This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
Presentation by Susan Cooksley, Macaulay Institute, on the Dee HELP basin, for the World Water Day workshop, organised by University of Dundee, on 22 March 2010
Sydney’s Water Sustainability | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
According to the CSIRO Sydney rainfall will decrease by 3% while population will increase, amounting to an increase of 20% more water by 2030. Currently Sydney is recycling 25 billion litres per year; by 2015 we will be recycling up to 70 million litres. 12% of Sydney’s water usage will be recycled water.
Water Shortages: What does it hold for Sydney? | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
Climate change in the future will led to sea level rising, low rainfall, warmer days and water shortages through evaporation in the dams. A lesser amount of Sydney rain falls in the catchment area, as most of Sydney’s rain falls on the coast and the catchment areas are further island E.g. Warragamba Dam. Warragamba Dam is Sydney’s major water supply can supply Sydney with 4 years supply of water with zero inflow supply, but currently the dam is at 50% capacity. We now need to research desalination plants, larger scale water treatment plants and government plans and policies to help save our water supply.
Presentation by Susan Cooksley, Macaulay Institute, on the Dee HELP basin, for the World Water Day workshop, organised by University of Dundee, on 22 March 2010
Sydney’s Water Sustainability | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
According to the CSIRO Sydney rainfall will decrease by 3% while population will increase, amounting to an increase of 20% more water by 2030. Currently Sydney is recycling 25 billion litres per year; by 2015 we will be recycling up to 70 million litres. 12% of Sydney’s water usage will be recycled water.
Water Shortages: What does it hold for Sydney? | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
Climate change in the future will led to sea level rising, low rainfall, warmer days and water shortages through evaporation in the dams. A lesser amount of Sydney rain falls in the catchment area, as most of Sydney’s rain falls on the coast and the catchment areas are further island E.g. Warragamba Dam. Warragamba Dam is Sydney’s major water supply can supply Sydney with 4 years supply of water with zero inflow supply, but currently the dam is at 50% capacity. We now need to research desalination plants, larger scale water treatment plants and government plans and policies to help save our water supply.
Most Philippine cities have drainage systems of some kind. There are no separate storm water and waste water (sewerage) systems. Wastewater from septic systems freely mixes with the stormwater. In practice this is not as bad as it sounds as the volume of storm water is large and may well flush out the drainage system and its contents into the streams and rivers. The installation and maintenance of drainage systems (along with roads and water systems), is one of the major responsibility of local government
Sydney’s Water - Grey water, Water efficiency programs, Desalination Plant an...Biocity Studio
Sydney’s water demand is currently met by 11 major damns, recycled water and water pumped from the Shoalhaven River. Warragamba dam provides Sydney with 80% of Sydney drinking water supply. Sydney’s high demand for water has forced the NSW Government to come up with a Metropolitan Plan for Sydney, by creating more Grey water, Water efficiency programs, Desalination Plant and early lead detection.
Krishna Vatsa - Resilience-based approach to Flood Risk Management in South AsiaGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
Panel II: “Approaches to Infrastructure Resiliency in Different National Contexts”
Krishna Vatsa, Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Advisor, South Asia UN Development Programme, Bangkok, Thailand
Sydney’s water supply is in crisis scenario due to drought and population increase. The Metro Water Plan hopes to supply Sydney’s water need by 2015. This plan focuses on three main areas, saving water, recycling and finding additional supplies.
Sydney's Water Sustainability | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
Sydney is experiencing long-term droughts, low rainfall and a high demand for water. What can we do to help solve the water crisis? Water restrictions are only a short-term fix. Other solutions are desalination and recycle water plants, water management, and artificial precipitation.
The EPA Catchments Unit held its 2018 annual Catchment Management Network Meeting on 14 November. All our local authorities and many other public bodies are invited to this meeting to talk about how to protect and improve Ireland's waters.
Sydney’s main source of water came from the tank stream in Sydney cove before it was polluted in 1826. Pipes were laid out throughout Sydney and we became more dependent on bore water. The Upper Nepean and Warragamba dam were considered to be the solution. The government has built Primary, Secondary and tertiary Wastewater treatment plants. These plants help remove solids, inorganic material, organic, metals, pathogens, nitrogen and phosphorus. Now the government has proposed a Desalination plant at Kurnell to help Sydney’s water crisis.
Panel III: "Appropriateness of Resiliency as a National Strategy"
Joao Ribeiro, General Director of the National Disasters Management Institute (INGC), Maputo, Mozambique
The EPA Catchments Unit held its 2018 annual Catchment Management Network Meeting on 14 November. All our local authorities and many other public bodies are invited to this meeting to talk about how to protect and improve Ireland's waters.
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
Most Philippine cities have drainage systems of some kind. There are no separate storm water and waste water (sewerage) systems. Wastewater from septic systems freely mixes with the stormwater. In practice this is not as bad as it sounds as the volume of storm water is large and may well flush out the drainage system and its contents into the streams and rivers. The installation and maintenance of drainage systems (along with roads and water systems), is one of the major responsibility of local government
Sydney’s Water - Grey water, Water efficiency programs, Desalination Plant an...Biocity Studio
Sydney’s water demand is currently met by 11 major damns, recycled water and water pumped from the Shoalhaven River. Warragamba dam provides Sydney with 80% of Sydney drinking water supply. Sydney’s high demand for water has forced the NSW Government to come up with a Metropolitan Plan for Sydney, by creating more Grey water, Water efficiency programs, Desalination Plant and early lead detection.
Krishna Vatsa - Resilience-based approach to Flood Risk Management in South AsiaGlobal Risk Forum GRFDavos
Panel II: “Approaches to Infrastructure Resiliency in Different National Contexts”
Krishna Vatsa, Regional Disaster Risk Reduction Advisor, South Asia UN Development Programme, Bangkok, Thailand
Sydney’s water supply is in crisis scenario due to drought and population increase. The Metro Water Plan hopes to supply Sydney’s water need by 2015. This plan focuses on three main areas, saving water, recycling and finding additional supplies.
Sydney's Water Sustainability | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
Sydney is experiencing long-term droughts, low rainfall and a high demand for water. What can we do to help solve the water crisis? Water restrictions are only a short-term fix. Other solutions are desalination and recycle water plants, water management, and artificial precipitation.
The EPA Catchments Unit held its 2018 annual Catchment Management Network Meeting on 14 November. All our local authorities and many other public bodies are invited to this meeting to talk about how to protect and improve Ireland's waters.
Sydney’s main source of water came from the tank stream in Sydney cove before it was polluted in 1826. Pipes were laid out throughout Sydney and we became more dependent on bore water. The Upper Nepean and Warragamba dam were considered to be the solution. The government has built Primary, Secondary and tertiary Wastewater treatment plants. These plants help remove solids, inorganic material, organic, metals, pathogens, nitrogen and phosphorus. Now the government has proposed a Desalination plant at Kurnell to help Sydney’s water crisis.
Panel III: "Appropriateness of Resiliency as a National Strategy"
Joao Ribeiro, General Director of the National Disasters Management Institute (INGC), Maputo, Mozambique
The EPA Catchments Unit held its 2018 annual Catchment Management Network Meeting on 14 November. All our local authorities and many other public bodies are invited to this meeting to talk about how to protect and improve Ireland's waters.
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 3rd 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 3rd 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 3rd 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given at the Catchment Management Network meeting on February 24th 2017. The Catchment Management Network consists of the EPA, all of Ireland's Local Authorities, and other public bodies involved in looking after Ireland's catchments, sub-catchments and water bodies. For more information about this work see www.catchments.ie
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
This presentation was given on 26.11.15 at the Catchment Management Network Meeting in Tullamore.
The day included presentations on the approach to characterisation for the 2nd Cycle of the Water Framework Directive and how this would involve both the EPA and Local Authorities, along with other public bodies.
A key focus was the new Local Authority Water and Communities Office and its role in the 2nd cycle.
Presentations on integrating planning and the WFD, the UK 'Love Your River Telford' project and 'The Living Loobagh' from Limerick were also included.
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
This presentation was given on 26.11.15 at the Catchment Management Network Meeting in Tullamore.
The day included presentations on the approach to characterisation for the 2nd Cycle of the Water Framework Directive and how this would involve both the EPA and Local Authorities, along with other public bodies.
A key focus was the new Local Authority Water and Communities Office and its role in the 2nd cycle.
Presentations on integrating planning and the WFD, the UK 'Love Your River Telford' project and 'The Living Loobagh' from Limerick were also included.
A slidedeck that Is a few years old now but something I used to use when training people in the basics of wastewater treatment. It takes a fast three hours to deliver the presentation and ideally should be followed by a visit around a wastewater treatment works.
Feel free to use but please credit where you got it from alternatively if you are from the UK I'm usually quite amenable to coming out delivering a course
Jenny Deakin from the EPA Catchments Unit gave a Teagasc Signpost Seminar on April 20 2021. The seminar covered water quality, focused on the agricultural sector, and the solutions needed to improve water quality, and new tools to target the right measure in the right place. This includes upgraded Pollution Impact Potential Maps for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, together with overland flow and focused delivery points.
On 25 November 2020 the EPA published Ireland’s Environment - An Integrated Assessment 2020 which provides an assessment of the overall quality of Ireland's environment, the pressures being placed on it and the societal responses to current and emerging environmental issues.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s rivers.
Ireland has more than 73,000 km of river channels. If placed end-to-end, they could encircle the Earth almost twice. Three-quarters of these channels are very small streams that typically flow into larger rivers.
Biological monitoring has been carried out in Irish rivers since 1971. The current national river monitoring programme covers more than 13,000 km of river channel.
The national monitoring programme is run by the EPA and focuses on the main river channels rather than the smaller streams. The programme includes more than 2,800 sites sampled for biology, with almost half of these being sampled for physical and chemical parameters.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring phytoplankton in Ireland's marine environment.
The EPA and the Marine Institute sample phytoplankton in estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland. They carry out sampling three times during the summer and once during winter. At each location, they take water samples just below the surface and above the seabed. They use the samples to assess how much phytoplankton is in the water and what species are present.
Phytoplankton are tiny, free-floating plants found suspended in the world’s oceans. Their name comes from Greek and means ‘plant drifter’. They are carried along by ocean currents and are usually found floating near the surface of the water. Like all plants they need sunlight to grow.
The main sources of nutrients around Ireland’s coast are discharges from wastewater treatment plants and run off from agricultural land. Phytoplankton in the estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland are monitored by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and the Marine Institute. They monitor phytoplankton to assess the quality (status) of our marine environment. They must do this as part of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s marine environment.
Ecologically healthy marine waters are a valuable natural resource. They support a rich and diverse range of ecosystems, habitats and species, and they are also a source of food – from wild fisheries and aquaculture. They are also important for recreational activities and tourism.
Transitional and coastal waters are assessed under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Having coordinated frameworks for water quality for all the water bodies in Ireland, and across Europe, allows us to compare our results with other countries. It allows us to see what works to help us make sure all our water bodies achieve at least ‘good’ status, and no deterioration occurs.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s lakes.
A total of 225 lakes are currently included as part of the national surface waters monitoring programme run by the EPA, this covers around 80% of the surface area of all lakes in Ireland.
This includes:
• all lakes greater than 50 hectares
• lakes that are used for supplying drinking water
• lakes that are of regional, local or scientific interest
This Plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring aquatic plants in Irish lakes.
Aquatic plants are good at showing if the quality of the water is good or bad and play an important role in lake ecology by providing food and a habitat for many smaller plants, animals and birds.
They also:
• provide shelter for young fish
• help to improve the clarity of the water
• help stabilise lake shore banks
• reduce the amount of sediment being suspended in the water
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitors these aquatic plants at more than 10,000 sites in over 200 lakes once every three years.
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This presentation was by Con McLaughlin, Donegal County Council and Andy Griggs, Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
More from Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland (20)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. Urban Pathways and Pressures
John Stack, Executive Engineer
Dublin City Council
2. ‘Urbanisation’
“The process by which towns and cities are
formed and become larger as more and more
people begin living and working in central
areas”
• ∼ 40% of Irish populationlives in Greater
Dublin Area
• ∼ 527,000 people living in city
• ∼ 80% of surface area is impervious
4. Impact of Urbanisation on Water Cycle
• Urbanisation has fundamentally altered the way
that water moves through the landscape.
• Increasing Impervious Surface Area:
– Prevents groundwater recharge from rainfall, which
– Reduces baseflow in rivers as they are no longer
adequately fed by groundwater
– Increases frequency and severity of floods due to
greater surface runoff
– Causes pollution of surface waters
5. Urban Pathways
• Vast majority of urban pollutants enter waters
via a pipe
– Foul/combined drainage network
– Surface/Storm water drainage network
– Private drains
• Groundwater
6. Drainage Infrastructure as a pathway
• ∼2,000 km of sewer
– ∼ 660 km foul
– ∼ 541 km combined
– ∼ 788 km surface/storm
• 39 pumping stations
• 212 combined sewer overflows
• Largest wastewater treatment plant in Ireland
• ∼ 54,500 road gullies (± 500)
• 39 underground rivers
8. Pressures
• Classification:
– Via foul/combined drainage infrastructure
– Via surface/storm water drainage infrastructure
– Direct to water
• Further classification
– Acute: short term, infrequent
– Chronic: continuous
9. Pressure Description Impacts on Acute/ Chronic
Upstream pressures Pressures in upstreamcatchments impacton water quality
entering into DCC functional area
All water bodies Both
Foul DrainageNetwork • Network capacity issues
• Effects of combined sewer overflow spillages –spillages
from foul/combined sewer network to waters as a result
of rainfall
• Sewer chokes (impacts all water bodies)
• WWTP (Liffey Estuary and Dublin Bay)
• Exfiltration dueto infrastructural deficiencies
All water bodies (WWTP
relates only to Liffey
Estuary Lower and Dublin
Bay)
Both
Misconnections Discharges fromhousehold appliancesand toilets to the surface
water network
All water bodies outside
combined area
Chronic
Urban Runoff • Road runoff
• Runoff from other hardstandingareas
o Car Parks
o Cobblelocked driveways
o Roofs
• Illegal disposal of pollutingmatter to gullies (e.g. old
engine oil,etc.)
• Cross connections fromfoul to surfacewater network
(both public and private)
• Animal/bird faeces
• Privatedrain blockages
• Car washingon kerbside/in driveways
• Discharges notsubjectto licence(e.g. business/people
washingshop/housefronts and floors and throwingthe
washwater into the gullies
• Unlicensed discharges
All water bodies outside
combined area
Chronic
Historical changes to morphology • Lots of reclaimed land in the region
• River channels altered,culverted, canalised,diverted
Leads to increaseflowthrough, loss of riparian zones and natural
river features (impacts all water bodies)
All water bodies Chronic
Historical landfills A number of historical landfillsmay be impactingon some rivers Liffey, Tolka,Santry Chronic
14. Car Washing
Specification Karcher K2
Hose length 4 metres
Motor power 1.4 kw
Actual Bar Rated
Pressure
110 Bar Max Water
Pressure
Flow Rate Max 360 litres/hr
Estimated Annual PE from car washing
BOD 3,160 mg/l
Assume 10% of
householders wash cars
fortnightly
6,600
washes/fn
Wash takes 20 minutes 120 litres
BOD kg/fortnight 2,502
kg/fn
BOD kg/year 65,070
kg/year
Annual PE > 1 million
19. Urban Runoff
• Storm/Rainfallrunoff created by urbanisation
• Major source of flooding
• Major source of water pollution
• Urban runoff is typically untreated
21. Research: Nationwide Urban Runoff
Programme (USEPA, 1979 – 1983)
• Study objectives:
– Assess the water quality impact of urban runoff
across a number of cities
– Assess the impact of urban runoff on overall water
quality
– Implement storm water management best
practices.
22. NURP Findings
• Heavy metals (especially copper, zinc and lead) are the most prevalentpriority
pollutantsubstances found in urban runoff
• Coliform bacteria are present at high levels in urban runoff
• Nutrients are generally present in urban runoff but, in general, concentrationsare
not high compared to other sources
• Oxygen demanding substances are present in urban runoff at concentrations
approximatingthose in secondary treatment plant discharges
• The physicalaspects of urban runoff (i.e. erosion and scour) can be a significant
cause of habitatdisruption and can affect the type of fish present
• Detentionbasins and recharge devices are capableof providingvery effective
removal of pollutantsin urban runoff
• Wet basins (a design which maintainsa permanent water pool) havethe greatest
performance capabilities
• Wetlands are consideredto be a promising techniquefor controlof urban runoff
• Interestingly, the NURP found that street sweeping was ‘ineffective as a technique
for improving the qualityof urban runoff’.
23. Our findings – monitoring during
rainfall event
Date: 21st July 2011
Ammonia B.O.D. Dissolved
Oxygen
Dissolved
Oxygen
E. coli Nitrate Nitrite Phosphorus
(React)
Suspended
Solids
TON
Number of Locations = 25 mg/l as N mg/l % Sat. mg/l MPN/
100ml
mg/l as N mg/l
as N
mg/l
as P
mg/l mg/l
as N
Average 0.96 17.89 92.80 9.30 13286.25 0.65 0.04 0.24 125.05 0.69
Max 11.08 154.00 99.00 10.00 129970.00 1.54 0.09 1.01 415.00 1.60
Median 0.22 8.00 94.00 9.40 5803.00 0.51 0.04 0.10 119.50 0.52
32. Cobblelock
Ave. 26m2
132,000 houses in
Dublin
If 20% of these
convert front
garden to
cobblelock,that’s
686,400 m2 new
impervious area
x
2.54 cm (1”) of
rainfall
= approx. 17,500
m3 additional
runoff
35. It’s not just Dublin and it’s not static
Urban Creep,…or crawl
perhaps
36. Urban centres
Population density >10,000 >20,000 >50,000
Leinster 25 14 2
Munster 13 4 2
Connaught 4 2 1
Ulster* 2 0 0
*ROI counties only
37. Surface Area of Major Towns/Cities
Surface Area (km2) Potential Impervious Area
(km2)
Cork 37 29
Dublin 114 91
Limerick 51 41
Galway 53 42
Waterford 41 35
38. Housing Agency’s National Statement
of Housing Supply and Demand
New Housing requirements to 2020
City/Town Demand
Dublin Min 33,000
Cork 8,434
Limerick 3,436
Galway 2,316
Waterford 713
10 other towns >800
> 30 town > 300
39. Ireland to 2040
“…unmanageable
sprawl of housing areas,
scattered employment
and car based
commuting,
presenting…adverse
impacts on peoples’
lives and the
environment.”
40. Summary
• Urban environment extremely complex
• Very broad range of pressures
– Difficult to classify
– Difficult to quantify
• Urban runoff has a serious negative impact on
water quality
• No quick fixes or easy solutions
• Solutions will require creativity, investment,
community engagement, boots on the ground
and time