The principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT
In this paper, we first analyze the principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT, study the NB-IoT coverage enhancement methods, and compare and analyze the coverage capability of GSM and NB-IoT.
Each cell has a number of carrier frequencies, and each carrier frequency has eight-time slots, which means that eight basic physical channels are provided. In the wireless subsystem, the physical channels support the logical channels, and the physical channels are mapped to different logical channels according to the types of messages transmitted on the physical channels.
Today, we talk about the wired and wireless IoT Communication Technologies, the simple 13 common communication technologies in IoT.
We have compiled and summarized the commonly used wired and wireless communication methods of IoT for future reference.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
IoT technologies are mainly in the areas of communication and sensors. This article is about IoT technology NB-IoT vs LoRa technology.
What is the classification of IoT communication technology?
There are many wireless communication technologies for IoT, mainly divided into two categories: one is Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-wave, and other short-range communication technologies; the other is LPWAN (low-power Wide-Area Network), i.e. wide-area network communication technology.
LPWAN can be further divided into two categories: one is LoRa, SigFox, and other technologies working in the unlicensed spectrum; the other is 2G/3G/4G cellular communication technologies working in licensed spectrum and supported by 3GPP, such as EC-GSM, LTE Cat-m, NB-IoT, etc.
IoT technologies are mainly in the areas of communication and sensors. This article is about IoT technology NB-IoT vs LoRa technology.
What is the classification of IoT communication technology?
There are many wireless communication technologies for IoT, mainly divided into two categories: one is Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-wave, and other short-range communication technologies; the other is LPWAN (low-power Wide-Area Network), i.e. wide-area network communication technology.
LPWAN can be further divided into two categories: one is LoRa, SigFox, and other technologies working in the unlicensed spectrum; the other is 2G/3G/4G cellular communication technologies working in licensed spectrum and supported by 3GPP, such as EC-GSM, LTE Cat-m, NB-IoT, etc.
Today, we talk about the wired and wireless IoT Communication Technologies, the simple 13 common communication technologies in IoT.
We have compiled and summarized the commonly used wired and wireless communication methods of IoT for future reference.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems is abbreviated as 5G, and proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications. Its research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things.
IoT technologies are mainly in the areas of communication and sensors. This article is about IoT technology NB-IoT vs LoRa technology.
What is the classification of IoT communication technology?
There are many wireless communication technologies for IoT, mainly divided into two categories: one is Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-wave, and other short-range communication technologies; the other is LPWAN (low-power Wide-Area Network), i.e. wide-area network communication technology.
LPWAN can be further divided into two categories: one is LoRa, SigFox, and other technologies working in the unlicensed spectrum; the other is 2G/3G/4G cellular communication technologies working in licensed spectrum and supported by 3GPP, such as EC-GSM, LTE Cat-m, NB-IoT, etc.
IoT technologies are mainly in the areas of communication and sensors. This article is about IoT technology NB-IoT vs LoRa technology.
What is the classification of IoT communication technology?
There are many wireless communication technologies for IoT, mainly divided into two categories: one is Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-wave, and other short-range communication technologies; the other is LPWAN (low-power Wide-Area Network), i.e. wide-area network communication technology.
LPWAN can be further divided into two categories: one is LoRa, SigFox, and other technologies working in the unlicensed spectrum; the other is 2G/3G/4G cellular communication technologies working in licensed spectrum and supported by 3GPP, such as EC-GSM, LTE Cat-m, NB-IoT, etc.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Narrow Band Internet of Things concept and role
Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is an important branch of the Internet of Everything, also known as Narrowband-IoT.
Built on cellular networks, likes Lora, is one of the technologies of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), Narrow Band Internet of Things supports long standby times, consumes only about 180kHz of bandwidth, and can be deployed directly on GSM networks, UMTS networks, or LTE networks to reduce deployment costs and enable smooth upgrades.
Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) requires efficient connectivity for high network connectivity devices. Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) devices can increase battery life by at least 10 years, while also providing very comprehensive coverage of indoor cellular data connections.
Intends to discuss about new data centric environment challenges due tsunami data traffic in mobile broadband and how industry is being prepared to address all of these changes.
: The requirements of the rapidly expanding
second and third generation mobile communication systems
place increasing demands on DSP algorithms and their
implementations. This paper presents a survey of the
implications of the new cellular system technology on the DSP
functionality and implementation of 1V DSP processors for
mobile systems. Modern cellular phones are placing
increasingly stringent demands on battery life and, therefore,
on the power dissipation of the embedded DSP circuitry.
At the same time, greater computational throughput is
being required of the DSP, for example to implement more
sophisticated speech and channel coding algorithms. Earlier
low-power DSPs have been reported. How-ever, further
improvements in power and performance are required. As is
well known, the demand for wireless communications has been
steadily increasing in recent years and the number of
subscribers in wireless systems is expected to grow also in the
future
INVESTIGATION OF UTRA FDD DATA AND CONTROL CHANNELS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE ...ijngnjournal
In this paper, the main aim is to design and simulate UTRA FDD control channel in the presence of noise and wireless channel by using FDD library/Matlab box set that can be used to design and implement some
systems. Moreover, a test and verification of the library is achieved with different channel models such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fading and moving channel models. FDD library are employed to design whole transmitter and receiver. Then we had tested AWGN channel and some other channel models.
Also we illustrated what are control channels DCCH and the other one as understanding the whole system. Moreover, the standards have been covered as well as implemented the whole transmit and receive chain plus the generation of DPCH, DPCCH channel. we had tested the performance against the AWGN noise.
Then we have studied different channel models that are defined in the standard, used the few of them like the fading channel and moving channel. We have tried to compare the performance in terms of Monte Carlo simulation by producing the BER curves. We have also change some channel parameters like phase, number of multipaths and we have tried to see the performance of the model in the presence of actual channel model.
This article discusses the high-level design principles behind 5G antenna array architecture MIMO and beamforming technology to meet the requirements of 5G NR systems.
The higher the carrier frequency, the path loss will increase significantly relative to the fixed antenna size of the wavelength. A smaller antenna size at a higher carrier frequency means that more antennas are installed in the same area.
The path loss caused by the increase in carrier frequency can be overcome by using more antennas without increasing the overall physical size of the 5G antenna array.
In addition, when the carrier frequency increases above about 10 GHz, diffraction will no longer be the main propagation mechanism. Above 10Ghz, reflection and scattering will be the most important transmission mechanisms for non-line-of-sight transmission links.
What is the difference between narrowband-IoT vs Lora in LPWAN technology?
The two Narrowband-IoT vs Lora technologies have different technical and commercial characteristics and therefore differ in terms of application scenarios. This article explains the differences between the Narrowband-IoT vs Lora two technologies and explains the application scenarios for which each is suitable.
Here have 6 main differences of Narrowband-IoT vs Lora comparisons.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
What are drone anti-jamming systems?
The drone anti-jamming systems and anti-spoof technology protect against interference, jamming, and spoofing of the UAVs.
To protect their security, countries are beginning to research drone anti-jamming systems, also known as drone strike weapons. The anti-jam and anti-spoof technology protects against interference, jamming and spoofing. A drone strike weapon is a drone attack weapon that can attack and destroy enemy drones.
So what is so unique about this amazing system?
LPWA - Low power wide area, short for low power wide area technology, using lower power consumption to achieve long-distance wireless signal transmission.
Compared with the familiar low-power Bluetooth (BLE), Zigbee and Wifi technologies, LPWA has a much longer transmission distance, generally at the kilometre level, and its link budget (link budget) can reach 160dBm, while BLE and Zigbee are generally below 100dBm.
Compared with traditional cellular network technologies (2G, 3G), LPWA has lower power consumption, and battery-powered devices can last for several years. Based on these two distinctive features, LPWA can truly enable the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution.
LPWAN - Low power wide area network, i.e. a wireless connection network built with LPWA technology, LPWAN can be connected in various forms.
More Related Content
Similar to Comparison of GSM and NB-IoT Coverage Capability.pdf
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Narrow Band Internet of Things concept and role
Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is an important branch of the Internet of Everything, also known as Narrowband-IoT.
Built on cellular networks, likes Lora, is one of the technologies of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), Narrow Band Internet of Things supports long standby times, consumes only about 180kHz of bandwidth, and can be deployed directly on GSM networks, UMTS networks, or LTE networks to reduce deployment costs and enable smooth upgrades.
Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) requires efficient connectivity for high network connectivity devices. Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) devices can increase battery life by at least 10 years, while also providing very comprehensive coverage of indoor cellular data connections.
Intends to discuss about new data centric environment challenges due tsunami data traffic in mobile broadband and how industry is being prepared to address all of these changes.
: The requirements of the rapidly expanding
second and third generation mobile communication systems
place increasing demands on DSP algorithms and their
implementations. This paper presents a survey of the
implications of the new cellular system technology on the DSP
functionality and implementation of 1V DSP processors for
mobile systems. Modern cellular phones are placing
increasingly stringent demands on battery life and, therefore,
on the power dissipation of the embedded DSP circuitry.
At the same time, greater computational throughput is
being required of the DSP, for example to implement more
sophisticated speech and channel coding algorithms. Earlier
low-power DSPs have been reported. How-ever, further
improvements in power and performance are required. As is
well known, the demand for wireless communications has been
steadily increasing in recent years and the number of
subscribers in wireless systems is expected to grow also in the
future
INVESTIGATION OF UTRA FDD DATA AND CONTROL CHANNELS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE ...ijngnjournal
In this paper, the main aim is to design and simulate UTRA FDD control channel in the presence of noise and wireless channel by using FDD library/Matlab box set that can be used to design and implement some
systems. Moreover, a test and verification of the library is achieved with different channel models such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fading and moving channel models. FDD library are employed to design whole transmitter and receiver. Then we had tested AWGN channel and some other channel models.
Also we illustrated what are control channels DCCH and the other one as understanding the whole system. Moreover, the standards have been covered as well as implemented the whole transmit and receive chain plus the generation of DPCH, DPCCH channel. we had tested the performance against the AWGN noise.
Then we have studied different channel models that are defined in the standard, used the few of them like the fading channel and moving channel. We have tried to compare the performance in terms of Monte Carlo simulation by producing the BER curves. We have also change some channel parameters like phase, number of multipaths and we have tried to see the performance of the model in the presence of actual channel model.
This article discusses the high-level design principles behind 5G antenna array architecture MIMO and beamforming technology to meet the requirements of 5G NR systems.
The higher the carrier frequency, the path loss will increase significantly relative to the fixed antenna size of the wavelength. A smaller antenna size at a higher carrier frequency means that more antennas are installed in the same area.
The path loss caused by the increase in carrier frequency can be overcome by using more antennas without increasing the overall physical size of the 5G antenna array.
In addition, when the carrier frequency increases above about 10 GHz, diffraction will no longer be the main propagation mechanism. Above 10Ghz, reflection and scattering will be the most important transmission mechanisms for non-line-of-sight transmission links.
What is the difference between narrowband-IoT vs Lora in LPWAN technology?
The two Narrowband-IoT vs Lora technologies have different technical and commercial characteristics and therefore differ in terms of application scenarios. This article explains the differences between the Narrowband-IoT vs Lora two technologies and explains the application scenarios for which each is suitable.
Here have 6 main differences of Narrowband-IoT vs Lora comparisons.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
What are drone anti-jamming systems?
The drone anti-jamming systems and anti-spoof technology protect against interference, jamming, and spoofing of the UAVs.
To protect their security, countries are beginning to research drone anti-jamming systems, also known as drone strike weapons. The anti-jam and anti-spoof technology protects against interference, jamming and spoofing. A drone strike weapon is a drone attack weapon that can attack and destroy enemy drones.
So what is so unique about this amazing system?
LPWA - Low power wide area, short for low power wide area technology, using lower power consumption to achieve long-distance wireless signal transmission.
Compared with the familiar low-power Bluetooth (BLE), Zigbee and Wifi technologies, LPWA has a much longer transmission distance, generally at the kilometre level, and its link budget (link budget) can reach 160dBm, while BLE and Zigbee are generally below 100dBm.
Compared with traditional cellular network technologies (2G, 3G), LPWA has lower power consumption, and battery-powered devices can last for several years. Based on these two distinctive features, LPWA can truly enable the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution.
LPWAN - Low power wide area network, i.e. a wireless connection network built with LPWA technology, LPWAN can be connected in various forms.
After reading the Top 14 IoT Trends to Emerge in 2023 article, you will learn about what the 14 IoT Trends will be happening.
What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of connected devices, digital machines, and users with unique identifiers and network transportability that eliminates the need for human-to-human or human-to-machine interaction.
IoT is an important part of the new generation of information technology. Unlike the Internet, the main application objects of IoT are some physical devices, such as vehicles, home appliances, buildings, etc.
By embedding electronic software, sensors and some network connection devices in these physical devices, the exchange of data between devices can be realized, thus establishing a set of interconnected networks.
According to statistics, more than 43 billion devices are currently expected to be connected to the IoT worldwide, which will generate, share, collect and help people use data in a variety of ways.
The 14 most important IoT trends
Here are the 14 most important IoT trends that will change the world in 2023.
NB-IoT WiKi
NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a low-power technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications and other low-data rate communication requirements.
It uses narrowband radio spectrum and advanced power management techniques to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and extend the battery life of IoT devices.
NB-IoT is based on LTE cellular wireless technology and has been standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as the global wireless communication standard for IoT applications.
LoRa Alliance Extends LoRaWAN Standard to Support the Internet of Things Applications
The LoRa Alliance Extends LoRaWAN Standard to Support IoT Applications by adding TS013-1.0.0, an application programming interface (API) for application payload decoder-encoders (codecs).
The LoRa Alliance reported it on October 25, 2022. The consortium is the global association supporting the Internet of Things (IoT), Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) open LoRaWAN standard.
Adopting the new TS013-1.0.0 specification will allow device manufacturers and application service providers to reduce deployment complexity. This will make it easier and faster to deploy LoRaWAN devices.
After the read, you will know, what is a private 5G network and how a 5G private network works.
What is a private 5G network?
A private 5G network is a wireless network that uses the 5G mobile networking standard and is owned and operated by a single organization, rather than a commercial telecommunications provider. Private 5G networks are often set up for use by a specific business or organization and can be used to provide secure and reliable wireless connectivity for a variety of applications, such as industrial automation, remote monitoring, and more.
Unlike public 5G networks, which are available to anyone with a compatible device, private 5G networks are typically only accessible to authorized users.
A private 5G network is a local area network (LAN) that uses 5G technology to create a private network with unified connectivity, optimized services, and a secure way of communicating within a specific area.
The concept of a Private Network has been around for a long time. In contrast to public networks, which are primarily intended for the general public, private networks exist primarily to address specific industries/needs. The difference between a public network and a private network is that a public network serves the general public, while a private network serves a specific audience.
This article comprehensively explains low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology for IoT.
IoT communication technologies are divided into two categories: short-range wireless LAN and low-power wireless WAN (LPWAN), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, etc. are belong to short-range wireless LAN.
LPWAN is mainly used in long-range, low-bandwidth, low-power, and many connection needs of IoT application scenarios, the hottest LoRa in the market in recent years is the most representative technology in LPWAN. LoRa is the most representative technology in LPWAN.
Non-cellular low-power IoT technology solves the problem of large-scale and wide-coverage network connectivity for IoT applications, which makes up for the shortage of traditional cellular technology and promotes the application of IoT and large-scale deployment. Low-power wide-area networks will carry the burden of communication network economies of scale in the future IoT era.
What is wireless 5G LAN?
5G LAN is a LAN built in a 5G network, through which a LAN with mobility can be assembled to meet production and office needs. 5G LAN has the benefit of cross-territory mobility, so even if two people are thousands of miles apart, they can still set up a LAN to achieve Layer 2 and 3 interoperability.
Simply put, 5G LAN uses 5G technology to group and build groups of terminals to form a LAN network. When using 5G cell phones, have you ever noticed that even if you and your friends are close together (even face to face), your phone cannot search each other? You can communicate with each other because the data flow to the carrier or Internet service provider's server around the circle.
What is an internal antenna?
What is an external antenna?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the difference features?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the advantages and disadvantages of the internal and external antenna?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, What are the differences between them?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna in wireless transceiver modules, What are the main antennas used?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, Which signal is better?
Internal antenna vs. external antenna router
Internal antenna vs. external antenna technical requirements
Internal antenna vs. external antenna, how to choose the suitable antenna?
The Yagi Antenna design is one of the most brilliant antenna designs. How to make a 433MHz Yagi antenna design for a long-range? Is it easy to DIY a Yagi antenna?
DIY Yagi antenna design program
Yagi antenna design is mainly based on the gain requirements after selecting the number of antenna elements, determining the length of each element, and the distance between the elements and other parameters.
Here are the 7 steps of the Yagi antenna design program.
55 Different Types of Antennas With Examples Used in Wireless Communication.pdfAntenna Manufacturer Coco
After the read about these 55 different types of antennas, you will learn about the different types of antennas with examples and their use.
As an important part of wireless communication systems, the antenna plays an irreplaceable role. In our life, there are many types of wireless communication requirements, such as long-distance wireless communication, short-distance wireless communication, satellite wireless communication, microwave wireless communication, cell phone wireless communication, point-to-point wireless communication, point-to-face wireless communication, and so on.
Different wireless communications requirements correspond to the use of different types of antenna wireless communication frequency bands, and different wireless communication systems, so it is necessary to use different types of antennas.
The design and selection of different types of antennas are an important part of designing a wireless transceiver for RF systems. A good RF wireless antenna system can make the communication distance the best state. The size of the same type of antenna is proportional to the wavelength of the RF signal. The lower the signal frequency, the larger the antenna needed.
After the read of WiFi vs. Cellular, Is WiFi Better Than Cellular? You will know:
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is the difference between WiFi and cellular?
WiFi vs. Cellular, Is Wi-Fi better than cellular?
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is a cellular network?
WiFi vs. Cellular, What is a Wi-Fi network?
WiFi vs. Cellular applications
5G WiFi vs. cellular 5G, What is the difference between a 5G network and a 5G WiFi?
Which is better, Wifi or mobile data cellular network?
The important differences between WiFi and cellular networks
Apple watch Wifi vs. cellular, What is the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi Apple Watch?
Wifi Ipad vs. cellular, Is Ipad cellular worth it?
Apple watch Wifi vs. cellular, What is the difference between cellular and Wi-Fi Apple Watch?
Wifi vs. cellular data, Which one do you prefer?
This article takes you through the mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
The long road of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G.
In the past few years, we have seen the rise of mobile networks. From "1G to 2G, 3G, 4G, and now 5G", the whole process of mobile networks' evolution from 1G to 5G has taken about 30 years.
In the past few years, the web has evolved so much that it's hard to compare it to anything else in this world of web technology. Let's go straight back in time, to 1G where it all began.
After the read, you will know:
What is DTU (Data Transfer unit)?
What is DTU's development history?
What is DTU's working principle?
What is DTU's functional configuration?
What is DTU’s Advantage?
What is DTU's core function?
What is DTU’s extension function?
What is DTU's application?
Application examples of DTU's 7 major industries
What is DTU (Data Transfer unit)?
DTU (Data Transfer unit) is a wireless terminal device specially designed to convert serial data to IP data or convert IP data to serial data for transmission through wireless communication networks. DTU is widely used in meteorology, hydrology and water conservancy, geology, and other industries.
After the read, you will know:
What is a DTU?
What is a DTU’s role?
What is a DTU’s working principle?
What is a DTU product type?
What is a DTU application?
What is the role of 4G DTU?
What is a DTU?
DTU is the abbreviation of Data Terminal Unit (DTU). In a broader sense, the module unit responsible for sending data information at both ends of the transmission link is called DTU, which is responsible for format conversion and data collation, and verification of the transmitted information;
In a narrower sense, DTU generally refers to the lower GSM/UMTS transmitting terminal equipment in wireless communication.
DTU is a kind of wireless terminal equipment specially used to convert serial data into IP data or convert IP data into serial data for transmission through a wireless communication network, which is widely used in meteorology, hydrology and water conservancy, geology, and other industries.
Smart agriculture refers to the use of information technology in farming to intelligently control the whole industrial chain of agricultural production, operation, management, and service, so as to achieve high quality, high efficiency, safety, and controllability of agricultural production. China attaches great importance to the development of smart agriculture, and the development of smart agriculture is the only way to realize modern agriculture.
After the read this What is the Difference Between LTE and Wifi article, you will know:
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network technology;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network coverage capability;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network wireless capacity;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network terminal situation;
What is the difference between LTE and wifi network traffic billing;
Etc.
This article talks about Wifi vs LTE technology, what is the difference between Wi-Fi and LTE?
Over the years, the Internet has become increasingly important in our daily lives. Mobile broadband Cellular / LTE and Wi-Fi can be used to access the Internet and perform activities that require a data connection.
This article talks about the 7 common positioning technologies comparison, GPS positioning, Beidou positioning, base station positioning, Bluetooth positioning, WI-FI positioning, UWB positioning, and RFID positioning comparison.
This article is about the 4 positioning technologies: GPS and A-GPS positioning; base station positioning (cell ID positioning): identifying which cell in the network transmits user calls; Wi-Fi AP positioning; and FRID, QR code positioning.
Besides GPS technology and base station positioning technology, what other sensing and positioning technologies are currently available?
The following 9 positioning technologies are used today.
1. GPS and aGPS positioning technology
2. WiFi-AP positioning technology
3. Cell ID positioning technology
4. FRID, QR code positioning technology
5. Bluetooth positioning technology (iBeacon)
6. Acoustic positioning technology
7. Scene recognition positioning technology
8. Geomagnetic field positioning technology
9. Pseudo-satellite positioning technology
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
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Comparison of GSM and NB-IoT Coverage Capability.pdf
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Comparison of GSM and NB-IoT Coverage Capability
This article is analyzing how much radius of GSM and NB-IoT coverage, the channels of GSM and NB-IoT, the
principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT, etc.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is the most widely used cell phone standard today.
NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) is a narrowband cellular IoT technology for low-rate, low latency,
ultra-low terminal cost, low power consumption and massive terminal connectivity.
The channels of GSM and NB-IoT
Therefore, in this paper, after introducing the channels of GSM and NB-IoT, we analyze and compare the coverage
capability of both.
NB-IoT is a new generation of cellular IoT access technology defined by 3GPP for Low Power Wide Area (LPWA)
type of services, mainly for IoT services with a low rate, low latency, ultra-low cost, low power consumption, wide
and deep coverage, and large connection requirements.
NB-IoT adopts coverage enhancement and low power consumption technologies and simplifies the physical layer
transmission method, network structure and signalling process.
Coverage enhancement is an important feature of NB-IoT, and NB-IoT proposes a coverage target of 20dB
enhancement over GSM, i.e. MCL (Maximum Coupling Loss) should reach 164dB, which is mainly achieved by
improving power spectrum density, repetitive transmission, and low-order modulation preparation.
The principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT
In this paper, we first analyze the principle and characteristics of GSM and NB-IoT, study the NB-IoT coverage
enhancement methods, and compare and analyze the coverage capability of GSM and NB-IoT.
Each cell has a number of carrier frequencies, and each carrier frequency has eight-time slots, which means that
eight basic physical channels are provided. In the wireless subsystem, the physical channels support the logical
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channels, and the physical channels are mapped to different logical channels according to the types of messages
transmitted on the physical channels.
In GSM systems, logical channels can be divided into service channels (TCH: Trafic Channel) and control channels
(CCH: Control Channel).
1. BCCH (including FCCH, and SCH) are broadcast control channels, they appear only on time slot 0 (Ts0) of the
BCCH carrier frequency and are downlink channels.
2. SDCCH is an independent dedicated control channel, one-time slot (Ts) can usually carry 8 pairs of SDCCH
channels, called SDCCH /8 channels.
When the cell signalling traffic is small, we can combine SDCCH, CCCH (including RACH, PCH, AGCH) with BCCH
broadcast channel to Ts0, at this time, the time slot is BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4.
Among them, BCCH, FCCH, SCH, PCH and AGCH only use the downlink channel of Ts0, RACH only uses the uplink
channel of Ts0, and SDCCH is the channel that appears in pairs in the uplink and downlink.
When the traffic of this cell signalling is large, a maximum of 40 pairs of SDCCH channels can be set, occupying
5-time slots, and it can appear on Ts0, Ts2, Ts4, and Ts6 of any carrier frequency. It is worth mentioning that
SDCCH can be defined to interconvert with TCH to save channel resources.
3. CCCH (including RACH, PCH, and AGCH) is a public control channel, and the number of CCCH message blocks set
is related to the service volume of the LAC area to which the cell belongs. When the service volume of this LAC
area is large, CCCH can be combined with BCCH only on Ts0, i.e., BCCH+CCCH.
When the service volume of the LAC area is small, the cell control channel can be set in the form of
BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4.
It is worth noting that the PCH paging channel of a cell is oriented to all cell phone users in the LAC area to which
it belongs, independent of the capacity of this cell, therefore, the number of CCCH settings required for each cell
should be the same.
4. SACCH and FACCH are follow-the-road control channels, which do not exist separately, but take the way of
"frame stealing" along with TCH or SDCCH. (SACCH can accompany TCH and SDCCH, FACCH only accompanies TCH)
5. CBCH is a cell broadcast channel, which is used to broadcast some public messages of the cell (such as business
information, weather information, etc.), and is a value-added service provided by the operator. It usually occupies
the third sub-time slot of SDCCH/8, which is a downlink channel and propagates point-to-multipoint.
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NB-IoT supports 3 different deployment methods
The coverage target of NB-IoT is MCL 164dB, which is 20dB better than GSM coverage. the coverage enhancement
of NB-IoT is mainly achieved by improving uplink power spectrum density and repeated transmission. all three
modes of NB-IoT operation can achieve this coverage target.
In the downlink direction, the power of Standalone independent deployment can be configured independently,
and the power of In-band in-band deployment and Guard band is limited by the power of LTE, so In-band and
Guard ban need more repetitions to reach the same coverage level as Standalone, and at the same coverage level,
Standalone's The downlink rate performance is better than the other two; there is basically no difference between
the three working modes in the uplink direction.
NB-IoT independent deployment, downlink transmit power can be configured independently, for example, 20W, at
this time, NB-IoT power spectrum density is the same as GSM, but about 14dB higher than LTE FDD power
spectrum density.
In-band in-band deployment and Guard band protection in-band deployment, the power difference between
NB-IoT and LTE can be configured, for example, NB-IoT is 6dB higher than LTE power, at this time, NB-IoT downlink
power is still 8dB lower than GSM power.
The maximum transmit power of the NB-IoT uplink terminal is 10dB lower than GSM, but since the minimum
scheduling bandwidth of NB-IoT is 3.75K or 15K, the uplink power spectral density of NB-IoT is 0.8~6.9dB higher
than GSM.
In practice, when doing network planning, the coverage radius needs to be planned considering the uplink rate
target, interference margin, penetration loss, coverage rate, power consumption of IoT terminals, etc.
The link budget results show that NB-IoT coverage radius is about 4 times of GSM/LTE, and NB-IoT coverage
enhancement can be used to improve the deep coverage capability of IoT terminals, or to improve the coverage of
the network, or to reduce the station density to reduce network cost, etc.
This paper also analyzes the coverage capability of NB-IoT Standalone, Guard band and In-band deployment
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methods, and all three deployment methods can meet the coverage target of MCL 164dB by different repetitions,
but because the Guard band and In-band power is limited by LTE FDD system power, their power is 5dB or 8dB
lower.
However, since the power of Guard band and In-band is limited by LTE FDD system power, its power is 5dB or 8dB
lower than Standalone, so in order to achieve the same downlink coverage capability, more repetitions are needed,
and the downlink rate is lower than Standalone at this time; the difference between the three in uplink direction is
not significant.
Why GSM is more suitable for the current environment on the eve of the NB-IoT explosion? NB-IoT vs. GSM
As one of the rapidly emerging IoT communication technologies in recent years, NB-IoT supports low-power
devices for wide-area network cellular data connection.
Compared with Wi-Fi products, NB-IoT devices directly connect to the operator network, optimizing the device
distribution steps, which can directly avoid network failures due to router node problems and have better network
stability.
Compared with the traditional GSM network, NB-IoT has the following advantages in technology.
Wide signal coverage.
It gains 20dB over traditional GSM network, and the signal coverage of one NB-IoT base station is wider than that
of traditional base stations, able to reach underground garages, basements, underground pipes and other places
with very poor signals.
Multiple connections.
100,000 connections can be provided per sector, expanding the number of device accesses by 50-100 times with
NB-IoT compared to existing wireless technologies.
Low power consumption.
NB-IoT has power-saving technologies DRX and PSM, which can reduce unnecessary signalling and not accept
paging information during the PSM state, ultimately achieving a power-saving effect and greatly improving the
battery life of the device.
In terms of technical indicators, NB-IoT is indeed more suitable for IoT application scenarios, simplifying the
networking steps of smart devices and reducing the power consumption of devices. However, NB-IoT also has its
limitations in the current situation.
First, the number of NB-IoT base stations is seriously insufficient, especially in remote mountainous areas.
Except for some first-tier cities, full coverage has not been achieved in other areas. Even in first-tier cities, nooks
and crannies are not fully covered because of the limited number of NB-IoT base stations, such as underground
garages.
From the current situation of operators building NB-IoT base stations, base stations are more often accompanied
by projects for declaration of support, and if the value of the project is too small, it may not get support from
operators in the short term.
For example, in the field of smart agriculture, hundreds of acres of fields may only need a few hundred devices to
complete the improvement of the irrigation systems. If the operator only supports base stations for this project,
the cost is too high.
Secondly, the traffic tariff of NB-IoT is not pro-people enough.
The current information cost of the three major operators is about 20 yuan per year, which is not expensive, but
there is still a lot of room for downward adjustment compared with the current GSM traffic tariff.
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Finally, the chip price of NB-IoT is not high.
Although the price of a small number of NB-IoT chips has dropped to $5, it is still on the high side compared to
WiFi chips and GSM chips. Smart hardware products are more strict in cost control, so NB-IoT has no advantage in
this aspect for the time being.
In contrast, although the GSM network looks a bit old, GSM devices can still be well applied to IoT remote control
scenarios to meet different market segmentation needs before NB-IoT completely covers the world.
First, 2G/GSM technology is very mature and it has been used in various scenarios that require a remote control.
With years of operation and accumulation of operators, supporting base stations are distributed all over the
country, and communication networking of GSM devices can be realized in most areas.
Second, in the past, GSM chips were mainly used in industrial and agricultural customization projects due to
module prices and traffic tariffs and were rarely adopted by consumer-level personal devices.
After all these years of industrial efforts, the price of GSM modules has come down significantly. Recently, Cool
House Technology has launched the super cost-effective GSB-D module, which is priced similarly to mainstream
WiFi modules.
The current policy of IoT cards and dedicated targeted traffic also makes the tariff of GSM devices as low as 3
cents per day, which is a small or even negligible tariff cost burden for consumers.
In the long run, NB-IoT technology is more suitable for applications in the IoT field, providing reliable network
access for devices and giving them a better range.
However, the current hardware infrastructure of operators has not kept up, and a certain time buffer is needed
before full-scale promotion. Therefore, during this transitional period, GSM can fully take over the historical task
of NB-IoT as chip prices and tariffs fall, helping manufacturers to develop products for different scenario needs to
meet the needs of the home environment and agriculture industry.
GSM and NB-IoT bands, GSM band is the most suitable for NB-IoT
From the standards and technology perspective, NB-IoT deployment in GSM is very convenient and low-cost.
Likewise, the current IoT network coverage is already very complete, and NB-IoT can be deployed in the current
low-frequency coverage band of IoT.
Ready for NB-IoT commercialization
As an important component of 5G, NB-IoT is now commercially available, becoming one of the few 5G
technologies that can be pre-deployed in existing networks.
Besides this Comparison of GSM and NB-IoT Coverage Capability article, you may also be interested in the below
articles.
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