7.3 chemical reactions photochemistry & enzymes
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This document discusses photochemistry and enzymes. It explains that photochemical reactions require light and occur more quickly at higher light intensities. Examples given are the substitution of hydrogen in methane by chlorine and the decomposition of silver bromide in photography film upon exposure to light. Photosynthesis is also discussed as a photochemical reaction that uses sunlight and chlorophyll to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The document then explains that enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living cells. Enzymes have an active site that binds to specific reactants to facilitate their breakdown into products. An example given is the catalase enzyme breaking down harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen in the liver.
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Final.ppt em (1)
Biohydrogen can be produced through various methods including dark fermentation, photo fermentation, and combined fermentation. Dark fermentation uses fermentative bacteria like Clostridium to convert organic substrates into biohydrogen, carbon dioxide, and organic acids but yields are relatively low. Photo fermentation uses photosynthetic bacteria like Rhodobacter and produces more hydrogen by converting organic acids, while combined fermentation uses a two-stage process to maximize hydrogen yield. Research is ongoing in India to improve production methods and yields through strains isolation, reactor design, and metabolic engineering of bacteria.
Igcse biology edexcel 2.17 2.32
Edexcell ppt Biology 2.17-2.32
Used in lessons to scaffold class teaching and as a revision resource for students
Environmental catalyst, using Cheap Catalyst in car exhaust, IDM8
Environmental catalyst, using Cheap Catalyst in car exhaust, IDM8Qatar University- Young Scientists Center (Al-Bairaq)
Done by ABJ_ platinum8, Ali Bin Jassim Secondary Independent School for Boys.
Environmental Catalysis Module: Students examines different types of catalytic systems, including heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Depending on the knowledge they gained during activities, the students are then asked to design their projects.
Our Project: using Cheap Catalyst in car exhaust: Using cheap converter for most of the cars in place of that high price converters to get clean environment.
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More from Muhammad Abdul Mageid
9.7 Making magnets
This document discusses making and testing magnets. It describes how magnets can be made by using another magnet to magnetize a piece of iron or steel by stroking it in one direction many times. It also explains how the strength of a magnet can be tested by observing how much mass it can lift and how far away it can attract other objects. Stronger magnets can lift heavier objects and work from a greater distance. Horseshoe magnets, which bring the poles closer together, are much stronger than bar magnets of the same size.
9.7-Making magnets
This document discusses making and testing magnets. It describes how to make a new magnet by using a strong magnet to magnetize a piece of iron or steel by stroking it in one direction multiple times. It also explains how to test the strength of a magnet by assessing how much mass it can lift and how far away it can attract objects, with stronger magnets affecting larger objects from greater distances. Additionally, it notes that horseshoe magnets, with their U-shape bringing the poles closer together, are much stronger than bar magnets.
9.5 FORCES AND MOVEMENT
This document discusses forces and movement. It defines acceleration as a change in speed or direction of an object. The two main factors that affect acceleration are the net force acting on an object and the object's mass. Greater net force or lower mass results in greater acceleration. Acceleration can be calculated using change in velocity over time or force over mass. When objects fall through air, their acceleration decreases over time due to increasing air resistance until they reach terminal velocity, where air resistance equals the object's weight and net force is zero. Sample problems calculate net force on different objects.
9.5 forces and Movement
This document discusses forces and movement. It defines acceleration as a change in an object's speed or direction over time. The two main factors that affect acceleration are the net force acting on an object and the object's mass. Greater net force or lower mass results in greater acceleration. Acceleration can be calculated using change in velocity over time or force over mass. When objects fall through air, their acceleration decreases over time due to increasing air resistance until they reach terminal velocity, where air resistance equals the object's weight and net force is zero. Sample problems calculate net force on different objects.
9.3-measuring speed electronically
This document discusses measuring the speed of objects electronically using light gates or ultrasonic sensors. Light gates use a beam of light between a transmitter and receiver that is broken when an object passes through, starting a timer. Ultrasonic sensors reflect sound waves off moving objects and can calculate position from pulse echo times. Electronic timers provide more accurate measurements than manual stopwatches by eliminating human reaction time errors.
9.3-measuring speed electronically
This document discusses measuring the speed of objects electronically using light gates or ultrasonic sensors. Light gates use a beam of light between a transmitter and receiver that is broken when an object passes through, triggering a timer. Ultrasonic sensors reflect sound waves off moving objects and calculate position from pulse echo times. Electronic timers provide more accurate measurements than manual stopwatches by eliminating errors from human reaction times.
9.2-more about speed equation
This document discusses speed, distance, and time calculations using the speed equation. It provides three examples of using the speed equation to calculate distance or time given two of the variables. It also includes a table to fill in missing time or speed values and two additional practice problems calculating total distance and average speed for a car's journey, and converting between m/s and km/h for a helicopter's speed.
9.1-speed
- Speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time taken. The speed equation can be used to calculate average speed from the total distance and total time of a journey.
- Speed can be measured in different units depending on the distance and time units used, such as meters/second, kilometers/hour, miles/day.
- Over time, the average speed of the 800m world record holders has increased, as shown by their decreasing recorded times and increasing calculated speeds from 1972 to 2012.
7.9 ---lenses and cameras
Cameras capture images similarly to the eye by using lenses to focus light and form an image. Early cameras did not use lenses and instead used a pinhole to form an unfocused image on a screen. Modern cameras use a glass lens to focus light onto an electronic sensor made of millions of light detectors, which allows the image to be digitally processed and stored. The lens moves in the camera to focus light precisely onto the sensor, whereas the eye changes the shape of its internal lens.
7.8 -sight
The eye has several key structures that allow for vision. The cornea and iris control the amount of light entering the eye. The pupil is a gap in the iris that changes size depending on lighting. Behind the pupil is the lens, which focuses light using refraction. The lens thickness changes to focus on distant or near objects. Light hits the retina, a light-sensitive layer, which sends signals through the optic nerve to the brain for vision. Some eyes have imperfections causing near- or far-sightedness.
7.7- Coloured light and filters
When light passes through certain materials like filters, only some colors of light are transmitted while others are absorbed. Red, green and blue filters each transmit only their respective color, while cyan filters transmit green and blue, yellow filters transmit green and red, and magenta filters transmit red and blue. These primary colors - red, green and blue - can be combined additively to produce other colors, with all three producing white. Filters can also be used in series to prevent any light from passing through by absorbing all colors.
7.6-investigating colours
The document discusses color and how objects appear colored. It explains that:
- The color of an object appears depends on which colors of light it reflects and which it absorbs. A red object reflects red light and absorbs other colors, appearing red.
- A mixture of reflected colors is seen as a single color by our eyes. A pink object reflects more than one color, and we perceive the mixture as pink.
- In subtractive color mixing, new colors are obtained by combining paint colors through absorption rather than reflection. Cyan, magenta, and yellow can be mixed in different combinations to produce other colors.
7.5-dispersion and spectrum
This document discusses the dispersion of white light into a spectrum of colors using a glass prism. It explains that each color of light refracts by a slightly different amount, causing the colors to spread out when white light passes through the prism. The spectrum of colors produced is called the visible spectrum and includes red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Rainbows occur due to a similar dispersion effect when light passes through water droplets in the sky.
Revision ch8 sound (8.6 & 8.7& 8.8)
The document is a physics revision on sound for a Cambridge secondary exam. It contains questions about the stages of hearing sound, the range of human hearing, frequencies audible to humans, and parts of the ear involved in hearing. The questions cover topics like:
- The correct order of how we hear sounds from the source vibrating to sound waves reaching the brain.
- The approximate range of frequencies, between 20-20,000 Hz, that are audible to humans.
- Examples of sound sources and whether their frequencies would be audible.
- Parts of the ear, like the inner ear, that are most vulnerable to damage from loud or sudden noises.
- The unit used to
5.3-Electroplating
Electroplating is a process where the surface of one metal is coated with a layer of a different metal. The metal being used to coat is less reactive than the one being coated. The anode is made from the pure metal used to coat, while the cathode is the object being electroplated. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the pure metal at the anode. Electroplating is done to make metals more resistant to corrosion or damage and also to improve their appearance, such as chromium and nickel plating for resistance and silver plating cutlery for appearance.
7.4- refraction
1) Refraction is the change in direction of light when it passes from one transparent material to another.
2) When light travels from air into water or glass, it slows down and bends toward the normal line at the boundary between the materials.
3) Conversely, when light travels from water or glass into air, it speeds up and bends away from the normal line at the boundary.
7.3- Reflection of Light
When light hits a surface, it can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Reflection is when the light ray bounces back from the surface, such as from a mirror. The law of reflection states that the angle at which the light hits the surface, called the angle of incidence, is equal to the angle at which it bounces off, called the angle of reflection. When light hits a surface perpendicular, or at a 90 degree angle, the light ray will reflect back along the same path it came, with both angles equal to zero.
Unit 1-Topic 1 (A&B&C)
CHEMISTRY 12AS-EDEXCEL
UNIT 1:
STRUCTURE, BONDING AND INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
TOPIC 1
FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE
5.2- electrochemistry ((ELECTROLYSIS))
Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to drive nonspontaneous chemical reactions. During electrolysis, ions move towards the electrodes and undergo changes. At the anode, ions lose electrons and form gases. At the cathode, ions gain electrons and form elements or hydrogen gas. The products of electrolysis depend on factors like the electrolyte, its concentration, and the reactivities of the ions. Electrolysis has many industrial applications like electroplating and producing reactive elements.
7.2 absorbing,,transmitting and;reflection
This document discusses the behavior of light rays and how vision works. It contains the following key points:
1. When light rays reach a surface, they can be absorbed, reflected, transmitted, or refracted. Absorption converts light to heat, reflection bounces light off a surface, transmission passes light through a material, and refraction changes the direction of light when moving between materials.
2. For vision, light reflects off an object and enters the eyes, causing a chemical reaction at the back of the eye that produces a signal to the brain, allowing us to see objects that do not emit their own light.
3. Shadows are caused when an object blocks light from a source, creating
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1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
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3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
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7.3 chemical reactions photochemistry & enzymes
- 1. Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid CIE - IGCSE Chemistry Chapter 7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
- 2. Contents 7.2 Factors affecting the rate of the reaction 7.1 Rate (speed) of the Reaction 7.3 Photochemistry & Enzymes Friday, October 9, 2020 Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid
- 3. Friday, October 9, 2020 Photochemistry Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid Photochemical reactions •These reactions occur only when light is present •The greater the intensity of ultraviolet light then the greater the rate of reaction •Eg: the substitution of hydrogen atoms in methane by chlorine: Silver salts in photography •Black and white photography film surfaces contain crystals of silver bromide •When exposed to light they decompose to silver: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl 2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2
- 4. Friday, October 9, 2020 Photochemistry Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid Photosynthesis This is the process in which plants produce food for reproduction and growth The equation is: The process requires sunlight and chlorophyll Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants which absorbs sunlight and acts as the catalyst for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- 5. Friday, October 9, 2020 Enzymes Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid Enzymes are protein molecules produced in living cells. They are catalysts which speed up hundreds of different chemical reactions going on inside living cells. These biological catalysts are very specific in that each chemical reaction has a different enzyme catalyst. There are literally hundreds of different kinds of enzyme. Enzymes all have an active site. The active site is a particular shape and locks into a corresponding shape in a reactant molecule. When this has happened, the enzyme can work to break up the reactant
- 6. Friday, October 9, 2020 Enzymes Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid Figure The enzyme molecules (red, pink, green and blue) lock on exactly to a particular reactant molecule (yellow). Once the enzyme is locked on, the reactant molecule breaks up into pieces.
- 7. Friday, October 9, 2020 Enzymes Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid For example, hydrogen peroxide is produced within our bodies. However, it is extremely damaging and must be decomposed very rapidly. Catalase is the enzyme which converts hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen within our livers: hydrogen peroxide catalase water + oxygen 2H2O2(aq) catalase 2H2O(l) + O2(g) Catalytic converter A device for converting dangerous exhaust gases from cars into less harmful emissions. For example, carbon monoxide gas is converted to carbon dioxide gas.