Fetal alcohol syndrome refers to the growth, mental, and physical problems that may occur in a baby when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. It can cause failure to thrive, developmental delays, organ dysfunction, epilepsy, poor growth, decreased muscle tone, heart defects, facial abnormalities, respiratory issues, low birth weight, small head circumference, poor motor skills, learning difficulties, and behavioral problems. The diagnosis requires growth deficiency, a characteristic facial pattern, and central nervous system dysfunction.
This file is one of my medical PPT series ,mainly intended for medical students. Information and pictures are highly organized to serve this aim. All the credits of info & pics are reserved for their owners.
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
This file is one of my medical PPT series ,mainly intended for medical students. Information and pictures are highly organized to serve this aim. All the credits of info & pics are reserved for their owners.
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Images for the BlindBeth_Coleman
The earliest recorded case of Charles Bonnet Syndrome was that of a Swiss philosopher’s grandfather.
Charles Bonnet, a writer and naturalist in Sweden, was the first person who described the condition (later named after him) in 1769. He observed his 87-year-old grandfather who was nearly blind from cataracts. Bonnet documented that despite his grandfather’s extreme vision problems, he still saw images of people and objects.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Spina bifida overview Clinical Neuro by Dr Krishna NS (M.O.Th-Neuro)Dr Krishna NSK
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
Neural tube defects (myelomeningocele) | spina bifida NEHA MALIK
NTDs occur when the neural tube does not close properly. The neural tube forms the early brain and spine. These types of birth defects develop very early during pregnancy, often before a woman knows she is pregnant. The two most common NTDs are spina bifida (a spinal cord defect) and anencephaly (a brain defect).
follow me on my YouTube channel :- medic o mania
Neural tube defects are the most common congenital abnormality in India which can be easily prevented with due information and better nursing practices. Neural Tube Defects can be prevented with intake of folic acid.
Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Images for the BlindBeth_Coleman
The earliest recorded case of Charles Bonnet Syndrome was that of a Swiss philosopher’s grandfather.
Charles Bonnet, a writer and naturalist in Sweden, was the first person who described the condition (later named after him) in 1769. He observed his 87-year-old grandfather who was nearly blind from cataracts. Bonnet documented that despite his grandfather’s extreme vision problems, he still saw images of people and objects.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Spina bifida overview Clinical Neuro by Dr Krishna NS (M.O.Th-Neuro)Dr Krishna NSK
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
Neural tube defects (myelomeningocele) | spina bifida NEHA MALIK
NTDs occur when the neural tube does not close properly. The neural tube forms the early brain and spine. These types of birth defects develop very early during pregnancy, often before a woman knows she is pregnant. The two most common NTDs are spina bifida (a spinal cord defect) and anencephaly (a brain defect).
follow me on my YouTube channel :- medic o mania
Neural tube defects are the most common congenital abnormality in India which can be easily prevented with due information and better nursing practices. Neural Tube Defects can be prevented with intake of folic acid.
Особенности поискового продвижения интернет-магазиновborovoystudio
Презентация выступления Алексея Рылко, технического директора отдела продвижения Студии Борового, на Большом федеральном семинаре 1С-Битрикс в Минске 6 июня 2013 г.
Central nervous system defects include disorders caused by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid (as in hydrocephalus) and a range of disorders resulting from malformations of the neural tube during embryonic development (often called “neural tube defects”). These defects vary from mild to severely disabling.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where there is an incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. It is a developmental congenital anomaly
What is a birth defect? pretty sure there is nothing better than brief straight forward information w/o loopy woopy.
Birth defects in general simple terms will be discused, then diving a little deeper.. specially the congenital disorders of the skeletal system.
I made this presentation as a 'seminar assignment', but then I thought why not sharing the info that I have.
*DISCLAIMER: A LOT of the information are from multi sources; My professors, my lectures, internet medical websites, medical textbooks, ..etc. If you find any mistake or a misleading info please do mention it so that everyone takes care and makes sure to get it right!.
**If you're a lecturer or a student whom happens to deliver a presentation on the same subject(s) and find mine useful to do the job (WITH CREDIT) then go bunkers!.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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7.fas spina bifida
1. Lecture notes 7: FAS
Definition:Fetal alcohol syndrome referstothe growth,mental,andphysical problemsthatmay
occur in a babywhena motherdrinksalcohol duringpregnancy.
Types inthe Spectrum
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS),
partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS),
Alcohol-RelatedBirthDefects(ARBD)
Alcohol-RelatedNeurodevelopmental Disorder(ARND)
Clinical Features
• Failure to thrive due to being premature
• Developmental delays
• Organ dysfunction
• Epilepsy
• Poor growth while the baby is in the womb and after
birth
• Decreasedmuscle tone and poor coordination
• Heart defects
• Structural problemswiththe face
• Difficultieswiththeirrespiratory system
• low birth weight
• small headcircumference
• poor coordination/fine motor skills
• poor socializationskills
• Learning difficulties
• Behavioural problems
2. 7 Domains
• Cognition
• Adaptation
• Executive function
• Memory
• Communication
• Attention
• Achievement
Criteriafor Diagnosis
a) growth deficiency:lowbirthweightand/ordeceleratingweightovertime notdue to
nutrition
b) characteristic pattern of facial anomalies: shortpalpebral fissures,flattenedphiltrum, thin
upperlip,flatmidface
c) central nervoussystem dysfunction:microcephalyand/orneurobehavioural dysfunction
(hyperactivity,finemotorproblems,attentiondeficits,learningdisabilities,cognitive
disabilities,difficultiesinadaptive functioning,etc.
3. Spina Bifida
Definition:Disordercausedbythe incompleteclosingof the embryonicneural tube. Some
vertebrae overlyingthe spinalcord are not fullyformedandremainunfusedandopen. If the
openingislarge enough,thisallowsaportionof the spinal cordto protrude throughthe opening
inthe bones.
Other definitions:
Meningo- Meninges
Myelo- Nerve Sheaths
Cele- Tumor/Cyst/Sac
Embryology
• Spinabifidaiscausedbythe failure of the neural tube toclose duringthe firstmonth
of embryonicdevelopment(oftenbefore the motherknows she ispregnant).
• Under normal circumstances,the closure of the neural tube occursaroundthe 23rd (rostral
closure) and27th (caudal closure) dayafter fertilization.
Etiology:
• Maternal diabetes
• Familyhistory
• Obesity
• Increasedbodytemperature
fromfeveror external sourcessuchas
hot tubsand electricblanketsmay
increase the chancesof deliveryof a
babywitha spinabifida.
• Medicationssuchas
some anticonvulsants.
• PregnantwomentakingValproicacid
have an increasedriskof having
childrenwithspinabifida
• Geneticbasis.
• Folicaciddeficiency
Types
SpinaBifidaOcculta
SpinaBifidaCysticaWithMeningocele(Aperta)
SpinaBifidaCysticaWithMyelomeningocele. (Aperta)
4. Spina BifidaOcculta
• congenital absence of aspinousprocessandavariable amountof lamina
• novisible exposureof meningesorneural tissue
Clinical Features
• noobviousclinical signs
• presence of lumbosacral cutaneousabnormalities(dimple,sinus,port-wine
stain,or hair tuft)
Investigations
• plainfilm:absence of the spinousprocessalongwithminoramountsof the neural arch
• U/S,MRI to exclude spinalanomalies
Treatment
• requiresno treatment
MENINGOCELE(SPINABIFIDA APERTA)
Definition
• herniationof meningeal tissue andCSFthrougha defectinthe spine,without
associatedherniationof neural tissue
Clinical Features
• mostcommonin lumbosacral area
• usuallynodisability, lowincidence of associatedanomaliesandhydrocephalus
Investigations
• plainfilms,CT,MRI,U/S, echo,genitourinary(GU) investigations
Treatment
• surgical excisionandtissue repair(excellentresults)
5. MYELOMENINGOCELE(SPINABIFIDA APERTA)
Definition
• herniationof meningeal andNerve sheath througha defectinthe spine
Clinical Features
• sensoryandmotorchangesdistal to anatomiclevel producingvaryingdegrees
of weakness
• urinaryandfecal incontinence
• 65-85% of patientswithmyelomeningocele have hydrocephalus
• mosthave Type II Chiari malformation
Investigations
• plainfilms,CT,MRI,U/S, echo,GU investigations
Treatment
• surgical closure topreserve neurologicstatusandpreventCNSinfections
• closure in-uteroshowntodecrease hydrocephalusandimprove postnatal motorscores
Diagnosis:
alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)
Maternal Serumalpha-fetoprotein(MSAFP
Ultrasound
Amniocentresis
Complications
• Difficultdeliverywithproblemsresultingfromatraumatic birth,includingcerebral palsyand
decreasedoxygentothe brain
• Frequenturinarytractinfections
• Hydrocephalus
• Loss of bowel orbladdercontrol
• Meningitis
• Permanentweaknessorparalysisof legs
