SS 304L, an austenitic Chromium-Nickel stainless steel offering the optimum combination of corrosion resistance, strength and ductility, is favorable for many mechanical components. The low carbon content reduces susceptibility to carbide precipitation during welding. In case of single pass welding of thinner section of this alloy, pulsed current micro plasma arc welding was found beneficial due to its advantages over the conventional continuous current process. The paper focuses on developing mathematical models to predict grain size and hardness of pulsed current micro plasma arc welded SS304L joints. Four factors, five level, central composite rotatable design matrix is used to optimize the number of experiments. The mathematical models have been developed by response surface method. The adequacy of the models is checked by ANOVA technique. By using the developed mathematical models, grain size and hardness of the joints can be predicted with 99% confidence level. Contour plots are drawn to study the interaction effect of pulsed current micro plasma arc welding parameters on fusion zone grain size and hardness of SS304L steel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hyperelastic material models in finite element analysis of polymersKartik Srinivas
This paper describes the Hyperelastic material models and strain energy functions used in the finite element analysis (FEA) of polymers. Material characterization testing
Effect of pitch and nominal diameter on load distribution and efficiency in m...eSAT Journals
Abstract Lead screws are the devices which are used for power transmission or to have linear motion. It is theoretically assumed that applied load is evenly distributed among the thread pair in contact. However, practically it is observed that load is not uniformly distributed among threads. The first thread carries the maximum load and later the load on each thread reduces. Numerous studies have been carried out for analytical calculation of the load distribution using spring stiffness method. But these studies are for screw and nut combination. Not much study has been done to find load distribution on threads of a lead screw. The maximum load acting on one thread is an important parameter in lead screw design. The load decides the fatigue life of the screw and nut. To have better life of threads, the load distribution should be uniform to have fewer loads on single thread. The load is also important to know the deflection of thread which affects the positional accuracy of the lead screw drives. This paper focuses on analyzing mathematically the various thread parameters which affects the load distribution in threads and the corresponding effect on efficiency. The spring model method proposed in [1], [4] has different constant coefficient which are depending on thread geometry and material. If there are n numbers of threads in contact, there will be (n-1) number of equations in (n-1) unknowns. These are linear difference equations and can be solved by matrix elimination method. The results obtained from analytical solution are validated with the FEM (Finite Elements Method) results. Keywords: Lead Screws, Load Distribution, Thread Parameters, Efficiency, Linear Drives
Uniaxial tension test is used to determine yield strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, true stress-strain. Finite element analysis, Kartik Srinivas
A review on Parametric Optimization of Submerged arc welding processIJSRD
Submerged arc welding is preferable more its inherent qualities such as Higher deposition rate, deeper penetration, control of variables, high quality, smooth finish. The bead geometry shows the quality of weld which is depends on input process parameters. The present work gives review of the effect of these Input parameters on weld bead geometry. Selection of process parameters has great influence on the quality of a welded connection. To automate a welding process, which is the present trend in any fabrication industry. It is also important that mathematical models have to be developed to relate the process variables to the weld bead parameters. All the welding processes are used with the aim of getting a welded joint with the desires weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with a efficient quality welded joint at a relatively low cost with high productivity. Optimization designs concentrate on only one or two parameters, but in very more depth to gain a precise understanding of relationships between parameters.
This document discusses optimization of clearance in sheet metal blanking processes. It investigates how parameters like clearance, tool wear, and sheet thickness affect blanking results. The blanking process is modeled using finite element analysis and design of experiments to understand interactions. An optimum clearance is defined as the point where the crack propagation direction coincides with the diagonal line between punch and die contact points, resulting in clean separation. The document outlines algorithms to predict blanking forces, crack initiation and geometry based on clearance and other factors.
Analysis Of Comparative Strength Model Connection Bolts And Weld To The Plate...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the comparative strength of bolt and weld connections to steel plate material ST 42. Specifically, it tested the tensile strength of connections with 2, 3, and 4 bolt models and weld connections with longitudinal, transverse, and combined welding directions using varying current strengths of 100, 120, 140, and 160 Amperes. The highest tensile strengths were found to be 163.529 MPa for a 4-bolt diagonal model connection and 303.605 MPa for a combined longitudinal-transverse weld connection using 160 Amperes. Overall, the combined longitudinal-transverse weld connection with 160 Amperes current provided the greatest tensile strength compared to the other connection models tested.
APPLICATION OF DUAL RESPONSE AND TOLERANCE ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR ROBUST DES...IAEME Publication
High quality products, processes and services are achieved at least cost through robust design. It is tried by many methods namely Dual Response approach, Tolerance analysis approach using response surfaces, Taguchi methods, Optimization Techniques etc. This paper aims at the robust design by Dual Response and Tolerance analysis approaches for the resistance spot welding characteristics of low carbon steel sheets
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hyperelastic material models in finite element analysis of polymersKartik Srinivas
This paper describes the Hyperelastic material models and strain energy functions used in the finite element analysis (FEA) of polymers. Material characterization testing
Effect of pitch and nominal diameter on load distribution and efficiency in m...eSAT Journals
Abstract Lead screws are the devices which are used for power transmission or to have linear motion. It is theoretically assumed that applied load is evenly distributed among the thread pair in contact. However, practically it is observed that load is not uniformly distributed among threads. The first thread carries the maximum load and later the load on each thread reduces. Numerous studies have been carried out for analytical calculation of the load distribution using spring stiffness method. But these studies are for screw and nut combination. Not much study has been done to find load distribution on threads of a lead screw. The maximum load acting on one thread is an important parameter in lead screw design. The load decides the fatigue life of the screw and nut. To have better life of threads, the load distribution should be uniform to have fewer loads on single thread. The load is also important to know the deflection of thread which affects the positional accuracy of the lead screw drives. This paper focuses on analyzing mathematically the various thread parameters which affects the load distribution in threads and the corresponding effect on efficiency. The spring model method proposed in [1], [4] has different constant coefficient which are depending on thread geometry and material. If there are n numbers of threads in contact, there will be (n-1) number of equations in (n-1) unknowns. These are linear difference equations and can be solved by matrix elimination method. The results obtained from analytical solution are validated with the FEM (Finite Elements Method) results. Keywords: Lead Screws, Load Distribution, Thread Parameters, Efficiency, Linear Drives
Uniaxial tension test is used to determine yield strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, true stress-strain. Finite element analysis, Kartik Srinivas
A review on Parametric Optimization of Submerged arc welding processIJSRD
Submerged arc welding is preferable more its inherent qualities such as Higher deposition rate, deeper penetration, control of variables, high quality, smooth finish. The bead geometry shows the quality of weld which is depends on input process parameters. The present work gives review of the effect of these Input parameters on weld bead geometry. Selection of process parameters has great influence on the quality of a welded connection. To automate a welding process, which is the present trend in any fabrication industry. It is also important that mathematical models have to be developed to relate the process variables to the weld bead parameters. All the welding processes are used with the aim of getting a welded joint with the desires weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with a efficient quality welded joint at a relatively low cost with high productivity. Optimization designs concentrate on only one or two parameters, but in very more depth to gain a precise understanding of relationships between parameters.
This document discusses optimization of clearance in sheet metal blanking processes. It investigates how parameters like clearance, tool wear, and sheet thickness affect blanking results. The blanking process is modeled using finite element analysis and design of experiments to understand interactions. An optimum clearance is defined as the point where the crack propagation direction coincides with the diagonal line between punch and die contact points, resulting in clean separation. The document outlines algorithms to predict blanking forces, crack initiation and geometry based on clearance and other factors.
Analysis Of Comparative Strength Model Connection Bolts And Weld To The Plate...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the comparative strength of bolt and weld connections to steel plate material ST 42. Specifically, it tested the tensile strength of connections with 2, 3, and 4 bolt models and weld connections with longitudinal, transverse, and combined welding directions using varying current strengths of 100, 120, 140, and 160 Amperes. The highest tensile strengths were found to be 163.529 MPa for a 4-bolt diagonal model connection and 303.605 MPa for a combined longitudinal-transverse weld connection using 160 Amperes. Overall, the combined longitudinal-transverse weld connection with 160 Amperes current provided the greatest tensile strength compared to the other connection models tested.
APPLICATION OF DUAL RESPONSE AND TOLERANCE ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR ROBUST DES...IAEME Publication
High quality products, processes and services are achieved at least cost through robust design. It is tried by many methods namely Dual Response approach, Tolerance analysis approach using response surfaces, Taguchi methods, Optimization Techniques etc. This paper aims at the robust design by Dual Response and Tolerance analysis approaches for the resistance spot welding characteristics of low carbon steel sheets
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding Parameters for Joining Dissimilar Mater...IOSRJMCE
Submerged arc welding process is very important component in many industrial organizations. The research on factors controlling weld bead profile in SAW process is essential to high quality welding procedures. Quality is very important element in today’s manufacturing world. Experiments are conducted using SAW process parameters viz. welding current, arc voltage and welding speed on dissimilar materials of 10 mm thickness to study these parameters on weld bead width and weld bead hardness. The experiments are designed using L8 orthogonal array considering two factors and three levels.
Development of grnn based tool for hardness measurement of homogeneousIAEME Publication
This document describes the development of a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model to relate vibration parameters to the hardness of homogenous welded joints under vibratory welding conditions. Physical experiments were conducted on welded steel joints where vibration was applied during welding. The voltage and time of vibration were the input parameters and hardness values at different joint locations were the output parameters. A GRNN model was created using experimental data and calibrated against unused data, achieving 97-99% accuracy, to predict hardness based on vibration parameters. The model provides an effective tool for analyzing the relationship between vibration welding inputs and mechanical property outputs.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Journals
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on an aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi array to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Analysis of the signal-to-noise ratios showed that pin diameter was the most influential factor for tensile strength, while tool traverse feed had the greatest effect on hardness. The optimal parameters for maximum tensile strength were a rotational speed of 1400 rpm, feed rate of 40 mm/min, and pin diameter of 6 mm.
3) For hardness, the optimal parameters were a
- The document discusses buckling analysis of a fiber-filled plastic push rod component used in clutch release cylinders.
- It performs nonlinear buckling analysis using both isotropic and anisotropic material models, coupled with injection molding simulations to model fiber orientation.
- The results show that accounting for anisotropy induced by the molding process, as predicted by the Moldflow simulation, improves the accuracy of the buckling load prediction compared to experimental data over using a traditional isotropic material model.
Research paper published ijsrms_process optimization using doe_edm_javed muja...vishwajeet potdar
This document summarizes research on optimizing surface roughness in electric discharge machining (EDM) using design of experiments (DOE). It first provides background on EDM and discusses how surface roughness influences part life in die-mold applications. The document then reviews previous research optimizing EDM performance measures like material removal rate, tool wear rate, and surface roughness using Taguchi methods and analyzing the effects of parameters like discharge current and pulse duration. The goal of the current research is to use DOE to determine suitable levels for significant EDM input parameters to optimize the process for achieving a desired surface roughness value under given operating conditions.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi design to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Tensile strength, hardness, and elongation measurements were made on the welded joints produced under each experimental condition. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated from the data to analyze the effects of the parameters on the properties.
3) Statistical analysis using Minitab found that tool rotational speed had the greatest influence on tensile strength and hardness, while pin diameter most influenced ductility.
Numerical modeling of uneven thermoplastic polymers behaviour using experimen...Marcos Bianchi (Msc_Mba)
This document discusses numerical modeling of the behavior of uneven thermoplastic polymers using experimental stress-strain data and pressure dependent yield criteria to improve design practices. It presents the following:
1) Four polymers (PA-66, PA-6, PP, HDPE) were tested under tension and compression to determine their unevenness levels. PA-6 and PP showed significant unevenness, with compressive yield strengths 25-70% higher than tensile strengths.
2) Pressure dependent yield criteria that account for unevenness, such as conical and parabolic modified von Mises models, were reviewed. These criteria incorporate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on yield strength.
3) Experimental stress-strain data was
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
This document reviews the use of ANSYS finite element analysis software to model reactive powder concrete (RPC). It discusses how ANSYS can be used to perform various types of structural analyses, including static, modal, transient dynamic and buckling analyses. The review then describes how RPC specimens were modeled and meshed in ANSYS, and the results obtained, including stress contours showing higher shear stresses at connections. It concludes RPC behaves in an elasto-plastic manner initially, then is plastic dominated, and that fiber reinforcement improves its shear strength through fiber pullout and dowel action.
Gaskets in joints play an important role in the sealing performance of bolted flange joints, and their behavior is
complex due to nonlinear material properties combined with permanent deformation. The variation of contact stresses due to
the pressure of the flange and the material properties of the gasket play important roles in achieving a leak proof joint. In this
paper, a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of bolted flange joints has been carried out by taking experimentally
obtained loading and unloading characteristics of the gaskets for various thicknesses and loads. Analysis shows that the
distribution of contact stress has a more dominant effect on sealing performance than the limit on flange rotation specified by
ASME.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
Effect of welding parameter on micro hardness of synergic mig welding ofIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the microhardness of gas metal arc welds on 304L austenitic stainless steel. Bead-on-plate welds were produced using various gas flow rates, voltages, wire feed rates, and travel speeds. Knoop microhardness measurements were taken across the weld bead and base material. The maximum microhardness values were found in the heat-affected zone due to its finer grain size and higher pearlite content compared to the weld zone and base metal. Increasing the current and voltage resulted in a mixed spray and short circuiting metal transfer mode and improved weld bead appearance.
This document summarizes research on predicting the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that shear strength decreases as beam depth increases. It then reviews existing literature on shear strength mechanisms and factors that influence strength. The document discusses the challenges of theoretical models given complexities and uncertainties. It proposes using genetic programming and fuzzy set theory to develop empirical models from an existing database of over 2000 test results. The models would express shear strength as a function of concrete strength, reinforcement ratio, depth and other variables.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial Neural Network based Monitoring of Weld Quality in Pulsed Metal In...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using artificial neural networks (ANN) to monitor weld quality in pulsed metal inert gas welding. Experiments were conducted using different welding parameters to collect voltage and current sensor data. Statistical and wavelet packet features were extracted from the sensor signals. Regression models and backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) were developed to predict weld quality characteristics like joint strength and hardness variation. BPNN models using wavelet packet coefficients of current signals were found to improve prediction of joint strength compared to regression models. The research aims to develop intelligent monitoring of weld quality using ANN and sensor signal analysis.
This document discusses using machine learning and optimization algorithms to determine optimal friction stir welding parameters for joining dissimilar materials of aluminum alloy 6061 and copper. Specifically, it proposes using artificial neural networks to model the nonlinear relationships between welding parameters (tool rotation speed, traverse speed, advancing side material) and performance measures (ultimate tensile strength, hardness, impact energy). The neural network models will then be used as the fitness functions for the multi-objective optimization algorithm NSGA-II to determine the optimal welding parameters. Validation experiments will be conducted at the simulated optimal parameters, and microscopic analysis will examine the welded joint's behavior. Overall, the goal is to develop an intelligent framework for optimizing friction stir welding of dissimilar materials using
This document describes a study that uses Taguchi methods to optimize submerged arc welding (SAW) parameters. Experiments were conducted using mild steel with welding current, arc voltage, and welding speed as parameters. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments. Regression analysis found that welding current had the largest effect on bead width, the quality characteristic examined. The optimal parameters found were 600A current, 32V voltage, 450mm/min speed, and 28mm electrode stick out. This provided the highest signal-to-noise ratio, minimizing variability to achieve the desired weld bead width.
Study on laser hardening parameters of ASTM Grade 3 pure titanium on an angle...Premier Publishers
This research paper includes the laser transformation hardening of commercially pure titanium sheet of 1.6mm thickness is investigated using CW Nd:YAG laser. Commercially pure titanium has prevalent application in various fields of industries including the medical, nuclear, thermal, marine, defense, automobile aerospace and pharmaceutical industries. A FFD with RSM is employed to establish, optimize and to investigate the relationships of three laser transformation hardening process parameters: laser power, scanning speed, and focused position on laser hardened bead profile parameters such as angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density. RSM is used to develop pseudo-closed-form models from the computational parametric studies. Adequacies of developed models were analyzed by ANOVA. Effects of laser process parameters on an angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density were also carried out using RSM. The laser power and scanning speed consecutively have a positive and significant effect on angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density respectively as compared to the focal point position among all laser hardening process parameters. The optimum laser hardening conditions are identified sequentially to minimize an angle of entry of hardened profile, power density. The validation results demonstrate that the developed models are accurate with low percentages of error.
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding Parameters for Joining Dissimilar Mater...IOSRJMCE
Submerged arc welding process is very important component in many industrial organizations. The research on factors controlling weld bead profile in SAW process is essential to high quality welding procedures. Quality is very important element in today’s manufacturing world. Experiments are conducted using SAW process parameters viz. welding current, arc voltage and welding speed on dissimilar materials of 10 mm thickness to study these parameters on weld bead width and weld bead hardness. The experiments are designed using L8 orthogonal array considering two factors and three levels.
Development of grnn based tool for hardness measurement of homogeneousIAEME Publication
This document describes the development of a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model to relate vibration parameters to the hardness of homogenous welded joints under vibratory welding conditions. Physical experiments were conducted on welded steel joints where vibration was applied during welding. The voltage and time of vibration were the input parameters and hardness values at different joint locations were the output parameters. A GRNN model was created using experimental data and calibrated against unused data, achieving 97-99% accuracy, to predict hardness based on vibration parameters. The model provides an effective tool for analyzing the relationship between vibration welding inputs and mechanical property outputs.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Journals
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on an aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi array to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Analysis of the signal-to-noise ratios showed that pin diameter was the most influential factor for tensile strength, while tool traverse feed had the greatest effect on hardness. The optimal parameters for maximum tensile strength were a rotational speed of 1400 rpm, feed rate of 40 mm/min, and pin diameter of 6 mm.
3) For hardness, the optimal parameters were a
- The document discusses buckling analysis of a fiber-filled plastic push rod component used in clutch release cylinders.
- It performs nonlinear buckling analysis using both isotropic and anisotropic material models, coupled with injection molding simulations to model fiber orientation.
- The results show that accounting for anisotropy induced by the molding process, as predicted by the Moldflow simulation, improves the accuracy of the buckling load prediction compared to experimental data over using a traditional isotropic material model.
Research paper published ijsrms_process optimization using doe_edm_javed muja...vishwajeet potdar
This document summarizes research on optimizing surface roughness in electric discharge machining (EDM) using design of experiments (DOE). It first provides background on EDM and discusses how surface roughness influences part life in die-mold applications. The document then reviews previous research optimizing EDM performance measures like material removal rate, tool wear rate, and surface roughness using Taguchi methods and analyzing the effects of parameters like discharge current and pulse duration. The goal of the current research is to use DOE to determine suitable levels for significant EDM input parameters to optimize the process for achieving a desired surface roughness value under given operating conditions.
Optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welded joint on alumi...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses optimizing the process parameters of friction stir butt welding on aluminum alloy AA6061-T6. Experiments were conducted using an L9 orthogonal Taguchi design to evaluate the effects of tool rotational speed, welding feed rate, and pin diameter on tensile strength, hardness, and ductility.
2) Tensile strength, hardness, and elongation measurements were made on the welded joints produced under each experimental condition. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated from the data to analyze the effects of the parameters on the properties.
3) Statistical analysis using Minitab found that tool rotational speed had the greatest influence on tensile strength and hardness, while pin diameter most influenced ductility.
Numerical modeling of uneven thermoplastic polymers behaviour using experimen...Marcos Bianchi (Msc_Mba)
This document discusses numerical modeling of the behavior of uneven thermoplastic polymers using experimental stress-strain data and pressure dependent yield criteria to improve design practices. It presents the following:
1) Four polymers (PA-66, PA-6, PP, HDPE) were tested under tension and compression to determine their unevenness levels. PA-6 and PP showed significant unevenness, with compressive yield strengths 25-70% higher than tensile strengths.
2) Pressure dependent yield criteria that account for unevenness, such as conical and parabolic modified von Mises models, were reviewed. These criteria incorporate the effect of hydrostatic pressure on yield strength.
3) Experimental stress-strain data was
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
This document reviews the use of ANSYS finite element analysis software to model reactive powder concrete (RPC). It discusses how ANSYS can be used to perform various types of structural analyses, including static, modal, transient dynamic and buckling analyses. The review then describes how RPC specimens were modeled and meshed in ANSYS, and the results obtained, including stress contours showing higher shear stresses at connections. It concludes RPC behaves in an elasto-plastic manner initially, then is plastic dominated, and that fiber reinforcement improves its shear strength through fiber pullout and dowel action.
Gaskets in joints play an important role in the sealing performance of bolted flange joints, and their behavior is
complex due to nonlinear material properties combined with permanent deformation. The variation of contact stresses due to
the pressure of the flange and the material properties of the gasket play important roles in achieving a leak proof joint. In this
paper, a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of bolted flange joints has been carried out by taking experimentally
obtained loading and unloading characteristics of the gaskets for various thicknesses and loads. Analysis shows that the
distribution of contact stress has a more dominant effect on sealing performance than the limit on flange rotation specified by
ASME.
Framework for assessment of shear strength parameters ofIAEME Publication
This document discusses a framework for assessing the shear strength parameters of residual tropical soils. It begins by providing background on shear strength and how it is typically measured through laboratory tests like direct shear tests and triaxial tests. However, these tests have limitations in simulating field conditions. The objective of the paper is then presented - to develop a phenomenological model to predict shear strength parameters from index properties that are easier to measure, like liquid limit and maximum dry density. This could provide a way to rapidly estimate shear strength when traditional testing methods are not available or feasible. The paper reviews previous studies on correlating index properties with shear strength and predicting unsaturated soil strength. It then discusses soil state and volumetric strain, and defines bulk modulus as
Effect of welding parameter on micro hardness of synergic mig welding ofIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the microhardness of gas metal arc welds on 304L austenitic stainless steel. Bead-on-plate welds were produced using various gas flow rates, voltages, wire feed rates, and travel speeds. Knoop microhardness measurements were taken across the weld bead and base material. The maximum microhardness values were found in the heat-affected zone due to its finer grain size and higher pearlite content compared to the weld zone and base metal. Increasing the current and voltage resulted in a mixed spray and short circuiting metal transfer mode and improved weld bead appearance.
This document summarizes research on predicting the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement. It begins by introducing the topic and noting that shear strength decreases as beam depth increases. It then reviews existing literature on shear strength mechanisms and factors that influence strength. The document discusses the challenges of theoretical models given complexities and uncertainties. It proposes using genetic programming and fuzzy set theory to develop empirical models from an existing database of over 2000 test results. The models would express shear strength as a function of concrete strength, reinforcement ratio, depth and other variables.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Artificial Neural Network based Monitoring of Weld Quality in Pulsed Metal In...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using artificial neural networks (ANN) to monitor weld quality in pulsed metal inert gas welding. Experiments were conducted using different welding parameters to collect voltage and current sensor data. Statistical and wavelet packet features were extracted from the sensor signals. Regression models and backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) were developed to predict weld quality characteristics like joint strength and hardness variation. BPNN models using wavelet packet coefficients of current signals were found to improve prediction of joint strength compared to regression models. The research aims to develop intelligent monitoring of weld quality using ANN and sensor signal analysis.
This document discusses using machine learning and optimization algorithms to determine optimal friction stir welding parameters for joining dissimilar materials of aluminum alloy 6061 and copper. Specifically, it proposes using artificial neural networks to model the nonlinear relationships between welding parameters (tool rotation speed, traverse speed, advancing side material) and performance measures (ultimate tensile strength, hardness, impact energy). The neural network models will then be used as the fitness functions for the multi-objective optimization algorithm NSGA-II to determine the optimal welding parameters. Validation experiments will be conducted at the simulated optimal parameters, and microscopic analysis will examine the welded joint's behavior. Overall, the goal is to develop an intelligent framework for optimizing friction stir welding of dissimilar materials using
This document describes a study that uses Taguchi methods to optimize submerged arc welding (SAW) parameters. Experiments were conducted using mild steel with welding current, arc voltage, and welding speed as parameters. A Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to design the experiments. Regression analysis found that welding current had the largest effect on bead width, the quality characteristic examined. The optimal parameters found were 600A current, 32V voltage, 450mm/min speed, and 28mm electrode stick out. This provided the highest signal-to-noise ratio, minimizing variability to achieve the desired weld bead width.
Study on laser hardening parameters of ASTM Grade 3 pure titanium on an angle...Premier Publishers
This research paper includes the laser transformation hardening of commercially pure titanium sheet of 1.6mm thickness is investigated using CW Nd:YAG laser. Commercially pure titanium has prevalent application in various fields of industries including the medical, nuclear, thermal, marine, defense, automobile aerospace and pharmaceutical industries. A FFD with RSM is employed to establish, optimize and to investigate the relationships of three laser transformation hardening process parameters: laser power, scanning speed, and focused position on laser hardened bead profile parameters such as angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density. RSM is used to develop pseudo-closed-form models from the computational parametric studies. Adequacies of developed models were analyzed by ANOVA. Effects of laser process parameters on an angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density were also carried out using RSM. The laser power and scanning speed consecutively have a positive and significant effect on angle of entry of hardened bead profile and power density respectively as compared to the focal point position among all laser hardening process parameters. The optimum laser hardening conditions are identified sequentially to minimize an angle of entry of hardened profile, power density. The validation results demonstrate that the developed models are accurate with low percentages of error.
A REVIEW STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON WELD BEAD GEOMETRY AND ...Editor IJMTER
submerged arc welding is most efficient welding process in any fabrication industry. It is
a common arc welding process in which coalescence is produced by heating application with an
electric arc or arcs set up model between a bare metal electrode and the work piece. The arc end of
the metal electrode and molten pool are invisible. They are invisible being submerged under a
blanket of the granular material (flux). Selection of process parameters has great influence on the
weld bead geometry. Welding input parameters play a significant role in determining the quality of a
weld joint. Here, this joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld bead geometry
and flux consumption. All the welding processes are used with the aim of obtaining a welded joint
with the desired weld bead geometry and excellent mechanical properties with maximum metal
deposition rate and minimum distortion rate. This paper presents the review of the effect of input
parameters on weld bead geometry and flux consumption in submerged arc welding process.
Effect of the welding process parameter in mmaw for joining of dissimilar metalsIAEME Publication
This document discusses optimizing welding parameters for joining dissimilar metals using manual metal arc welding and an artificial neural fuzzy interface system. Experimental results were analyzed using regression analysis to develop mathematical models relating welding current, voltage, speed, and electrode angle to weld strength and metal deposition rate. An artificial neural network was trained on the experimental data and used to predict the optimal parameters to achieve the highest weld strength. Validation experiments showed the artificial neural fuzzy interface system successfully optimized the welding parameters.
This document reviews the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSW is a solid-state welding technique invented in 1991 that uses a rotating tool to generate heat and plasticize materials being joined, allowing them to bond without melting. It can weld materials like aluminum alloys that are difficult to weld using conventional fusion welding. The document discusses the principles of FSW, factors that affect weld microstructure and properties like tool parameters and heat flow, and summarizes several studies that examined the effects of FSW parameters and post-weld treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of welded aluminum alloys.
Prediction of Weld Pool Geometry in Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc Welding o...drboon
Pulsed Micro Plasma Arc Welding (MPAW) is a metal joining technique widely used in manufacturing of thin sheet components due to its inherent properties. The weld quality and productivity are controlled by the process parameters. The paper discuses about development of mathematical models for weld pool geometry of stainless steel 304L sheets. Design of experiments based on full factorial design is employed for the development of a mathematical model correlating the important controlled pulsed MPAW process parameters like peak current, background current, pulse and pulse width with front width, back width, front height and back height. The developed mode has been checked for adequacy based on ANOVA analysis. Weld bead parameters obtained by the models are found to confirm actual values with high accuracy. Using these models effect of pulsed MPAW process parameters on weld pool geometry are studied.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper details the application of Taguchi
techniques to determine the optimal process parameters for
submerged arc welding (SAW).The planned experiment work is
conducted in the semiautomatic submerged arc welding machine
and signal to noise ratios have been computed .the contribution of
each factor has been validated by analysis of variance(ANOVA).
The results of the present investigation indicate that the welding
voltage is the most significant parameter that controls the bead
penetration as compared to other controlling parameters. The
contribution of voltage, current welding speed and nozzle-to-plate
distance have been found to be respectively: 60.8%, 9.86%,
3.54% and 13.8%. Optimum results have been obtained by using
26v, 475A at a trolley speed of 0.25 m/min and NPD of 16 mm.
This document discusses optimizing process parameters for plasma arc cutting of stainless steel. 30 experiments were conducted varying feed rate, current, voltage, and torch height. Responses like kerf, chamfer, dross, surface roughness, and material removal rate were measured. The experimental data was analyzed using response surface methodology, grey relational analysis, and principal component analysis to develop models relating the responses to the parameters. The results showed that the process parameters significantly affected the grey relational grade and interactions between parameters were also important. This hybrid optimization method provided an effective way to optimize plasma arc cutting for improved cut quality and precision.
This document reviews finite element analysis that has been used to study residual stresses from shield metal arc welding of ferritic stainless steel. It discusses how finite element analysis using software like ANSYS can be used to model the thermal conditions during welding and predict stresses and temperatures. It also describes how x-ray diffraction is commonly used to experimentally measure residual stresses. The document reviews several past studies that used finite element analysis to simulate residual stresses from welding of carbon steel and stainless steel. It discusses how factors like heat input during welding and material properties can affect the results of finite element modeling of welding.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document describes a study that used artificial neural networks to predict weld width in shielded metal arc welding under the influence of an external magnetic field. Experiments were conducted welding mild steel plates with varying current, voltage, welding speed, and magnetic field strength. 18 datasets were used to train a multi-layer feedforward neural network, and the remaining 7 datasets were used to validate the model's predictions. The neural network was able to predict weld width with less than 8% error compared to measured values, demonstrating its effectiveness at modeling the complex non-linear relationship between welding parameters and weld width.
A Study on Weld Quality Characteristics of Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc We...drboon
Micro Plasma Arc Welding plays a vital role in attaining good weld quality in various engineering applications like bellows, diaphragms etc. The main objective of the present work is to use current pulsing technique while welding SS304L sheets. The paper focuses on studying the influence of various Micro Plasma Arc Welding process parameters like peak current, back current, pulse and pulse width on the weld quality characteristics like weld pool geometry, microstructure, grain size, hardness and tensile properties. The results reveals that the usage of pulsing current, grain refinement has taken place in weld fusion zone, because of which improvement in weld quality characteristics have been observed.
A REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING OF ALUMINUM COMPONENTS US...AM Publications
Resistance Spot welding (RSW) is one of the common welding processes used for sheet joining especially in the automobile and aerospace industry. It is used in a wide range of industries but notably for the assembly of sheet steel vehicle bodies. This is a type of resistance welding where the spot welds are made at regular intervals on overlapping sheets of metal. Spot welding is primarily used for joining parts that are normally up to 3 mm in thickness. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion.The objective of the research is to determine the optimum combination of parameters responsible for better quality of joints. The complicated behavior of the process must be analyzed to set the optimum parameters to get the optimum weld quality. The paper also presents the FEA simulation of the RSW process.
A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Improvement of Surface Rou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the Taguchi method and Grey Taguchi approach to optimize cutting parameters for improving surface roughness and tool life during low carbon steel turning. The study used an L27 orthogonal array to experiment with cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and corner radius. Surface roughness and flank wear were evaluated as output parameters. Analysis of variance found that cutting speed most significantly affects surface roughness and flank wear, followed by depth of cut, feed rate, and corner radius. The optimized parameters were determined to be a cutting speed of 325m/min, feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev, depth of cut of 0.25mm, and corner radius of 0.8mm.
The document presents a study that aims to optimize welding variables and predict weld bead geometry in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Experiments were conducted using a central composite design to study the relationship between input process parameters (current, speed, angle, distance, pinch) and output parameters (bead width, height, depth, dilution). Mathematical models were developed using regression analysis. A neural network was then used to predict welding outputs, and a simulated annealing algorithm was applied to optimize the process parameters to achieve optimum dilution.
Optimization of the welding parameters in resistance spot weldingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an analysis of resistance spot welding parameters on CRCA steel sheets using Taguchi methods. The authors conducted experiments varying welding current, electrode force, and welding time according to an L9 orthogonal array. Tensile shear strength was evaluated as the output parameter. Analysis of variance found welding current to be the most influential parameter, contributing 49.72% to strength. Optimal parameters were determined to be high current of 13.5 kA, medium electrode force of 4 kN, and high welding time of 10 seconds. Taguchi methods allowed determination of optimal resistance spot welding parameters for maximum tensile shear strength.
Similar to Establishing empirical relations to predict grain size and hardness of pulsed current micro plasma arc welded SS 304L sheets (20)
11(7) 2020 ITJEMAST's published research articlesdrboon
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between positivity, positive affect, negative affect, and perceived stress among cardiac patients. The study hypothesized that perceived stress would mediate the relationship between positivity and positive/negative affect. Researchers surveyed 519 cardiac patients, assessing positivity, perceived stress, and positive/negative affect. The results found that perceived stress mediated the relationship between positive affect and positivity, as well as between negative affect and positivity. Specifically, positivity was negatively correlated with negative affect and perceived stress, while perceived stress was positively correlated with negative affect. The findings suggest that reducing stress and increasing positive emotions can help reduce negative feelings in cardiac patients.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the key elements to consider when designing streets for livable cities, including pedestrians, vehicles, parking, and transportation options. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all users and aspects, such as transportation, safety, the environment, and the economy. The goal is to create streets that are social spaces where people can easily and safely walk, bike, access transit, and spend time, rather than only focus on traffic flow.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
1) The document analyzes the roll rotation mechanism of a butterfly through computational fluid dynamics simulations using boundary conditions from high-speed camera footage.
2) It finds that during typical pitch rotation flight, differential pressure concentrates at the tip of the forewings, producing roughly matched reaction forces on the left and right wings.
3) During roll rotation flight, differential pressure distributes across the entire wings, with the right reaction force twice as great as the left during the initial downstroke, leading to a large change in roll angle.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
Stem node of Miniature Rose with axillary bud were used as explants. These explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the highest number of green callus. The callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA and BA to form new shoot and root. From the result, we are able to find the highest number of young shoots that were induced from callus when cultured callus on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. When subcultured all new shoots with the same size to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA, and 2,4- D for six weeks. The result was significant difference (P≤0.5) when compared the average height of plant and percentage of root formation, but their duration time for flowering were not significant different.
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
ITJEMAST5(1): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ITJEMAST5(1):
Effects of Calcination Treatment of Diatomite on Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol
Effect of Blend Ratio on Cure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, and Aging Resistance of Silica-filled ENR/SBR Blends
An Efficient Formulation of Off-line Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Systems Using Polyhedral Invariant Sets
Effect of Modeling Parameters on System Hydrodynamics of Air Reactor in Chemical Looping Combustion Using CFD Simulation
Flow Behavior of Geldart A and Geldart C Particles in a Co-current Downflow Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor
Optimization of Enzymatic Clarification from Corncob
Synthesis of Alkali Metal/CaO Sorbent for CO2 Capture at Low Temperature
Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...drboon
1) The study characterized the swelling behavior of bentonite in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
2) The X-ray diffraction results showed that bentonite swelling decreased with increasing valence of exchangeable cations and increasing concentration of permeant solutions. Bentonite swelling was highest with deionized water and lowest with calcium chloride solutions.
3) Scanning electron microscopy images showed that bentonite has a flake-like structure when air-dried but becomes more porous and fluffy after permeation. The porous structure decreased with increasing concentration of calcium chloride solutions.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
Establishing empirical relations to predict grain size and hardness of pulsed current micro plasma arc welded SS 304L sheets
1. 2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences
American Transactions on
Engineering and Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS, http://Get.to/Research
Establishing Empirical Relations to Predict Grain Size
and Hardness of Pulsed Current Micro Plasma Arc
Welded SS 304L Sheets
a* b
Kondapalli Siva Prasad , Chalamalasetti Srinivasa Rao , and
c
Damera Nageswara Rao
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, INDIA
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University,Visakhapatnam, INDIA
c
Centurion University of Technology & Management, Odisha, INDIA
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: SS 304L, an austenitic Chromium-Nickel stainless steel
Received 23 August 2011
Received in revised form offering the optimum combination of corrosion resistance, strength
01 December 2011 and ductility, is favorable for many mechanical components. The
Accepted 25 December 2011 low carbon content reduces susceptibility to carbide precipitation
Available online
26 December 2011 during welding. In case of single pass welding of thinner section of
Keywords: this alloy, pulsed current micro plasma arc welding was found
Pulsed current micro plasma beneficial due to its advantages over the conventional continuous
arc welding, current process. The paper focuses on developing mathematical
SS304L, models to predict grain size and hardness of pulsed current micro
grain size, plasma arc welded SS304L joints. Four factors, five level, central
hardness, composite rotatable design matrix is used to optimize the number of
Design of Experiments, experiments. The mathematical models have been developed by
ANOVA. response surface method. The adequacy of the models is checked by
ANOVA technique. By using the developed mathematical models,
grain size and hardness of the joints can be predicted with 99%
confidence level. Contour plots are drawn to study the interaction
effect of pulsed current micro plasma arc welding parameters on
fusion zone grain size and hardness of SS304L steel.
2012 American Transactions on Engineering and Applied
Sciences.
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
57
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
2. 1. Introduction
In welding processes, the input parameters have greater influence on the mechanical properties
of the weld joints. By varying the input process parameters, the output could be changed with
significant variation in their mechanical properties. Accordingly, welding is usually selected to get
a welded joint with excellent mechanical properties. To determine these welding combinations that
would lead to excellent mechanical properties, different methods and approaches have been used.
Various optimization methods can be applied to define the desired output variables through
developing mathematical models to specify the relationship between the input parameters and
output variables. One of the most widely used methods to solve this problem is response surface
methodology (RSM), in which the unknown mechanism with an appropriate empirical model is
approximated, being the function of representing a response surface method
Welding thin sheets is quite different from welding thick sections, because during welding of
thin sheets many problems are experienced. These problems are usually linked with heat input.
Fusion welding generally involves joining of metals by application of heat for melting of metals to
be joined. Almost all the conventional arc welding processes offer high heat input, which in turn
leads to various problems such as burn through or melt trough, distortion, porosity, buckling
warping and twisting of welded sheets, grain coarsening , evaporation of useful elements present
in coating of the sheets, joint gap variation during welding, fume generation form coated sheets etc.
Use of proper welding process, procedure and technique is one tool to address this issue
(Balasubramanian et.al, 2010). Micro Plasma arc Welding (MPAW) is a good process for joining
thin sheet, but it suffers high equipment cost compared to GTAW. However it is more economical
when compare with Laser Beam welding and Electron Beam Welding processes.
Pulsed current MPAW involves cycling the welding current at selected regular frequency. The
maximum current is selected to give adequate penetration and bead contour, while the minimum is
set at a level sufficient to maintain a stable arc (Balasubramanian et.al, 2006 and Madusudhana
et.al, 1997). This permits arc energy to be used effectively to fuse a spot of controlled dimensions
in a short time producing the weld as a series of overlapping nuggets. By contrast, in constant
current welding, the heat required to melt the base material is supplied only during the peak current
pulses allowing the heat to dissipate into the base material leading to narrower heat affected zone
58 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
3. (HAZ). Advantages include improved bead contours, greater tolerance to heat sink variations,
lower heat input requirements, reduced residual stresses and distortion, refinement of fusion zone
microstructure and reduced with of HAZ. There are four independent parameters that influence the
process are peak current, back current, pulse and pulse width.
From the literature review (Zhang and Niu, 2000, Sheng-Chai Chi and LI-Chang Hsu, 2001,
Hsiao et.al, 2008, Siva et.al, 2008, Lakshinarayana et.al, 2008, Balasubramanian et.al, 2009,
Srimath and Muragan, 2011) it is understood that in most of the works reported the effect of
welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, wire feed rate, magnitude of ion gas flow, torch
stand-off, plasma gas flow rate on weld quality characteristics like front melting width, back
melting width, weld reinforcement, welding groove root penetration, welding groove width,
front-side undercut are considered. However much effort was not made to develop mathematical
models to predict the same especially when welding thin sheets in a flat position. Hence an
attempt is made to correlate important pulsed current MPAW process parameters to grain size and
hardness of the weld joints by developing mathematical models by using statistical tools such as
design of experiments, analysis of variance and regression analysis.
2. Literature review on Response Surface Method
Response Surface Method or commonly known as RSM is an anthology of statistical and
mathematical methods that are helpful in generating improved methods and optimizing a welding
process. RSM is more frequently used in analyzing the relationships and the influences of input
parameters on the responses. The method was introduced by G. E. P. Box and K. B. Wilson in
1951. The main idea of RSM is to use a set of designed experiments to obtain an optimal response.
Box and Wilson used first-degree polynomial model to obtain DOE through RSM and
acknowledged that the model is only an approximation and is easy to estimate and apply, even
when little information is known about the process. Response Surface Regression method is an
assortment of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for modeling and analyzing
experiments in which a response variable is influenced by several independent variables. It
explores the relationships between several independent variables and one or more response
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
59
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
4. variables; the response variable can be graphically viewed as a function of the process variables (or
independent variables) and this graphical perspective of the problem has led to the term Response
Surface Method (Myers and Montgomery, 2002). RSM is applied to fit the acquired model to the
desired model when random factors are present and it may fit linear or quadratic models to describe
the response in terms of the independent variables and then search for the optimal settings for the
independent variables by performing an optimization step. According to (Clurkin and Rosen,
2002), the RSM was constructed to check the model part accuracy which uses the build time as
function of the process variables and other parameters. According to (Asiabanpour et.al, 2006)
developed the regression model that describes the relationship between the factors and the
composite desirability. RSM also improves the analyst’s understanding of the sensitivity between
independent and dependent variables (Bauer et.al, 1999). With RSM, the relationship between the
independent variables and the responses can be quantified (Kechagias, 2007). RSM is an
experimental strategy and have been employed by research and development personnel in the
industry, with considerable success in a wide variety of situations to obtain solutions for
complicated problems.
The following two designs are widely used for fitting a quadratic model in RSM.
2.1 Central Composite Designs
Central composite designs (CCDs), also known as Box-Wilson designs, are appropriate for
calibrating the full quadratic models described in Response Surface Models. There are three types
of CCDs, namely, circumscribed, inscribed and faced. The geometry of CCD’s is shown in the
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Circumscribed, inscribed and faced designs.
60 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
5. Each design consists of a factorial design (the corners of a cube) together with center and star
points that allow estimation of second-order effects. For a full quadratic model with n factors,
CCDs have enough design points to estimate the (n+2)(n+1)/2 coefficients in a full quadratic
model with n factors.
The type of CCD used (the position of the factorial and star points) is determined by the
number of factors and by the desired properties of the design. Table 1 summarizes some
important properties. A design is rotatable if the prediction variance depends only on the distance
of the design point from the center of the design.
Table 1: Comparison of CCD’s.
Design Rotatable Factor Uses Accuracy of Estimates
Levels Points
Outside ±1
Circumscribed Yes 5 Yes Good over entire design space
(CCC)
Inscribed Yes 5 No Good over central subset of design space
(CCI)
Faced (CCF) No 3 No Fair over entire design space; poor for
pure quadratic coefficients
2.2 BoxBehnken Designs
Box-Behnken designs (Figure 2) are used to calibrate full quadratic models. These are
rotatable and for a small number of factors (four or less), require fewer runs than CCDs. By
avoiding the corners of the design space, they allow experimenters to work around extreme factor
combinations. Like an inscribed CCD, however, extremes are then poorly estimated.
Figure 2: Box-Behnken design
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
61
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
6. 3. Experimental Procedure
Austenitic stainless steel (SS304L) sheets of 100 x 150 x 0.25mm are welded autogenously
with square butt joint without edge preparation. The chemical composition of SS304L stainless
steel sheet is given in Table 2. High purity argon gas (99.99%) is used as a shielding gas and a
trailing gas right after welding to prevent absorption of oxygen and nitrogen from the atmosphere.
The welding has been carried out under the welding conditions presented in Table 3. From the
literature (Balasubramaniam et.al, 2007, Balasubramaniam et.al, 2008, Balasubramaniam et.al,
2009, Balasubramaniam et.al, 2010) it is understood that in pulsed current arc welding processes,
four important factors namely peak current, back current, pulse and pulse width are dominating
over other factors. In the present work the above four factors of pulsed current MPAW are chosen
and their values are presented in Table 4. A large number of trail experiments were carried out
using 0.25mm thick SS304L sheets to find out the feasible working limits of pulsed current MPAW
process parameters. Due to wide range of factors, it has been decided to use four factors, five
levels, rotatable central composite design matrix to perform the number of experiments for
investigation. Table 5 indicates the 31 set of coded conditions used to form the design matrix. The
first sixteen experimental conditions (rows) have been formed for main effects. The next eight
experimental conditions are called as corner points and the last seven experimental conditions are
known as center points. The method of designing such matrix is dealt elsewhere (Montgomery,
1991, Box et.al,1978). For the convenience of recording and processing the experimental data, the
upper and lower levels of the factors are coded as +2 and -2, respectively and the coded values of
any intermediate levels can be calculated by using Equation (1) (Ravindra and Parmar, 1987).
Xi = 2[2X-(Xmax + Xmin)] / (Xmax – Xmin) (1)
Where Xi is the required coded value of a parameter X. The X is any value of the parameter
from Xmin to Xmax, where Xmin is the lower limit of the parameter and Xmax is the upper limit of the
parameter.
Table 2: Chemical composition of SS304L (weight %).
C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo Ti N
0.021 0.35 1.27 0.030 0.001 18.10 8.02 -- -- 0.053
62 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
7. Table 3: Welding conditions.
Power source Secheron Micro Plasma Arc Machine
(Model: PLASMAFIX 50E)
Polarity DCEN
Mode of operation Pulse mode
Electrode 2% thoriated tungsten electrode
Electrode Diameter 1mm
Plasma gas Argon and Hydrogen
Plasma gas flow rate 6 Lpm
Shielding gas Argon
Shielding gas flow rate 0.4 Lpm
Purging gas Argon
Purging gas flow rate 0.4 Lpm
Copper Nozzle diameter 1mm
Nozzle to plate distance 1mm
Welding speed 260mm/min
Torch Position Vertical
Operation type Automatic
Table 4: Important factors and their levels.
Levels
SI No Input Factor Units -2 -1 0 +1 +2
1 Peak Current Amps 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
2 Back Current Amps 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
3 Pulse No’s/sec 20 30 40 50 60
4 Pulse width % 30 40 50 60 70
4. Recording the responses
4.1 Measurement of grain size
Three metallurgical samples are cut from each joint, with the first sample being located at
25mm behind the trailing edge of the crater at the end of the weld and mounted using Bakelite.
Sample preparation and mounting is done as per ASTM E 3-1 standard. The samples are surface
grounded using 120 grit size belt with the help of belt grinder, polished using grade 1/0 (245 mesh
size), grade 2/0( 425 mesh size) and grade 3/0 (515 mesh size) sand paper. The specimens are
further polished by using aluminum oxide initially and the by utilizing diamond paste and velvet
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
63
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
8. cloth in a polishing machine. The polished specimens are etched by using 10% Oxalic acid solution
to reveal the microstructure as per ASTM E407. Micrographs are taken using metallurgical
microscope (Make: Carl Zeiss, Model: Axiovert 40MAT) at 100X magnification. The micrographs
of parent metal zone and weld fusion zone are shown in Figures 3 and 4.
Table 5: Design matrix and experimental results.
SI No Peak Current Back current Pulse Pulse width Grain Size Hardness
(Amps) (Amps) (No/sec) (%) (Micons) (VHN)
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 20.812 198
2 1 -1 -1 -1 30.226 190
3 -1 1 -1 -1 21.508 199
4 1 1 -1 -1 27.536 193
5 -1 -1 1 -1 27.323 193
6 1 -1 1 -1 25.206 195
7 -1 1 1 -1 25.994 195
8 1 1 1 -1 23.491 197
9 -1 -1 -1 1 26.290 194
10 1 -1 -1 1 29.835 190
11 -1 1 -1 1 20.605 200
12 1 1 -1 1 27.764 193
13 -1 -1 1 1 30.095 190
14 1 -1 1 1 26.109 194
15 -1 1 1 1 27.385 193
16 1 1 1 1 25.013 195
17 -2 0 0 0 20.788 196
18 2 0 0 0 25.830 195
19 0 -2 0 0 31.663 188
20 0 2 0 0 27.263 193
21 0 0 -2 0 25.270 195
22 0 0 2 0 26.030 194
23 0 0 0 -2 24.626 195
24 0 0 0 2 26.626 194
25 0 0 0 0 24.845 196
26 0 0 0 0 24.845 196
27 0 0 0 0 20.145 200
28 0 0 0 0 24.845 195
29 0 0 0 0 20.045 201
30 0 0 0 0 24.845 195
31 0 0 0 0 20.445 198
Grain size of parent metal and weld joint is measured by using Scanning Electron Microscope
(Make: INCA Penta FETx3, Model:7573). Figure 5 and Figure 6 indicates the measurement of
grain size for parent metal zone and weld fusion zone. Average values of grain size are presented
in Table 5.
64 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
9. Figure 3: Microstructure of parent metal zone Figure 4: Microstructure of weld fusion zone.
Figure 5: Grain size of parent metal. Figure 6: Grain size of weld fusion zone.
The grain size at the weld fusion zone is smaller than parent metal zone, which indicates sound
weld joint.
4.2 Measurement of hardness
Vickers’s micro hardness testing machine (Make: METSUZAWA CO LTD, JAPAN, Model:
MMT-X7) was used to measure the hardness at the weld fusion zone by applying a load of 0.5Kg as
per ASTM E384. Average values of three samples of each test case are presented in Table 5.
5. Developing mathematical models
In most RSM problems (Cochran and Cox, 1957, Barker, 1985, Montgomery,1991, Gardiner
and Gettinby,1998), the form of the relationship between the response (Y) and the independent
variables is unknown. Thus the first step in RSM is to find a suitable approximation for the true
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
65
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
10. functional relationship between the response and the set of independent variables.
Usually, a low order polynomial is some region of the independent variables is employed. If
the response is well modeled by a linear function of the independent variables then the
approximating function in the first order model.
Y = bo+∑bi xi +∈ (2)
If interaction terms are added to main effects or first order model, then we have a model
capable of representing some curvature in the response function.
Y = bo+∑bi xi + ∑∑bijxixj+∈ (3)
The curvature, of course, results from the twisting of the plane induced by the interaction term
βijxixj
Table 6: Estimated Regression Coefficients for grain size.
Term Coef SE Coef T P Remarks
Constant 22.8593 0.6453 35.424 0.000 Significant
Peak Current 1.0522 0.3485 3.019 0.008 Significant
Back Current -1.0583 0.3485 -3.037 0.008 Significant
Pulse 0.3150 0.3485 0.904 0.379 Insignificant
Pulse Width 0.6250 0.3485 1.793 0.092 Insignificant
Peak Current*Peak Current 0.1020 0.3193 0.320 0.753 Insignificant
Back Current*Back Current 1.6405 0.3193 5.138 0.000 Significant
Pulse*Pulse 0.6873 0.3193 2.153 0.047 Insignificant
Pulse Width*Pulse Width 0.6813 0.3193 2.134 0.049 Insignificant
Peak Current*Back Current 0.0910 0.4268 0.213 0.834 Insignificant
Peak Current*Pulse -2.3203 0.4268 -5.436 0.000 Significant
Peak Current*Pulse Width -0.4047 0.4268 -0.948 0.357 Insignificant
Back Current*Pulse 0.1813 0.4268 0.425 0.677 Insignificant
Back Current*Pulse Width -0.4078 0.4268 -0.955 0.354 Insignificant
Pulse*Pulse Width 0.1360 0.4268 0.319 0.754 Insignificant
S = 1.707 R-Sq = 84.2% R-Sq(adj) = 70.4%
There are going to be situations where the curvature in the response function is not adequately
modeled by Equation-3. In such cases, a logical model to consider is
66 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
11. Y = bo+∑bi xi +∑biixi2 + ∑∑bijxixj+∈ (4)
Where bii repesent pure second order or quadratic effects. Equation 4 is a second order
response surface model.
Using MINITAB 14 statistical software package, the significant coefficients were determined
and final models are developed using significant coefficients to estimate grain size and hardness
values of weld joint. The details of estimation of regression coefficients for grain size and
hardness are presented in Tables 6 and 7.
Table 7: Estimated Regression Coefficients for hardness.
Term Coef SE Coef T P Remarks
Constant 197.286 0.6410 307.801 0.000 Significant
Peak Current -0.708 0.3462 -2.046 0.058 Insignificant
Back Current 1.292 0.3462 3.731 0.002 Significant
Pulse -0.292 0.3462 -0.843 0.412 Insignificant
Pulse Width -0.542 0.3462 -1.565 0.137 Insignificant
Peak Current*Peak Current -0.353 0.3171 -1.112 0.283 Insignificant
Back Current*Back Current -1.603 0.3171 -5.054 0.000 Significant
Pulse*Pulse -0.603 0.3171 -1.900 0.076 Insignificant
Pulse Width*Pulse Width -0.603 0.3171 -1.900 0.076 Insignificant
Peak Current*Back Current -0.188 0.4240 -0.442 0.664 Insignificant
Peak Current*Pulse 2.188 0.4240 5.160 0.000 Significant
Peak Current*Pulse Width 0.312 0.4240 0.737 0.472 Insignificant
Back Current*Pulse -0.313 0.4240 -0.737 0.472 Insignificant
Back Current*Pulse Width 0.313 0.4240 0.737 0.472 Insignificant
Pulse*Pulse Width -0.313 0.4240 -0.737 0.472 Insignificant
S = 1.696 R-Sq = 83.2% R-Sq(adj) = 68.5%
The final mathematical models are given in terms of grain size and hardness as below:
Grain Size (G)
G = 22.859+1.052X1-1.058X2+0.315X3+0.625X4+1.640X22-2.320X1X3 (5)
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
67
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
12. Hardness (H)
H = 197.286-0.708X1+1.292X2-0.292X3-0.542X4-1.603X22+2.188X1X3 (6)
Where X1, X2, X3 and X4 are the coded values of peak current, back current, pulse and pulse
width.
Table 8: ANOVA test results for grain size and hardness.
Grain Size
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
Regression 14 249.023 249.023 17.7873 6.10 0.000
Linear 4 65.207 65.207 16.3018 5.59 0.005
Square 4 91.443 91.443 22.8608 7.84 0.001
Interaction 6 92.372 92.372 15.3954 5.28 0.004
Residual Error 16 46.639 46.639 2.9149
Lack-of-Fit 10 9.750 9.750 0.9750 0.16 0.994
Pure Error 6 36.889 36.889 6.1481
Total 30 295.661
Hardness
Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P
Regression 14 228.18 228.18 16.299 5.67 0.001
Linear 4 61.17 61.17 15.292 5.32 0.006
Square 4 83.64 83.64 20.910 7.27 0.002
Interaction 6 83.38 83.38 13.896 4.83 0.005
Residual Error 16 46.01 46.01 2.876
Lack-of-Fit 10 10.58 10.58 1.058 0.18 0.991
Pure Error 6 35.43 35.43 5.905
Total 30 274.19
Table value of Fisher’s ratio is 7.87 for 99% confidence level
Where DF =Degrees of Freedom, SS=Sum of Squares, F=Fisher’s ratio
6. Checking the adequacy of the developed models
The adequacy of the developed models was tested using the analysis of variance technique
(ANOVA). As per this technique, if the calculated value of the Fratio of the developed model is less
than the standard Fratio (from F-table) value at a desired level of confidence (say 99%), then the
model is said to be adequate within the confidence limit. ANOVA test results are presented in
Table 8 for all the models. From the table it is understood that the developed mathematical models
are found to be adequate at 99% confidence level. Coefficient of determination ‘ R2 ’ is used to
find how close the predicted and experimental values lie. The value of ‘ R2 ’ for the above
68 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
13. developed models is found to be about 0.84, which indicates good correlation exists between the
experimental values and predicted values.
Figures 7 and 8 indicate the scatter plots for grain size and hardness of the weld joint and
reveals that the actual and predicted values are close to each other with in the specified limits.
To validate the developed models further, one has to conduct validation tests and check for
repeatability. However in the present paper confirmation test results are not implemented.
Scatterplot of Grain Size Scatterplot of Hardness
32 202
200
30
198
28
196
Actual
Actual
26
194
24
192
22 190
20 188
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 189.0 190.5 192.0 193.5 195.0 196.5 198.0 199.5
Predicted Predicted
Figure 7: Scatter plot of Grain Size Figure 8: Scatter plot of Hardness
Main Effects Plot for Grain Size Main Effects Plot for Hardness
Peak Current Back Current Peak Current Back Current
196
30.0
194
27.5
192
25.0
190
22.5
20.0 188
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Pulse Pulse Width Pulse Pulse Width
196
30.0
194
27.5
192
25.0
190
22.5
20.0 188
20 30 40 50 60 30 40 50 60 70 20 30 40 50 60 30 40 50 60 70
Figure 9: Variation of grain size. Figure: 10 Variation of hardness.
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
69
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
14. 7. Effect of process variable on output responses
7.1 Main effect
The variation of grain size and hardness of SS304L welds with pulsed current MPAW input
process parameters are presented in Figures 9 and 10.
From Figures 9 and 10 it is clearly understood that grain size and hardness are inversely
proportional, i.e. smaller the grain size, higher the hardness of the weld joint.
7.2 Interaction effects
Contour plots play a very important role in the study of the response surface. By generating
contour plots using software (MINITAB14) for response surface analysis, the optimum is located
by characterizing the shape of the surface. If the counter patterning of circular shaped counters
occurs, it tends to suggest the independence of factor effects; while elliptical contours may indicate
factor interaction. Figures 11a and 11b represent the contour plots for grain size and Figures 11a
and 11b represents the contour plots for hardness.
From the contour plots, the interaction effect between the input process parameters and output
response can be clearly analysed.
Contour Plot of Grain Size vs Back Current, Peak Current Contour Plot of Grain Size vs Pulse Width, Pulse
5.0 70
Hold Values 28.5 Hold Values
28
24 Pulse 40
25.5 Peak Current 7
Pulse Width 50 Back Current 4
26 27.0
4.5 60
Back Current
Pulse Width
4.0 50
22
3.5 40
28
26
30 25.5
24.0
3.0 30
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 20 30 40 50 60
Peak Current Pulse
Figure 10a: Contour plot of Grain Size Figure 10b: Contour plot of Grain Size
(Peak current, Back current) (Pulse, Pulse width)
From Figures 10a and 10b it is understood that the grain size is more sensitive to changes in
pulse and pulse width than to changes in peak current and back current. Also from Figure 10a, the
grain size is more sensitive to changes in peak current than changes in pulse and pulse width.
70 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
15. Contour Plot of Hardness vs Back Current, Peak Current Contour Plot of Hardness vs Pulse Width, Pulse
5.0 70
Hold Values Hold Values
194 192
Pulse 40 Peak Current 7
Pulse Width 50 Back Current 4
196
4.5 60
194
Back Current
Pulse Width
4.0 50
196 194
3.5 40
192
190
3.0 30
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 20 30 40 50 60
Peak Current Pulse
Figure 11a: Contour plot of Hardness Figure 11b: Contour plot of Hardness
(Peak current, Back current) (Pulse, Pulse width)
From Figures 11a and 11b it is understood that the hardness is more sensitive to changes in
pulse and pulse width than to changes in peak current and back current. Also from Figure 11a, the
hardness is more sensitive to changes in peak current than changes in pulse and pulse width.
From the contour plots of grain size and hardness, it is understood that peak current and pulse
plays a major role in deciding the grain size and hardness of the weld joint. The decrease in
hardness is the result of the increased input heat associated with the use of higher peak current. The
formation of coarse grains in the fusion zone is responsible for the lower hardness of the weld
joints. Also increase in heat input results in slow cooling rate, which also contributes to longer time
for grain coarsening. The increase in hardness is because of grain refinement at fusion zone caused
by using pulsing current.
8. Conclusions
Empirical relations are developed to predict grain size and hardness of pulsed current micro
plasma arc welded SS304L sheets using response surface method. The developed model can be
effectively used to predict grain size and hardness of pulsed current micro plasma arc welded joints
at 99% confidence level. Contour plots are drawn and analysed that grain size and hardness are
more sensitive to peak current and pulse. Peak current is most important parameter as it affects the
grain size which signifies the hardness of weld joint. The decrease in hardness is because of
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
71
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
16. formation of coarse grains in the fusion zone. Increase in peak current increases the heat input
which results in slow cooling rate, which also contributes to longer time for grain coarsening.
Pulsing current helps to increase the hardness by refining the grains at the fusion zone. The
mathematical models are developed considering only four factors and five levels (peak current,
back current, pulse and pulse width). However one may consider more number of factors and their
levels to improve the mathematical model.
9 Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Shri. R.Gopla Krishnan, Director, M/s Metallic Bellows (I)
Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India for his support to carry out experimentation work.
9 References
Asiabanpour. B, Khoshnevis. B, and Palmer. K, (2006), Development of a rapid prototyping
system using response surface methodology. Journal of Quality and Reliability
Engineering International, 22,No.8, p.919.
Bauer.W.K, Parnell. S.G and Meyers. A.D, (1999), Response Surface Methodology as a
SensitivityAnalysis Tool in Decision Analysis. Journal of Multi-Criteria decision Analysis,
8, p.162.
Balasubramaniam.M, Jayabalan.V, Balasubramaniam.V,(2007), Response surface approach to
optimize the pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding parameters of Ti-6Al-4V titanium
alloy, METALS and MATERIALS International, 13, No.4,p.335.
Balasubramaniam.M, Jayabalan.V, Balasubramaniam.V, (2008), A mathematical model to predict
impact toughness of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded titanium alloy, Int J Adv Manuf
Technol, 35, p.852.
Balasubramaniam.M, Jayabalan.V, Balasubramaniam.V, (2008), Optimizing pulsed current
parameters t o minimize corrosion rate in gas tungsten arc welde titanium alloy, Int J Adv
Mnauf Technol, 39, p.474.
Balasubramaniam.M, Jayabalan.V, Balasubramaniam.V, (2009), Prediction and optimization of
pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding process parameters to obtain sound weld pool
geometry in titanium alloy using lexicographic method, JMEPEG,18,p.871.
Balasubramanian.M, Jayabalan.V, Balasubramanian.V,(2010) Effect of process parameters of
pulsed current tungsten inert gas welding on weld pool geometry of titanium welds, Acta
Metall.Sin.(Engl. Lett.),23, No.4,p. 312.
72 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao
17. Balasubramanian.V, Lakshminarayanan.A.K, Varahamoorthy.R and Babu.S, (2009), Application
of Response Surface Methodolody to Prediction of Dilution in Plasma Transferred Arc
Hardfacing of Stainless Steel on Carbon Steel , Science Direct, 16, No.1,p.44.
Balasubramanian.B, Jayabalan.V, Balasubramanian.V,(2006)Optimizing the Pulsed Current Gas
Tungsten Arc Welding Parameters, J Mater Sci Technol, 22,No.6, p.821.
Barker T B, Quality by experimental design,(1985), ASQC Quality Press, Marcel Dekker.
Box G EP, Hunter W H, Hunter J S,(1978), Statistics for experiments [M], New York: John Wiley
and Sons, p.112.
Cochran W G, Cox G M, (1957), Experimental Designs, John Wiley and Sons Inc, London.
Gardiner W P, Gettinby G, (1998), Experimental design techniques in statistical practice, Horwood
press, Chichester.
Hsiao.Y.F, Tarng.Y.S, and Wang. J,(2008), Huang Optimization of Plasma Arc Welding
Parameters by Using the Taguchi Method with the Grey Relational Analysis, Journal of
Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 23,p.51.
Kechagias. J, (2007), An experiment investigation of the surface roughness of parts produced by
LOM process. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 13,No.1, p.17.
LakshinarayanaA.K, Balasubramanian.V, Varahamoorthy.R and Babu.S, (2008), Predicted the
Dilution of Plasma Transferred Arc Hardfacing of Stellite on Carbon Steel using Response
Surface Methodology, Metals and Materials International, 14, No.6,p.779.
Madusudhana Reddy G, Gokhale A A, Prasad Rao K, (1997), Weld microstructure refinement in a
1441 grade aluminium-lithium alloy, Journal of Material Science, 32, No.5, p.4117.
Montgomery D.C,(1991), Design and analysis of experiments ,3rd Edition, New York, John Wiley
and Sons,p.291.
Myers, R., and Montgomery. D, (2002), Response Surface Methodology, 2nd ed. Wiley: New
York.
Mc Clurkin. J.E and Rosen, D.W, (2002), Computer-aided build style decision support for stereo
lithography. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 4, No.1, p. 4.
Ravindra J, Parmar R S, (1987),Mathematical model to predict weld bead geometry for flux cored
arc welding , Journal of Metal Construction, p.45.
Siva.K, Muragan.N, Logesh.R,(2008),Optimization of weld bead geometry in Plasma transferred
arc hardfacing austenitic stainless steel plates using genetic algorithm, Int J Adv Manuf
Technol, Volume 41, Numbers 1-2,p.24.
*Corresponding author ( Kondapalli Siva Prasad). Tel/Fax: +91-9849212391. E-mail
address: kspanits@gmail.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.1 ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660. Online Available
73
at http://TUENGR.COM/ATEAS/V01/57-74.pdf
18. Sheng-Chai Chi, LI-Chang Hsu , (2001),A fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network for
Predicting Multiple Quality characteristics of Plasma Arc Welding,
IEEE,0-7803-7078-3,No.01,p.2807.
Srimanth.N and Murugan.N , (2011), Prediction and Optimisation of Weld Bead Geometry of
Plasma Transferred Arc Hardfaced Valve Seat Rings, European Journal of Scientific
Research, 51, No2,p.285.
Zhang.D.K and Niu.J.T ,(2000),Application of Artificial Neural Network modeling to Plasma Arc
Welding of Aluminum alloys, Journal of Advanced Metallurgical Sciences, 13, No.1,
p.194.
K.Siva Prasad is an Assistant Professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering at Anil
Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences, Visakhapatnam, India. He received his
bachelor degree from Osmania University, India and master degree from JNTU, Hyderabad, India.
He is also a part time scholar at Andhra University. He is a member of various professional bodies
like ISTE, FPSI, ISHRAE etc. His area of research is micro welding processes.
Dr. Ch.Srinivasa Rao is an Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. He obtained his PhD degree from Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, India. He has published his research papers in various International Journals and
conferences proceedings. He is a member of various professional bodies like ISTE, IE etc. His
area of interest is manufacturing sciences, rapid prototyping and robotics.
Professor Dr. D.Nageswara Rao is now Vice Chancellor, Centurion University of Technology &
Management, Odisha, INDIA. He obtained his PhD degree from Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, India. He was the coordinator for Centre for Nanotechnology at Andhra University. He has
successfully completed various projects sponsored by DST, UGC, AICTE, NRB etc. His area of
research is manufacturing sciences and nanotechnology.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
74 Kondapalli Siva Prasad, Ch.Srinivasa Rao, and D.Nageswara Rao