribe/pen. Additional bonus projects suggested are making individual chess pieces or an entire metal chess set. The goal is to familiarize yourself with the metal lathe through hands-on practice and gain confidence to take on more complicated designs.
This document provides 10 tips for customizing reel kits, including how to patina brass, drill holes in thin metal sheets, add details to screws and washers, make a click drag, unique grips, raised pillar frames, electroplating, flame polishing Delrin, preventing galvanic corrosion, and adding millgraining. It includes instructions, materials lists, diagrams, and photos to illustrate each technique. The tips were originally published in the author's newsletter and compiled into an eBook to share handy customization ideas for reelsmiths and metalworkers.
A great hobby is achieved by model ship buildingmarisstella02
Where you would want to start you can guess. A reward unlike any other is to view something beautiful that you have built with your own hands and Model ship materials.
This document discusses various tools used in repoussé metalworking including liners, modeling punches, planishing punches, matting punches, and setting punches. It describes how to make your own tools from tool steel and shape them using sandpaper and a grinder. The document provides instructions for the repoussé process including preparing the metal, transferring the design, working the metal in pitch, and potential issues like overworking the metal. It stresses safety precautions like eye protection, ventilation, and maintaining tools to prevent risks during this metalworking process.
This document provides recommendations for basic tools needed for electronics projects. It lists tools such as a breadboard for prototyping, jumper wires, soldering iron, solder and flux, wire cutters, strippers and crimpers, screwdrivers, pliers, and glues. More advanced recommended tools include a digital multimeter, wire wick and vacuum for desoldering, and an Analog Discovery or Electronics Explorer Board for testing circuits. Purchase quality tools that you will use often, and the document recommends prototyping projects on a breadboard before building and soldering.
6 unique handmade jewelry making ( pdf drive.com )ali taher
This document provides instructions for making 6 unique handmade jewelry items using seed beads. It begins with an introduction to seed bead jewelry making and discusses necessary materials like beads, thread, needles, and findings. It then provides detailed tutorials for making different jewelry pieces, including:
1) "Grape cluster" earrings made with beads, crystals, chains and ear wires arranged to resemble grape clusters.
2) A "wet asphalt" bracelet using different sized beads and the brick stitch and herringbone stitch techniques.
3) Additional tutorials are listed for other seed bead jewelry projects like necklaces, earrings, and tubular earrings. Readers are invited to join the
10 Woodworking Tricks the Pros Use: I'm always looking for shortcuts in my work, either to save time or make my life easier. Over time, I've come ...
10 MORE Woodworking Tricks the Pros Use
Step 1: Clamp Any Angle. Not all projects will have perfect 90° angles to allow for easy clamping during assembly. ...
Step 2: Clamp Wide Boards. ...
Step 3: Blade Storage. ...
Step 4: Centered Holes in Dowels. ...
Step 5: Drilling Straight. ...
Step 6: No-Burn Holes. ...
Step 7: Fix Holes in Wood. ...
Step 8: Fold Your Sandpaper.
This semester's sophomore project was to design and manufacture complete chess sets. The class decided on an overall style for the pieces. Teams then designed individual pieces, like the knight, within those guidelines. The project proved more challenging than initially expected due to limitations of the school's manufacturing equipment. With teamwork and communication, most of the pieces and boards were completed by the end of the semester, though more work remains to finish the full chess sets. Lessons learned include establishing clear timelines, ordering materials early, and assigning team members to multiple teams.
The document is a student's process essay and sketch of a kitchen utensil. It discusses the student choosing a Faber multi-cooker as the subject for a sketch. It describes gathering the necessary materials like pencils, erasers, and paper. It outlines the process of sketching the cooker, including determining light sources and using different line thicknesses. It also notes practicing with pens to improve design skills. The student spent 45 minutes sketching and shading the layout. Completing the sketch improved their self-esteem in their sketching abilities.
The document is a student's process essay and sketch of a kitchen utensil. It discusses the student choosing a Faber multi-cooker as the subject for a sketch. It describes gathering the necessary materials like pencils, erasers, and paper. It outlines the process of sketching the cooker, including determining light sources and using different line thicknesses. It also notes practicing with pens to improve design skills. The student spent 45 minutes sketching and shading the layout. Completing the sketch improved their self-esteem in their sketching abilities.
The document provides instructions for students to investigate the design of domestic irons through a series of questions. Students are asked to examine their own iron and consider its materials, heat production/control, ergonomics, stability, effectiveness, shape, weight, visual indicators, steam production, potential problems, cable placement, length, aesthetics, areas for improvement, and testing/breakdown history. The assignment involves planning and developing an innovative new iron design through defining the problem, formulating a design brief, selecting specifications, creative sketches, a 3D model, and CAD technical drawing.
Here are the key points about dimensions:
- Two-dimensional (2D) objects can be described with length and width. They exist on a flat plane and do not have height or depth. Common 2D shapes include circles, squares, triangles, etc.
- Three-dimensional (3D) objects can be described with length, width, and height. They exist in three-dimensional space and have volume. Common 3D shapes include cubes, spheres, cylinders, etc.
- To understand an object's dimensions, you need to consider how many axes of measurement it has. 2D objects have two axes (length and width) while 3D objects have three axes (length, width, and height).
I used a ruler to measure and draw lines on a piece of wood. I then used different saws, including a coping saw, to cut out the wood for my footstool project. The coping saw allowed me to make tight turns while cutting. I was happy to learn a new skill but found using the coping saw difficult. Overall, I enjoyed the project and learning how to measure accurately. My next steps are to continue cutting and filing the top panel of the footstool smooth.
This document provides tips and guidance for beginners interested in woodworking projects. It discusses finding woodworking plans, selecting simple initial projects, investing in basic tools, following safety procedures, and maintaining work areas. Specific tips include starting with pine wood instead of oak, using tested plans for early projects, making materials lists in advance, and focusing on quality over cost when purchasing plans. The document emphasizes proper preparation as key to success for beginners tackling do-it-yourself woodworking projects.
The document provides instructions for using a lathe to turn wood. It describes the basic parts of a lathe including the headstock, bed, tailstock and tool rest. It outlines the main steps which include selecting a material, choosing a turning method like between centers or with a chuck, rough turning and shaping with tools, sanding, and applying a finish. Safety tips are provided around using lathe tools with light pressure and keeping the tool rest clear during sanding.
The document provides instructions for using a lathe to turn wood. It describes the basic parts of a lathe including the headstock, bed, tailstock and tool rest. It outlines the main steps which include selecting a material, choosing a turning method like between centers or with a chuck, rough turning and shaping with tools, sanding, and applying a finish. Safety tips are provided around using lathe tools with light pressure and keeping the tool rest clear during sanding.
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1. 8 Metal Lathe Projects for Beginners
Learning how to use a metal lathe can be exciting and overwhelming at the same time.
There is a steep learning curve when it comes to familiarizing yourself with your lathe. The
best way to gain confidence and an understanding of your machine is to use it. Practice
makes perfect, and the more you use your lathe. The more you’ll see new uses and
possibilities for new projects.
But with any new skill or tool, it’s good to start simple. Below are eight ideas to get you
started. These start very basic and slowly become more complicated as you grow more
familiar with your machine.
Lathe crafting is indeed hell a lot of fun but sometimes during your project, if you
accidentally mess up or break your specimen you can always try to weld them with a tig
welder this technique will keep you on track. curious to find out more about tig welders see
here
Replica Metal Bullets
Bullets are a popular beginner project given the relative ease of operation required. Since
the shape of the bullet is essentially a simple cone, the process of making bullets allows you
to become familiar with the machinery. And understand how your lathe spins. Start by
printing out a picture of a bullet you want to replicate. Creating bullet from a core or small
block of metal will demonstrate how a lathe works by spinning a workpiece. With your
picture as a guide, try to recreate the exact taper of the bullet. But don’t worry if you mess
2. up! Because the project is small. You can practice without feeling any guilt about any
mistakes.
For good examples, see this link or the photo.
Source: etsystatic.com
3. Mallets
Metal mallets are a great initial project because they provide both a straightforward
process as well as a fun challenge. The mallet head, a straightforward cylinder, is an easy
piece to create while the handle gives you more freedom to display your woodworking
skills. In order to create the handle, you’ll get to practice using a knurling tool. Don’t
forget to put your own spin on the design of the handle to make the project your own.
This mallet project can also easily be modified or expanded. Try designed a metal handle as
well as the head. Curve the head, to create a ball-peen or machinist’s hammer. Add texture
to the handle or a taper to increase the difficulty of the project, or make the head and
handle of different materials. And of course, you could make not just one hammer, but an
entire set with different sizes and styles. Whatever you decide to do, a basic hammer
project frequently makes an excellent starting point.
Source: summitmt.com
4. Rings
The great part about making rings (aside from the fact that you can wear them) is that you
can start off simple and as you get more comfortable can create more intricate designs. One
reason rings tend to be a good beginner project is that you can use metal scraps, even nuts,
and bolts, to transform into your finished piece. This means you don’t have to worry about
messing up or wasting large amounts of material. You can also start off with softer metals
that are easier to work with.
Rings are also one of the basic shapes you’ll see frequently in your lathe work, so mastering
them early is a good idea. Again, just because they’re simple in design doesn’t mean they
have to be plain, boring, or lacking in craftsmanship. As an example of what can be done,
here’s a short video and a picture of a finished project by the same craftsman.
Source: patrickadairdesigns.com
5. Rod with a Captive Ring
This metal toy can be a fun first project. While it looks complicated, it’s not as difficult as
you might assume. It requires a few different techniques that will help you navigate your
machine while being simple enough to not be a daunting task. Some techniques that you’ll
be able to put in your arsenal include plunging, parting, facing, and undercutting. There’s
also the clever trick of being able to build something that looks impossible at first glance –
always a great conversation starter!
Source: instructables.com
6. This project can be taken to the next level with a related project – the bolt and captive nut.
It’s the same idea as the rod and ring, but also incorporates threading techniques (for the
bolt) and grinding techniques (if you make your own nut). Find a helpful video here.
Candlestick
A metal candlestick can be as simple or as intricate as you feel comfortable with. While
they are a bit more complicated to make than some of the other projects, they are a great
way to practice boring out the core and rounding out the base. From there you can decide
how complex of a design you want to challenge yourself to do. Tall, simple candlesticks are
great starters, while ornamental candlesticks with flaring and fluting along it may prove
more of a challenge. See a helpful video here.
Cups
If you’ve already learned how to bore out the core for your candlestick, upgrading to a cup
is a fairly simple step. You can employ some of the same techniques used for the base of the
candlestick to form the stem of your cup, then bore out and shape the cup itself. Part of the
challenge with these beginner projects is to nut just manufacture these items but to make
them as high-quality as possible. Cups make great ways to challenge your consistency and
make identical sets.
Cups can also be made as gifts, as in this video of a baby cup.
7. Bowls
Another simple design, but here the problem might be one of size. This will teach you how
to make molds around which to shape the bowl as well as how to wrap and finish the metal.
All of those techniques will start to build on each other, expanding what you are able to do
when you reach more complicated parts later on.
For a fantastic demonstration of some of the techniques needed for a metal bowl, see here.
Machinist’s Scribe/Pen
The ideas here are fairly simple. A machinist’s scribe is a tool used to mark or write on
metal. Essentially, it works as a machinist’s pen. Early scribes were simple rods with a
hardened tip, but today there are plenty that looks like a normal ballpoint pen. The
hardened tip remains.
Pens, of course, are fairly straightforward. There can be some tricks to making sure that all
of the pieces of a pen fit together correctly, but the concept is simple enough. There are
countless videos and instructions available for wood-turned pens, and there are plenty for
metal pens as well. Here is just one of many such videos with good instructions that are
widely available.
Source: instructables.com
8. There you have it, eight great projects to get you started on your metal lathe journey. No
matter what you start with, you’ll find the creation process is the best way to familiarize
yourself with your machine and how it works. As you progress, you’ll become excited to
take on more complicated projects. Just remember, at the end of the day, the goal is to have
fun as you take your first steps in mastering your metal lathe. Along the way, you’ll find
yourself more able to experiment with your own designs and your own ideas of what to
make.
Bonus Project: Chess Piece and Chess Set
Looking for something highly ornamental, beautiful, and eye-catching to practice some of
your techniques? Consider some of these metal-turned chess sets:
Source: mrdeyo.com
10. Source: smithy.com
Most of the techniques for these sets are fairly basic; it’s the ornamentation that sets them
apart and the striking nature of the design. If you’re up for a more advanced project,
consider trying your hand at one of these – or better yet, coming up with your own!!
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