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This document summarizes key concepts about physical and chemical properties and changes from Chapter 9. It discusses how physical properties include characteristics that can be detected by the senses, like color, shape, size and texture. It also defines density as the ratio of an object's mass to its volume. Chemical properties allow substances to change into new substances through chemical reactions. The document contrasts physical changes, which alter a substance's state without changing its chemical makeup, from chemical changes, which produce new substances through chemical reactions.
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This document provides an overview of various types of water erosion and movement. It discusses factors that influence runoff and how rills and gullies are formed through water erosion over time. It also summarizes different stages of stream development from young to mature to old streams and how river systems are formed. Groundwater movement and the formation of wells, springs, caves, sinkholes and geysers are also summarized briefly.
Chapter 18 & 19- ocean
1) The oceans are important sources of food, energy, minerals, and allow for transportation. They formed from water vapor in the atmosphere condensing over millions of years.
2) The oceans contain dissolved gases, salts, and other elements. Desalination plants remove salt from seawater to produce freshwater.
3) Ocean currents are large masses of water that circulate horizontally, powered by winds, and move different water temperatures in different directions around the globe.
Chapter 4- rocks
The document discusses different types of rocks and the rock cycle. It explains that there are three main types of rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous - and that rocks can change between these types through geological processes. The rock cycle model shows how rocks are formed from magma or other existing rocks and how they can be transformed over time by heat, pressure, and erosion.
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Dr. Nadeem Akhtar
Pharmacy Department
Chief Pharmacist Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan 217 99204046
Physiotherapy Department
Physiotherapist Mr. Muhammad Irfan 235
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Radiologist Dr. Muhammad Akram Khan 255 35758811
Sr.Radiographer Mr. Muhammad Akhtar 255
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Consultant Urologist Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan 248 35178542
Registrar (Urology) Dr. Muhammad Adeel 248
LMO Dr. Ayesha 248
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Wards
Chapter 14 & 15- fish, anphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
This document summarizes key characteristics of chordates, vertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It notes that chordates have a notochord, nerve chord, postanal tail, and gill slits. Vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals additionally have an endoskeleton and vertebrae. It then provides details on characteristics of each group like fish having fins and scales, amphibians living both on land and water, and mammals producing milk and having hair or fur.
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The document summarizes key properties and dynamics of the Earth, sun, and moon systems. It describes the Earth as an oblate spheroid that rotates daily on its axis, causing night and day. It also revolves yearly around the sun, resulting in seasons due to the tilt of the Earth's axis. The summer and winter solstices occur when the sun is at its maximum distance from the equator in each hemisphere, while equinoxes occur when the sun is directly above the equator.
Chapter 12-volcanoes
Volcanoes form when magma rises from deep within the Earth and erupts at the surface through openings called vents. As eruptions continue over time, layers of lava and ash build up to form volcanic mountains. There are three main types of volcanoes that occur in different areas: shield volcanoes like those in Hawaii form from gentle eruptions of basaltic lava; cinder cones are formed by explosive eruptions that eject tephra; and composite volcanoes can have both gentle and explosive eruptions of different materials over time. The type of eruption depends on the viscosity of the magma and amount of dissolved gases.
Chapter 15-atmosphere
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a thin layer of air that protects the planet and maintains a balance of absorbed and emitted heat. The atmosphere is made up primarily of nitrogen and oxygen but originally contained more carbon dioxide. Over time, oxygen increased through photosynthesis while other layers like the ozone layer developed. The atmosphere has lower layers like the troposphere where weather occurs and upper layers that absorb sunlight. Gases in the atmosphere contribute to pressure and temperature variations and the protective ozone layer.
Chapter 16 & 17-weather and climate
The document summarizes key concepts about weather and climate. It discusses various weather factors like temperature, wind, humidity and how they are measured. It describes different types of clouds and weather patterns caused by movements of air masses. Severe weather events like tornadoes and hurricanes are also outlined. The passage then explains how meteorologists make weather forecasts using tools like weather maps. Finally, it defines climate, the factors that influence climate zones, and how climate can change over time due to both natural and human-induced causes like the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Chapter 8- erosional forces
1. Erosional forces like gravity, wind, water, and glaciers cause erosion by removing and transporting surface materials from one location to another through processes like mass movement.
2. Mass movement occurs as gravity pulls materials like rock and sediment down slopes, sometimes causing rapid events like landslides but sometimes occurring so slowly they are barely visible.
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Chapter 7-weathering & soil
The document summarizes key topics about weathering and soil formation:
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- Soil forms over thousands of years as rocks weather and organic matter decays. Soil profiles have distinct A, B, and C horizons with varying properties.
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Chapter 5- earths resources
This document provides information about various energy and mineral resources on Earth. It discusses how fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years and are being used faster than they can be replenished. Renewable resources like solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy are also introduced. The document outlines different processes used to extract and utilize these various resources.
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This document provides an overview of the key concepts in science:
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2) There are many branches of science, each studying different aspects of nature. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and developing theories.
3) Theories are explanations that are continually tested and can be modified, while scientific laws are fundamental principles that reliably describe natural phenomena. The limits of science are questions that cannot be empirically tested, involving ethics, morality, or other non-empirical domains.
Chapter 24 & 25-solar system
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including the planets and other celestial bodies. It describes the planets' elliptical orbits around the sun in the same plane, with most orbits inclined less than 3.4 degrees. Terrestrial planets like Earth are smaller and rocky, while gas giants like Jupiter are much larger with lower densities. Other objects in the solar system include comets, asteroids, and meteorites. Early Earth had no life due to high radiation and winds before the atmosphere contained oxygen 1.5-3.5 billion years ago. The sun gives off light and energy, with surface temperatures of 6000 K and corona temperatures over 2 million K.
Chapter 13- higher animals
Mollusks are soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have one or two shells. They have a mantle that covers their organs and secretes shell material. Mollusks are classified based on their shells and feet into gastropods like snails, bivalves like clams, or cephalopods like squid. Arthropods are the largest animal group with over 1 million species. They have jointed appendages and segmented bodies with an exoskeleton. Examples include insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Echinoderms have a hard endoskeleton and radial symmetry, examples are sea stars and sea urchins.
Chapter 3- macromolecules, cell processes
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Chapter 12-Intro to animals
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Chapter 10-plant reproduction
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Chapter 9-Plants
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The document summarizes key concepts about cell division and DNA from biology. It discusses that cell division through mitosis and meiosis allows for growth, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells. DNA is organized in a double helix structure and is replicated before cell division to provide genetic information to new cells. Genes encode instructions for making proteins.
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GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial Intelligence
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial Intelligence
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!
properties & changes
- 1. Chapter 9 Properties and Changes
- 14. Test In One Week!!!!!!!