7.3 redox reactions 7.3
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Primary alcohols like ethanol can be oxidized to aldehydes using oxidizing agents such as potassium manganate(VII) or sodium dichromate(VI). For example, ethanol reacts to form ethanal. Ethanal is also produced when ethanol is metabolized in the human body. Sodium dichromate(VI) can be used to prepare ethanal by refluxing an excess of ethanol with an acidified solution of the oxidizing agent. The ethanal is distilled off as it is formed to prevent further oxidation to ethanoic acid. Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes which can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols
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7.3 elimination reactions 7.3 (1)
An elimination reaction such as the dehydration of ethanol is described. In this reaction, an alcohol like ethanol reacts to form a smaller alkene molecule like ethene along with a water molecule. The structure changes from tetrahedral to planar. Ethanol can specifically be dehydrated to ethene using heat and an aluminum oxide catalyst in its preparation.
7.3 redox reactions 7.3
Primary alcohols like ethanol can be oxidized to aldehydes using oxidizing agents such as potassium manganate(VII) or sodium dichromate(VI). Ethanol reacts to form ethanal, which is also produced when ethanol is metabolized by the human body. Sodium dichromate(VI) can be used to prepare ethanal by heating an excess of ethanol with an acidified solution, distilling off the formed ethanal to prevent further oxidation to ethanoic acid. Secondary alcohols like propan-2-ol are oxidized to ketones, such as propanone from propan-2-ol, which are not easily further oxidized. Aldehy
7.3 reactions as acids
Alcohols react with sodium to form sodium salts and hydrogen gas. For example, ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas. Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than alcohols because their anions are more stable due to electron delocalization. Carboxylic acids react with metals like magnesium to form salts and hydrogen gas, with bases like sodium hydroxide to form salts and water, and with carbonates like sodium carbonate to form salts, water, and carbon dioxide.
7.2 planar carbon aldehydes 7.2
This document discusses four common aldehydes - methanal, ethanal, propanal, and butanal. It notes that while aldehydes are liquids, methanal is a gas at room temperature. Aldehydes have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols due to their polar carbonyl group. Short chain aldehydes are soluble in water because of this polar group, but solubility in water decreases with longer carbon chains while solubility in cyclohexane increases. The document also mentions benzaldehyde, an aromatic aldehyde found in almond kernels.
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Ether notes
Ethers can be prepared through several methods. One method is the Williamson synthesis, which is a nucleophilic substitution reaction between sodium alkoxides and alkyl halides. Another method is the dehydration of alcohols using concentrated sulfuric acid at 140°C or aluminum oxide at 250°C. Ethers can also be prepared by reacting lower halogenated ethers with Grignard reagents. Ethers form complexes with Lewis acids and bases, undergo halogenation and hydrolysis reactions, and can be oxidized to aldehydes.
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7.3 elimination reactions 7.3 (1)
An elimination reaction such as the dehydration of ethanol is described. In this reaction, an alcohol like ethanol reacts to form a smaller alkene molecule like ethene along with a water molecule. The structure changes from tetrahedral to planar. Ethanol can specifically be dehydrated to ethene using heat and an aluminum oxide catalyst in its preparation.
7.3 redox reactions 7.3
Primary alcohols like ethanol can be oxidized to aldehydes using oxidizing agents such as potassium manganate(VII) or sodium dichromate(VI). Ethanol reacts to form ethanal, which is also produced when ethanol is metabolized by the human body. Sodium dichromate(VI) can be used to prepare ethanal by heating an excess of ethanol with an acidified solution, distilling off the formed ethanal to prevent further oxidation to ethanoic acid. Secondary alcohols like propan-2-ol are oxidized to ketones, such as propanone from propan-2-ol, which are not easily further oxidized. Aldehy
7.3 reactions as acids
Alcohols react with sodium to form sodium salts and hydrogen gas. For example, ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas. Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than alcohols because their anions are more stable due to electron delocalization. Carboxylic acids react with metals like magnesium to form salts and hydrogen gas, with bases like sodium hydroxide to form salts and water, and with carbonates like sodium carbonate to form salts, water, and carbon dioxide.
7.2 planar carbon aldehydes 7.2
This document discusses four common aldehydes - methanal, ethanal, propanal, and butanal. It notes that while aldehydes are liquids, methanal is a gas at room temperature. Aldehydes have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols due to their polar carbonyl group. Short chain aldehydes are soluble in water because of this polar group, but solubility in water decreases with longer carbon chains while solubility in cyclohexane increases. The document also mentions benzaldehyde, an aromatic aldehyde found in almond kernels.
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Ether notes
Ethers can be prepared through several methods. One method is the Williamson synthesis, which is a nucleophilic substitution reaction between sodium alkoxides and alkyl halides. Another method is the dehydration of alcohols using concentrated sulfuric acid at 140°C or aluminum oxide at 250°C. Ethers can also be prepared by reacting lower halogenated ethers with Grignard reagents. Ethers form complexes with Lewis acids and bases, undergo halogenation and hydrolysis reactions, and can be oxidized to aldehydes.
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Reactions of alcohol
Alcohols contain an -OH group bonded to a carbon atom. They do not readily donate protons like water. Alcohols undergo complete combustion, producing carbon dioxide and water. Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes then carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols produce ketones upon oxidation. Tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidized. Oxidation reactions involve the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen and can be represented by half reactions and overall equations.
Organic Chemistry.ppt
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts. It defines organic compounds as hydrocarbons and related compounds containing carbon. Carbon atoms can bond together in chains, allowing for a large number of organic compounds. Saturated compounds have single carbon bonds while unsaturated have double or triple bonds. Common hydrocarbons include alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds). The document also discusses the structure and reactions of important organic compound classes like alkenes, alcohols, acids, and polymers.
ETHER-[6087].pptx
1. Ethers are organic compounds having an -O- functional group where the oxygen atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. Common examples include dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, and methyl phenyl ether.
2. Ethers have lower boiling points than analogous alcohols due to an inability to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. They are generally inert but can form oxonium salts with acids or decompose to alcohols and alkyl halides with halogen acids.
3. Aromatic ethers contain an aryl group bonded to the ethereal oxygen. An example of preparation is the Williamson synthesis of anisole from sodium phenoxide and methyl iodide.
namma_kalvi_12th_chemistry_unit_11_ppt_material_em_219536.pptx
The document discusses the classification, nomenclature, preparation, properties and reactions of alcohols. Alcohols can be classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups and the carbon they are attached to. The IUPAC system names alcohols based on the parent chain and hydroxyl position. Alcohols can be prepared from alkyl halides, alkenes, carbonyl compounds and by reduction. They have higher boiling points than other organic compounds due to hydrogen bonding. Primary alcohols undergo SN2 reactions while tertiary undergo SN1. Oxidation of primary alcohols yields aldehydes and secondary yields ketones.
TOPIC 10 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- Alcohols contain an -OH functional group which makes them polar and soluble in water. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon attached to the OH group.
- Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes then carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents like acidified dichromate or manganate. Secondary alcohols oxidize to ketones. Tertiary alcohols do not oxidize.
- Burning alcohols releases energy with the amount increasing with the alcohol chain length due to more carbon dioxide produced. In limited oxygen, carbon monoxide is formed instead of carbon
Alcohol
Alcohols are compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group. They are named based on the carbon chain and position of the hydroxyl group. Alcohols can be produced through fermentation of sugars by yeast or through hydration of alkenes with steam. They have low boiling points, are colorless and volatile. Alcohols can undergo combustion, oxidation, and dehydration reactions. Ethanol is used as a fuel and solvent, while alcohols in general have industrial and medical uses.
Alcohol powerpoint
Alcohol powerpoint to upload to file share
Alcohol powerpoint
Alcohol powerpoint to upload to file share
ALCOHOL.pptx
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are classified and named according to the number and type of functional groups present. Alcohols are prepared through reduction reactions or by treating Grignard reagents with carbonyl compounds. Phenols are synthesized from haloarenes, benzenesulfonic acid, or cumene. Ethers are formed through dehydration of alcohols or Williamson synthesis. These compounds undergo substitution and elimination reactions depending on conditions. Their properties depend on factors like molecular size and presence of alkyl/aryl groups.
chapter 15 HC,s.pptx
This document provides an overview of hydrocarbons including:
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of carbon and hydrogen. Common sources include crude oil and natural gas.
- Saturated hydrocarbons like alkanes have single carbon-carbon bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons like alkenes have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
- Alkanes undergo combustion and substitution reactions. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons leads to air pollution. Catalytic converters reduce harmful emissions.
Och 300 aldehyde and ketones
1) The document discusses various reactions of carbonyl compounds including aldehydes and ketones.
2) It describes reactions with nucleophiles like hydride ions, amines, alcohols and Grignard reagents that add to the carbonyl group.
3) It also discusses reactions where the alpha-hydrogen of carbonyl compounds is removed, making the alpha-carbon nucleophilic and able to react with electrophiles via substitutions and additions. Important reactions covered include halogenation, alkylation and aldol additions.
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
This document provides information on alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It discusses their classification, nomenclature, structures, properties, and preparation methods. Alcohols contain an -OH group attached to a carbon atom, while phenols have an -OH group on an aromatic ring. Ethers are formed when a hydrogen is replaced by an alkoxy or aryloxy group. Commonly used alcohols include methanol, obtained from wood, and ethanol, produced commercially by fermentation of sugars. Ethers can be prepared by dehydration of alcohols or the Williamson synthesis reaction.
Oxidation (Unit Process-1) Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
The document discusses various types of oxidation reactions that are important in organic chemical synthesis, including dehydrogenation, peroxidation, introduction of oxygen atoms, and the oxidation of compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, ethylenic bonds, and other functional groups. Examples are provided of industrial oxidation processes such as the production of vanillin, camphor, benzaldehyde, quinone, and dihydroxy fatty acids. Oxidizing agents and reaction conditions that influence the products are also described.
Introduction of alcohol
This document discusses the classification, nomenclature, physical properties, and chemical reactions of alcohols. It defines alcohols as organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to an alkyl group. Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on whether the -OH group is bonded to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon. Their higher boiling points compared to alkanes is due to hydrogen bonding between molecules. Common reactions include dehydration to alkenes, oxidation, and substitution to form esters, ethers, halides, and tosylates.
Oxidation of carbonyl compounds
This document provides an overview of 10 common chemical oxidation reactions that can convert alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. It describes the reagents, reaction mechanisms, advantages/disadvantages, and examples for each reaction, including Jones oxidation, PCC oxidation, Swern oxidation, Dess-Martin periodinane oxidation, MnO2 oxidation, Babler oxidation, Corey-Kim oxidation, Parikh-Doering oxidation, Fetizon oxidation, and Oppenauer oxidation.
organic chemistry, oxidation reduction reaction
This document provides information on oxidation-reduction reactions and biomolecules. It discusses the reduction and oxidation of organic compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Common reagents used in these reactions include chromic acid, pyridinium chlorochromate, and sodium borohydride. The document also covers the oxidation of alkenes through epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions. Biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are described. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose is highlighted as an important monosaccharide.
alcohol
In chemistry, alcohols are organic compounds that carry at least one hydroxyl functional group bound to their aliphatic substructure. The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol, which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic beverages.
30.-Aldehydes-Ketones-and-Carboxylic-Acid.pdf
1. Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are important classes of organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Aldehydes contain a C=O bond with an H atom on the adjacent carbon. Ketones contain a C=O bond between two carbon atoms. Carboxylic acids contain a C=O bond bonded to an OH group.
2. These compounds can be prepared through oxidation of alcohols, from hydrocarbons using ozonolysis followed by hydrolysis, and from nitriles or acid chlorides using organometallic reagents. Aldehydes and ketones are generally more reactive than comparable saturated hydrocarbons due to the electron-withdrawing effects of the
Oc alcohol
The document discusses alcohols, including their structure, properties, nomenclature, methods of preparation, and reactions. Some key points:
1. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a saturated carbon atom. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on if the -OH group is attached to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon.
2. Common physical properties of alcohols include being colorless liquids with characteristic smells, and higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding between -OH groups.
3. Alcohols can be prepared through hydrolysis of alkyl halides, alkenes,
Organic chemistry: Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and alcohols
This document outlines topics in organic chemistry including hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, and alcohols. It discusses the reactions and properties of alkanes such as combustion and free radical reactions. Alkenes and alkynes are introduced along with elimination and addition reactions. Alkyl halides are explored with substitution reactions. Finally, the document covers alcohols and their elimination through dehydration and oxidation reactions.
Chemistry zimsec chapter 17 hydroxy compounds
1) Alcohols undergo several characteristic reactions including combustion producing carbon dioxide and water, dehydration producing alkenes, reaction with sodium producing alkoxides and hydrogen gas, and oxidation producing different products depending on whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary.
2) Alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether the carbon attached to the hydroxyl group has zero, one, or two alkyl groups respectively, and this classification determines how the alcohol will react during oxidation.
3) Esterification involves heating an alcohol and a carboxylic acid together with a catalyst such as sulfuric acid to produce an ester, with the general form of R
Similar to 7.3 redox reactions 7.3 (20)
namma_kalvi_12th_chemistry_unit_11_ppt_material_em_219536.pptx
namma_kalvi_12th_chemistry_unit_11_ppt_material_em_219536.pptx
Oxidation (Unit Process-1) Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Oxidation (Unit Process-1) Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
Organic chemistry: Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and alcohols
Organic chemistry: Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Halides and alcohols
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7.3 redox reactions 7.3
- 2. Redox reactions of primary alcohols Primary alcohols react with oxidising agents such as potassium manganate(VII) or sodium dichromate(VI), forming the corresponding aldehyde For example, ethanol reacts forming ethanal Ethanal is also formed in the metabolism of ethanol in the human body
- 3. Reaction of ethanol with sodium dichromate(VI)
- 4. Reaction of ethanol with sodium dichromate(VI) This reaction is used in the preparation of ethanal Reaction conditions: heat, excess ethanol, acidified sodium dichromate(VI) solution The aldehyde is distilled off as it is formed in order to prevent further oxidation to ethanoic acid
- 6. Oxidation of primary alcohols Primary alcohols such as ethanol are oxidised to the corresponding aldehydes, which can be further oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
- 7. Oxidation of ethanol H H H C C H OH H N a 2C r2O 7 / H H + H C H O C H N a 2C r2O 7 / H H + H C H O C OH
- 8. Reaction of ethanol with sodium dichromate(VI) This reaction is used in the preparation of ethanoic acid Reaction conditions: heat, excess acidified sodium dichromate(VI) solution The reaction mixture is refluxed in order to bring about oxidation to ethanoic acid
- 9. Preparation of ethanoic acid Reflux followed by Distillation
- 10. Oxidation of secondary alcohols Secondary alcohols such as propan-2-ol are oxidised to the corresponding ketones, such as propanone Unlike aldehydes, ketones are not easily oxidised, and so no further oxidation takes place
- 11. Oxidation of propan-2-ol OH H3C C CH3 H N a 2C r2O 7 / H O + H3C C CH3
- 12. Combustion of organic compounds Most organic compounds burn in air, forming carbon dioxide and water The structure of the compounds’ molecules is completely destroyed, with the carbon and hydrogen atoms in each molecule being oxidised Combustion is exothermic, and ethanol is used as a fuel where it can be produced cheaply
- 13. Non-flammable organic compounds Fully halogenated alkanes such as bromochlorodifluoromethane are nonflammable Because of this they can be used in fire extinguishers and as flame retardants For environmental reasons, the use of many of these substances is being phased out
- 14. Reduction of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to the corresponding alcohols, using hydrogen passed over the heated surface of a nickel catalyst For example, ethanal is reduced to ethanol
- 15. Reduction of ethanal to ethanol
- 16. Reduction of propanone to propan-2-ol