This document describes an apparatus for storing intelligence signals as electric pulses on a magnetic medium. It provides: 1) A storage medium with multiple storage elements that can each store a signal. 2) Means for recording signals in the storage elements and reading the recorded signals. 3) Adjustable means for examining only a selected portion of a read signal, by varying the position within the signal width that is examined.

1. * GB785879 (A)
Description: GB785879 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to apparatus for the storage of intelligence
signals
Description of GB785879 (A)
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US2974312 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: DESMOND SYDNEY RIDLER 7 ' i o Date of Application and filing
Complete Specification: Feb 25, 1954.
-j 01 No 5537/54.
L W > Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: IE: 2 D: 2 G).
International Classification:-G 06 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Apparatus for the Storage of
Intelligence Signals We, STANDARD TELEPHONES AND CABLES LIMITED, a
British Company, of Connaught I-louse, 63, Aldwych, London, W C 2,
England, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -

2. The invention relates to an equipment for storing intelligence signals
in the form of electric pulses, and more particularly but not
exclusively to an equipment in which the signals are stored on a
magnetic medium.
According to the present invention we provide equipment for the
storage of intelligence signals received in the form of electric
signals of fixed width which comprises a storage means providing a
number of storage elements, each of the said storage elements being
capable of storing an intelligence signal, means for recording
electric intelligence signals in the said storage elements, fixed
means for reading a recorded signal, means for examining the character
of a "read" signal during a selected portion only of the "read"
signal, and adjustable means for varying the position in the signal
width of the portion of the signal to be examined.
According to the present invention we further provide a storage
equipment comprising a storage device including a movable magnetic
storage medium, a recording head for storing signals on said medium, a
recording head for reading said stored signals, a source of clock
pulses, means under control of said clock pulses for determining the
instant at which said signals are to be recorded on said magnetic
medium, and means operated by the said clock pulses for generating a
number of control pulses within the width of a single signal element,
and means for selectively applying one of the said control pulses to
examining means connected to the said reading head whereby a selected
portion only of a signal element read by the said reading head passes
through said examining means.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l i 5,879 According to the present invention we further
provide a storage equipment comprising a storage device including a
sonic delay line storage medium, means for storing signals in 50 the
said medium and means for reading said stored signals, a source of
clock pulses and means under control of said clock pulses for
determining the instant at which said signals are to be stored in the
said medium, and 55 means operated by the said clock pulses for
generating a number of control pulses within the width of a single
signal element and means for selectively applying one of the said
control pulses to an examining means con 60 nected to said reading
means whereby a selected portion only of a signal element read by said
reading means passes through said examining means.
The invention will now be described with 65 reference to an embodiment
shown in the accompanying drawing in which: Fig 1 is a schematic
representation of a storage equipment; Fig 2 shows a block schematic
diagram of 70 the device 12 illustrated in Fig 1; Fig 3 shows a
typical pulse forming circuit for P 1, P 2 etc illustrated in Fig 2;
Fig 4 shows a typical delay network for D 1, D 2 etc illustrated in

3. Fig 2, 75 Fig 5 shows a double control coincident gate which may be
used as the gates 19, 20 or 21 in Fig 1; Fig 6 illustrates a double
control coincidence gate circuit suitable for positions 13, 80 14 and
15 in Fig 1.
Iin magnetic drum storage equipments.
such as that described in our Patent Specification No 744,352, either
the reading or recording head has to be made adjustable with 85
reference to the head reading the "clock" pulses in order that a
control signal derived from each "clock" pulse shall coincide with
part of the read signal element where there is minimum distortion
Owing to the very short 90 duration of the read signal element (about
5,.
sec) this mechanical adjustment is difficult to a (A perform
accurately and has necessitated the incorporation of expensive and
delicate mounting and adjusting apparatus.
In Fig 1 of the accompanying drawing there is illustrated a schematic
representation of a storage equipment in which the storage medium is a
brass drum 1 having a skcin of magnetic material, such as nickel, on
its cylindrical surface 2 The drum is rotated at a constant speed in a
clockwise direction by a driving device (not shown) The storing
devices comprise three recording heads 3, 4 and 5 which are placed
side-byside close to the surface of the drum The reading device
comprises three reading heads 6, 7 and 8 which are similarly mounted
close to a further portion of the drum's surface but in alignment with
the endless tracks traced by recording heads 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
A further head 9 reads signals stored on a "clock" track 10 These
signals, hereinafter referred to as "clock pulses" form an unbroken
series of accurately spaced pulses each of the same polarity and the
same width They appear in the head 9 as a series of negative pulses
and are passed via the pulse amplifier 11 into the device 12 which
derives from each clock pulse a series of short control pulses within
the width of a single clock pulse Seven control Dulses are produced in
the embodiment illustrated in Fig 1 but fewer or more may be derived
as required The amplified clock pulses are also used to control gate
circuits 13, 14 and 15 the outputs of which are connected to the
recording heads 3, 4 and 5 respectively Each of these gates has three
inputs: to the first are applied the " O " signals to be recorded and
to the second are applied the " 1 " signals to be recorded and to the
third are applied the amplified clock pulses Coincidence between
either a " O " or " 1 " signal and a clock pulse will open the gate
and allow the corresponding " O " or " 1 " to be recorded on the drum
This gating circuit is described in more detail with reference to Fig
6.
The reading heads 6, 7 and 8 are connected via amplifier-squaring

4. circuits 16, 17 and 18 respectively to one input of the doublecontrol
coincident gate elements 19, 20 and 21, these gates constituting means
for examining the condition of a read signal wherein only a negative
signal appearing at these gates is effective to cause an output These
outputs are passed to other electrical circuitry The other input of
each gate element is connected to a selected output of the device 12.
The amplifier-squaring circuits 16 17 and 18 are high gain amplifiers
which are overloaded by the read signals This results in the peak of
the read signals being choppedoff so that the output has an
approximately square waveform.
Fig 2 is a block schematic diagram of the device 12 Each negative
clock pulse read by the head 9 from the track 10 and amplified by the
pulse amplifier 11 (Fig 1), is passed into a pulse forming circuit Pl
(to be described in more detail with reference to Fig 70 3) In
response to the leading edge of each amplified clock pulse the pulse
forming circuit Pl produces a control pulse having a width
approximately l th the width of the clock pulse This control puise
appears at 75 the output FI and is also passed to the delay ne.tvork
DI The delay network is so arranged in conjunction with the pulse
forming circuit P 2 that the second control pulse appearing at the
output F 2 lags behind the 80 first-control pulse Fl by I 7 ti the
width or the clock pulse Similarly pulses having the same width are
produced at the outputs F 3 to F 7, each lagging behind the previous
pulse by ',I'th of the width of the ciock pulse It 85 will De seen
therefore that in response to the application of each clock pulse the
device 12 produces 7 control pulses (each having a width equal to
'/Myth of a clock pulse) within the width of each clock pulse 90 Fig 3
illustrates a pulse forming circuit in which in the quiescent
condition the valve Vi is conducting and V 2 is non-conducting The
grid of V 1 is driven negative by the leading edge of an amplified
clock pulse (or a nega 95 tive pulse from one of the delay networks Dl
to D 6) and the capacitor Cl is charged This causes the anode current
of V 1 to decrease which results in an increase in the anode potential
of V 1, which increase is passed to 100 the grid of V 2 via the
capacitor C 2 and the resistor Rl V 2 starts to conduct and the
increase in its anode current increases the potential drop across the
common cathode resistor R 2, driving the cathode of V 1 more 105
positive, and thereby effectively increasing the grid cathode
potential It will be seen that a cumulative effect takes place and the
circuit switches over so that Vl becomes non-conducting and V 2
conducting After a 110 predetermined time depending upon the time
constant C 1 R 3 the grid of V 1 becomes less negative and the anode
current of V 1 increases The resulting decrease in anode potential of
V 1 is passed to the grid of V 2 115 via C 2 and Ri and reduces the

5. anode current of V 2 The potential across R 2 falls, thus making the
grid of Vi more positive Once again a cumulative effect ensues and the
valves switch back to their original condition 120 The output of the
circuit is taken from the anode of V 2 and comprises negative pulse
having a width determined by the values of the capacitor Cl and
resistor R 2.
Fig 4 shows an induetor-capacitor network 125 suitable for the delay
networks Dl D 2-D 6.
Such a network will delay the transmission of pulses between the input
terminals E and output terminals F for a time dependent upon the
values of the circuit elements, which time 130 a 785,879 volts and the
valve becomes conductive.
Current will flow in the left hand half of the primary winding of T 1
and will induce a pulse into the secondary of T 1 which is then passed
to the recording head and recorded 70 Should however a " 1 " pulse be
received at the grid of Vil at the same time as a negative clock
pulse, then the valve Vii becomes conductive and a current will flow
in the right hand half of the primary of T 1 A 75 pulse of the reverse
polarity to a " O " pulse will be induced into the secondary of T 1
and passed to the recording head.
W'bihen setting up the equipment the heads are so arranged that a
control pulse at F 4 of 80 the device 12 occurs at approximately the
correct working point of a read signal pulse as it appears at the
input A to the gates 19, and 21; the final adjustment is carried out
by selecting the output of the device 12 that 85 coincides with the
correct working point of the read signal pulse.
It will be understood that the circuits shown in Figs 3, 4, 5 and 6
are given by way of example only and that other circuits per 90
forming these general functions could be used In particular a gate
circuit could be used in place of that illustrated in Fig 5 for the
positions 19, 20 and 21 (Fig 1) so that an output is obtained when the
read signal is 95 either positive or negative instead of only when it
is negative as is the case with the type described.
Although in the equipment described above separately mounted reading
and re 100 cording heads are used the two heads may be mounted in
fixed relation to each other in a common support Again a single head
may perform in known manner the dual function of reading and recording
In the claims ac 105 companying this specification it is to be
understood that the words "reading and recording means" include the
types of head just referred to i e separately mounted heads, a
compound head, and a single reading and 110 recording head.
Although in Fig 1 the clock pulses are obtained from a separate track
recorded on the drum they could be derived in other wellknown ways, e
g a toothed wheel rotating in 115 synchronism with the drum

6. Alternatively the clock pulses could be obtained from a master pulse
source independent of the drum and from which the signals to be stored
are also derived In the latter case the amplifier 120 11 would
probably be unnecessary.
Instead of the magnetic drum illustrated in Fig 1 it will be clear to
those skilled in the art that a magnetic tape or magnetic disc may
also be used for storing the signals 125 In the case where an
independent pulse source is employed, then a magnetic wire may be used
as the storage medium.
Again, where an independent pulse source is used, the storage medium
could be a sonic 130 may be determined by conventional filter
calculations.
Fig 5 illustrates a double control gating circui ( 19, 20 or 21 in Fig
1) constituting the examining means and each of which comprises two
rectifiers Mf R 1 and MR 2 having their negative plates connected
together The output from the gate is taken from the junction of the
two rectifiers which is also connected to a source of negative
potential via resistor R 4.
The control point A is connected to the output of the
amplifier-squaring circuit 16, 17 or 18 and the control point B to a
selected control pulse appearing at the output F 1 to F 7 of the
device 12 Part of the output stage of both 16 or 17 or 18 and P 3 are
illustrated (P 3 is assumed to be the selected output).
It will be seen that the control points A and B are normally positive
with respect to the negative on the resistor R 4 so that the
rectifiers Ml R and MR 2 are biassed to their low impedance condition
When a signal in a form of a negative pulse in the reading head
coincides with a negative control pulse at P 3 both control points A
and B go more negative than the negative on the resistor R 4, the
rectifiers MR 1 and MR 2 become non-conductive and the output goes
negative for the duration of the control pulse P 3.
When a positive signal pulse in the reading head coincides with the
negative control pulse at P 3 then there is no change in the output
potential since only the rectifier MR 2 becomes non-conducting.
Fig 6 illustrates a gate circuit for use as 13 14 or 15 in Fig 1 It
comprises two triode valves V 10 and Vi 1 the anodes of which are
connected to either side of the primary winding of an output
transformer T 1 The centre tap of the primary winding is connected to
H.T positive and the secondary winding goes to one of the recording
heads 3, 4 or 5.
The cathodes of the two valves are commoned and have applied to them
the negative clock pulses of 40 V amplitude.
When no clock pulse is present the cathodes are at a potential of + 40
V To the grid of V 10 via the resistor R 4 is applied the " O " signal

7. When no " O " signal is present the grid is biassed to 20 V but when a
" O " signal is present this is raised to + 20 V for the duration of
the signal Similarly " 1 " signals having the same amplitude and
polarity are applied to the grid of V 11 via the resistor R 5.
When there is neither a clock pulse nor a " O " or " 1 " pulse present
then the grids of both V 10 and Vii will be at 60 V volts with respect
to the cathodes and the valves will be non-conducting If a clock pulse
only is received then the grids of both valves will rise to 20 V
negative but both valves will remain non-conducting and there will be
no output When a clock pulse coincides with a " O " pulse, then the
grid of V 10 rises to + 20 785,879 delay line such as a mercury delay
line In this case the recording and reading means would be the
piezo-electric crystals; one at either end of the line Another type of
sonic line that could be used is a magneto-strictive delay line.
While the principles of the invention have been described above in
connection with specific embodiments, and particular modifications
thereof, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made
only by way of example and not as a limitation on the scope of the
invention.
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* GB785880 (A)
Description: GB785880 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in draught excluding strips, beadings, mouldings or the like
Description of GB785880 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
- ' Date of filing Complete Specification: July 12, 19553.
Application Date: April 12, 1954 No 10723154.

8. Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 20 ( 3), D 2; and 20 ( 4), J.
International Classification:-E 04 Q.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Draught Excluding Strips, Beadings, Mouldings or the
like.
I, THOMAS JOHN ROBERT BRIGHT, a British Subject, of "The Lodge", Leek
Wootton, Warwickshire, do hereby declare the invention, for which I
pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to draught excluding strips, beadings,
mouldings or the like, particularly for use in connection with vehicle
doors, the strip including a metal or other channel shaped attachment
portion for application to a supporting flange or equivalent part and
an effective portion which is secured to the attachment portion and
takes the form of a rubber or other resilient moulding or extrusion
which is sandwiched between the door and the flange to provide a good
seal In some cases the strip is not relied on to provide a good seal
and in such a case although the strip is mounted on the flange, the
actual draught excluder is secured to the vehicle door or an adjacent
part, in which case the strip serves more to cover up or hide the
flange than prevent the ingress of draughts.
Examples of draught excluding strips, beadings, mouldings or the like,
of which the present invention is virtually an improvement in, or
modification, form the subject of a number of my earlier Patents, and
particularly Patents Nos 700,254, 705,634.
707,757 and 708245.
A draught excluding strip, bhading or moulding in accordance with the
present invention, intended for mounting on a supnortin Q flange
comprises a continuous channel-shared clip, a rubber or like soft but
resilient effective portion carried by one limb of the clip, the
effective portion having an inwardly directed lip adapted to make
moisture sealing engagement with said flange and a strip of fabric or
other ornalPrice 3 s 6 d l mental covering material enclosing that
part of the clip which is not covered by the effective portion, the
edge of the covering material remote from the effective portion being
turned inwardly and upwardly around the adjacent edge of the clip and
stitched thereto, the opposite edge of the covering material being
stitched to the effective portion and also to the limb on which the
effective portion is mounted.
Referring to the drawings:Figures 1 and 2 are cross-sectional views
illustrating two alternative constructions.
The draught excluding strip, beading or moulding illustrated is

9. intended primarily for use in connection with the door surrounds of
motor vehicles and is intended to be mounted on the usual flange
surrounding the door openings The strip is intended primarily to cover
up or hide the flange in cases where the actual draught excluder is
secured to the vehicle door or an adjacent part in which case the
strip will have more of an ornamental than a utilitarian purpose.
In the case of motor vehicles, however, wherein the clearance between
the doors and the door pillars or other body parts is quite small, the
strip may provide the sole draught excluding means, the effective
portion although of much smaller cross-sectional area than normal
being engaged by the door when closed to ensure a sufficiently good
draughtproof seal.
The present invention is primarily concerned with preventing rain or
other moisture finding its way into the interior of the strip and
corroding either the flange or its associated clips if such are
provided or the metal channel shaped attachment portion.
In the examples illustrated the strip includes as in the case of my
earlier Patent No.
649,137 a channel shaped clip or attachment member having an inwardly
directed lip 7859880 785,880 which is adapted to override and make
positive interlocking engagement with a series of lateral projections
on the flange or a series of spaced spring tags mounted thereon.
Referring in the first case to the construction shown in Figure 1, the
strip, beading or moulding hereinafter referred to for convenience as
a strip includes clip or attachment portion 1 composed, for example,
of aluminium or steel of substantially inverted channel shape in cross
section, the clip having an inwardly directed lip 2 intended to
override and make positive interlocking engagement with a lateral
projection on a supporting flange or a series of spring tags mounted
thereon The clip is preferably formed with staggered slots as in the
case of my earlier Patent No 649,137, whereby the strip will be
capable of universal bending movement and consequently can be bent
around curves of quite small radius without tendency for the effective
portion or covering to kink.
The strip includes a rubber or other soft but resilient effective
portion 3 which is of substantially right angle cross-sectional form,
the effective portion including an inwardly directed lip 4 which
projects beyond :30 the lip 2 and makes good sealing engagement with
the supporting flange thereby preventing the ingress of rain or other
moisture into the interior of the clip 1.
The clip 1 has a fabric or other covering :35 5 which is sandwiched at
one edge between the effective portion and clip, the opposite edge of
the covering being turned inwardly and upwardly around the opposite
edge of the clip as at 6.

10. The effective portion 3 and covering 5 are secured to the clip 1 by
stitching 7.
In the construction shown in Figure 2 wherein similar reference
numerals are used to indicate similar parts, the effective portion
lies adjacent the clip and beneath the covering, the effective portion
being recessed slightly to receive the covering In this case the
covering and effective portion are preferably adhesively secured
together and a O finally sewn to the clip The lip 4 of the effective
portion is preferably also recessed as at 8 to receive the lip 2 on
the clip.
As will be seen from the drawings the lip 4 on the effective portion
is of greater width 66 than the width of the lip 2 on the clip so that
the edge of the lip 4 will press firmly on the flange and ensure a
good moisture proof seal.
Instead of the covering being interposed between the efective portion
and the attach 60 nent member or clip or superimposed over the
upwardly projecting part of the effective portion, the latter may be
slit longitudinally of its length to receive the edge of the covering
The effective portion may, if desired, 65 be moulded onto the covering
material in course of manufacture.
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* GB785881 (A)
Description: GB785881 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to a new or improved method for insolubilising
artificial filaments, threads, fibres and the like obtained by the spinning
of solutions of proteins
Description of GB785881 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available

11. amongst the following family members:
BE539677 (A) FR1134049 (A)
BE539677 (A) FR1134049 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventors: WALTER LAMB DAVIDSON and ROYMcGILLIVRAY Date of filing
Complete Specification April 7, 1955.
Application Date July 9, 1954.
785,881 No 20130/54.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance: -Class 2 ( 2), B 2 C 5.
International Classification: -D Olf.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to a new or improved method for
Insolubilising Artificial'Filaments, Threads, Fibres and the like
obtained' by the Spinning of Solutions of Proteins W Ve, IMPERIAL
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, of Imperial Chemical House, Millbank,
London, S W 1, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, ahd the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
The present invention relates to a new or improved method for
insolubilising artificial filaments, threads, fibres and the like
obtained by the spinning of solutions of proteins, for instance peanut
protein or casein in aqueous alkaline or other suitable aqueous
solvent media into suitable acidified saline coagulating baths.
By the term " insolubilised filaments is to be understood filaments
which are insoluble in an aqueous bath containing 0.1 % sulphuric acid
and 0 25 % sodium sulphate when immersed therein for 90 minutes at 970
C.
A number of proposals have already been made for effecting the
insolubilisatioh of coagulated wet spun protein filaments by means of
formaldehyde in the presence of an acidified highly concentrated
aqueous saline solution as for example according to the method

12. described and claimed in British Specification No 513,910, 597,497,
533,952 or 60.5,83 ( O It has also been proposed to insolubilise
continuous travelling tows of protein filaments according to the
method and apparatus described and claimed in British Specifications I
Nos 642,359 and
623,460.
In our copending British Application No 741,497, now a granted patent,
we claim a process for the production of insolubilised coagulated
protein filaments lPrice AM-V'Ss Atj or the like from a bundle of
protein filaments or the like which has been treated in succession
with at least two hardening agents which comprises impregnating the
hardened filaments of the said bundle with an acidified aqueous
solution of formaldehyde having a pn between 0 5 and 1 5, drying the
thus treated bundle at a temperature below 100 C} an 1 d then heating
said bundle at a temperature between 1400 and 1800 O at least until
the individual filaments are insolubilised as hereinbefore defined
After the hardened filaments of said bundle have been impregnated with
the acidified aqueous formaldehyde they may be stretched and then
dried in the stretched condition.
In our copending British Application No 742,261, now a granted patent,
we claim a process for the production of insolubilised coagulated
protein filaments from a bundle of protein filaments which has been
treated with a hardening agent so as to harden the filaments which
comprises impregnating the said bundle of hardened filaments with an
acidified aqueous solution of formaldehyde, drying the thus treated
bundle at a temperature below 100 C and then heating said bundle at a
temperature from 140 to 1800 C at least until the individual filaments
are insolubilised After the hardened filaments of said bundle have
been impregnated with the acidified aqueous formaldehyde they may be
stretched and then dried in the stretched condition.
In our copendihg British Application No 742,890, now a granted patent,
we claim a process for the production of insolubilised coagulated
protein filaments 785,88 V or the like from a bundle of protein
filaments or the like filamentary products which has been produced by
extruding into an acid coagulating bath a solution of spinnable
viscosity of a protein in an aqueous solution or urea and which has
been treated with a hardenihg agent so as to harden them which
comprises impregnating the hardened filaments in the said bundle with
an acidified aqueous solution of formaldehyde, drying the thus treated
bundle at a temperature below 100 ' (.
and then heating said bundle at a temperature between 1400 and 1800 C
at is least until the individual filaments are insolubilised as
hereinbefore defined.
After the hardened filaments of said bundle have been impregnated with

13. the acidified aqueous formaldehyde they may stretched and then dried
in the stretched condition.
In our copending British Application
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* GB785882 (A)
Description: GB785882 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Synthetic rubber-like materials
Description of GB785882 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
DE1025618 (B) FR1143097 (A)
DE1025618 (B) FR1143097 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventors: PHILIP COWEYJOHNSON and HENRY GEORGE WHITE Date of filing
Complete Specification Oct 5, 1955.
Application Date Oct 22, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.

14. Index at Acceptance:-Class 2 ( 5), R 32 (D 1: D 4: E 6: F: G 2).
International Classification: -CO 8 g.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Synthetic Rubber-like Materials We, IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
LIMITED, of Imperial Chemical House, Millbank, London, S W i, a
British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we r pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the follow, ing
statement: -
This invention relates to synthetic rubberlike materials and to the
manufacture thereof and more particularly to such materials prepared
from polyesters or polyesteramides and polyisocyanates.
Processes are described in Specification No.
553,733 of the manufacture of synthetic rubber-like materials by
interacting polyesters or polyesteramides with organic polyisocyanates
Improved processes have also been described, for example, in our
Specification
No 767,578, more suitable for operation in the conventional equipment
available in rubber factories, wherein the polyester or
polyesteramide/polyisocyanate reaction is performed in two stages,
using in the first stage an amount of polyisocyanate sufficient to
produce only a relatively low molecular weight polymer suitable for
processing on a rubber mill and for storing for long periods and then
in the second stage adding a further amount of polyisocyanate In place
of the polyisocyanate in these prior art processes there may also be
used isocyanate adducts which on heating decompose to form
polyisocyanates, for example reaction products of polyisocyanates with
acetoacetic esters, phenols, tertiary alcohols or secondary amines.
These prior art processes suffer from the disadvantage that premature
reaction may occur during the second stage of the reaction when the
low molecular weight products are mixed with the polyisocyanates,
owing to the high temperatures obtained in the mixing operation This
may cause premature curing or scorching of the mix with the result
that it is no longer in a sufficiently plastic condition for pressing
to a uniform moulding of the lPrice 3 s 6 d l desired shape Moreover,
if the mix is stored under factory conditions it may gradually " set
up ", that is to say become tougher and more difficult to mould.
We have now found that these disadvantages may be obviated or
minimised by including in the mix a substance that will react with a
polyisocyanate to form a thermo labile adduct; previous preparation of
the adduct is thus also avoided.
Thus according to the present invention we provide a process for the
manufacture of synthetic rubber-like materials by a two-stage
interaction of a polyester or polyesteramide and a polyisocyanate or

15. mixtures of any of such reactants wherein in the first stage of the
reaction an amount of polyisocyanate sufficient to produce only a low
molecular weight polymer which attains on heating a maximum Williams
Plasticity Number between 200 and 550 is used and in the second stage
a further amount of polyisocyanate is added characterised in that in
the second stage there is also added a substance that will react with
a polyisocyanate to form a thermo labile adduct.
The interaction of the polyester or polyesteramide and the
polyisocyanate may be performed and the ingredients may be selected in
the manner described in the prior art and in particular our
Specification No 767,578 Thus the polyester or polyesteramides may be
made by condensation of one or more dicarboxylic acids with one or
more bifunctional hydroxyl or amino compounds As acids there may be
used aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid, glutaric
acid, adipic acid, alkyl adipic acid, azelaic acid and sebacic acid,
and aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic
acid, and terephthalic acid, though in general aromatic acids are only
valuable when used along with larger amounts (on a molar basis) of
aliphatic acids As bifunctional hydroxyl or amino compounds there may
be used, for example, ethylene glycol, 1:2propylene glycol, butane-i:
3-diol, butane-i: 4diol, diethylene glycol monoethanolamine, 785,882
No 30449/54.
L785,882 hexamethylene diamine and benzidine.
The polyisocyanates used for reaction with the polyesters or
polyesteramides in the first stage of the process include especially
aliphatic diisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate and
aromatic diisocyanates such as diphenylmethane-4: 4 '-diisocyanate,
3:31dichlorodiphenylmethane 4:41 diisocyanate, diphenyl-4:4
'diisocyanate, diphenyl ether4: 4 '-diisocyanate, naphthalene-1:
5-diisocyanate, mn-phenylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate,
toluylene diisocyanate and monochlorophenylene-2: 4-diisocyanate.
The first stage of the process may conveniently be carried out in a
stirred vessel or in a mechanical mixer of a type suitable for mixing
viscous plastic masses It is advantageous to minimise access of
atmospheric moisture to the mix According to one method 2 C of
operating the process the mixture of polyester or polyesteramide and
polyisocyanate is heated, conveniently at a temperature within the
range 120-170 C until the Williams Plasticity Number of the product,
as determined at intervals on samples taken from the mix, ceases to
rise The measurement of the Williams Plasticity Number is described in
British Standard Specification No 1673 The proportion of
polyisocyanate used is chosen so that the maximum Williams Plasticity
Number attained on heating is in the range 200-550, preferably 300-450
The proportion required to achieve this result is usually such that

16. between 0 9 and 1 5 isocyanate groups are added for each
isocyanate-reactive end-group in the polyester or polyesteramide, and
generally between 1 0 and 1 3 The reaction product so obtained can be
worked on a rubber mill and can be stored for many months under
ordinary (warehouse) conditions without apparent change in its
processing characteristics.
In the second stage of the process this low molecular weight product
is mixed with a further quantity of polyisocyanate, which may be one
of the polyisocyanates used in the first stage or may be for example
an aromatic triisocyanate such as triphenylmethane-4:41:4
"triisocyanate, and with any other ingredients and then heated, for
example in a press The quantity of polyisocyanate required in the
second stage is usually about 5 % or less of the weight of the
intermediate low molecular weight product.
As said, in the process of the present invention there is added during
this second stage a substance that will react with a polyisocyanate to
form a thermo labile adduct; by thermolabile adduct is meant a
substance containing not more than one free isocyanate group which on
heating to a temperature of from 1000 C.
to 1800 C liberates a compound containing at least two free isocyanate
groups in the molecule Thus substances suitable for addition to the
second stage mix include phenol, succinimide, mercaptobenzthiazole,
caprolactam, phenyl-,t-naphthylamine, diphenylamine and
triphenylcarbinol.
The amount of such substances to be added to the mix is preferably
from 4 mole to 22 70 moles per mole of diisocyanate added at the
curing stage When isocyanates containing more than two isocyanate
groups are used at the curing stage correspondingly larger proportions
of modifying agent may be used 75 When one or more of such substances
has been added to the mix, preferably before or during the addition of
the final portion of isocyanate, it may safely be stored for prolonged
periods under factory conditions without 80 serious danger of "
setting up " Also the mix may be thoroughly mixed preferably below C,
for example on a rubber mill or a heavy duty internal mixer, without
risk of scorching or premature reaction during the 85 mixing period.
In the prior art processes, when the polyisocyanates are used in the
form of their adducts which decompose on heating, some increase of
control of " setting up " or scorch 90 ing may be achieved However the
process of the present invention avoids the necessity of a separate
operation to prepare the adduct In view of the complexity of the
poly-condensation reaction it could not be foreseen that such 95 a
simple mixture of diverse ingredients would in fact be suitable for
the final " curing operation to give a rubber-like materal of
excellent physical properties.

17. The invention is illustrated but not limited 100 by the following
examples in which parts are by weight: EXAMPLE 1.
parts of a diisocyanate-modified polyester rubber are dried by milling
on a two roll 105 mill for 10 minutes at 1400 C and then cooled and
milled on cold rolls with 3 15 parts of finely ground
mercaptobenzthiazole for 4 minutes 4 parts of naphthylene-1:
5-diisocyanate are then added and thoroughly dis 110 persed The mix
can be milled for a further minutes before it scorches and falls off
the rolls, whereas a mix prepared similarly without addition of
mercaptobenzthiazole scorches after only 27 minutes By an alter 115
native method of assessing scorching using the Mooney Plastometer (as
described in B S.
1673, 1951, part 3, section 1), the mix with mercaptobenzthiazole
scorches in 28 minutes at 1100 C, whereas without mercaptobenz 120
thiazole a scorching time of 10 minutes is recorded.
Similarly, the uncured mix containing mercaptobenzthiazole can be
pressed up and cured into satisfactory moulded sheets or other 125
articles at any time within 18 days after mixing, storing prior to
cure under conditions corresponding to those normally used for storing
uncured natural rubber compounds in t 785,882 factories making rubber
articles; the uncured mix containing no mercaptobenzthiazole failed to
give a satisfactory moulded sheet 4 days after mixing when stored
under identical conditions.
The diisocyanate modified polyester rubber used in this example is
prepared as follows: A stream of carbon dioxide is passed through a
mixture of 2336 parts of adipic acid and 1115 parts of ethylene glycol
stirred at 1500 C, rising to 2500 C during 3 hours.
After stirring at 2500 C for a further 52 t hours 592 parts of water
are collected by distillation and a wax-like product is obtained
having an acid value of 2 7 mgs KOH per gm and a hydroxyl value of 61
9 mgs KOH per gm.
600 parts of the polyester prepared above are stirred for 7 minutes at
1400 C with 68 8 parts of naphthylene-l: 5-diisocyanate and the
mixture is then heated for 1 hours at 1500 C.
giving a rubber-like material having a Williams Plasticity Number at
8250 C of 511.
EXAMPLE 2.
parts of the diisocyanate-modified polyester rubber described in
Example 1 are dried by milling on a two roll rubber mill for 10
minutes at about 140 ' C and then cooled and milled on cold rolls with
1 8 parts of phenol for 4 minutes 4 parts of naphthylene-l:
5-diisocyanate are then added and thoroughly dispersed A sample of the
mix can be milled for a further 60 minutes before scorching, whilst on
the Mooney Plastometer at 1100 C.

18. it gives a scorching time of 19 minutes.
Satisfactory sheets can be moulded from uncured compound stored for 21
days.
EXAMPLE 3.
parts of the diisocyanate modified polyester rubber described in
Example 1 are dried by milling on a two-roll rubber mill for 10
minutes at about 1400 C and then cooled and milled on cold rolls with
3 8 parts of succinimide for 4 minutes 4 parts of naphthylene1:
5-diisocyanate are then added and thoroughly dispersed on the mill A
sample of the mix gives a "scorching" time of 19 minutes on the Mooney
Plastometer at 110 C.
The uncured compound will give satisfactory sheets when moulded after
up to 8 days' storage.
EXAMPLE 4.
To 100 parts of the diisocyanate modified polyester rubber described
in Example 1 are added 4 parts of naphthylene-l: 5-diisocyanate and 3
2 parts of diphenylamine, and the mixture is thoroughly dispersed on a
rubber mill.
Sheets are cured from this mix immediately after mixing and again 28
days later, both being pressed for 10 minutes at 1500 C The stability
of the mix containing diphenylamine is apparent from the following
physical test data, compared against those from a corresponding mix
treated similarly but containing no diphenylamine.
With diphenylamine Without diphenylamine Cured 0 days 28 days 0 days
28 days Tensile strength kg/cm 2 270 243 323 100 Elongation at break %
1050 950 850 475 Modulus at 700 % 104 104 214 EXAMPLE 5.
To 100 parts of the diisocyanate modified polyester rubber described
in Example 1 are added 4 parts of naphthylene-l: 5-diisocyanate and 2
65 parts of p-nitrophenol, and the mixture is thoroughly dispersed on
a rubber mill.
The scorching time of this mix as determined on the Mooney Plastometer
at 1100 C is 32 minutes The corresponding mix without pnitrophenol
scorches-as mentioned in Example 1-in 10 minutes.
EXAMPLE 6.
When in Example 5, p-nitrophenol is replaced by o-nitrophenol the
scorching time of the mix containing o-nitrophenol is 56 minutes at
1100 C.
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19. * 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785883 (A)
Description: GB785883 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to electrical chain circuits employing gas-
filled discharge tubes
Description of GB785883 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION 71
Inventors: -GEORGE THOMAS BAKIER and WINCENTY BEZDEL.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Oct 24, 1955.
AD lpplicatio 77 Date: Oct 22, 1954 No 30522/54.
C'on)plete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), A( 1 C: 80 1 OB), C( 1 F: 2 E: 4
B).
International Classification:-G 061.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Electrical Chain Circuits Employing
Gas-Filled Discharge Tubes.
We, BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH LIMITED, a British Company, of
Taplow Court, Taplow, Buckinghamshire, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates to electrical chain circuits employing
gas-filled discharge tubes as the successive elements which are
energised in turn during the use of the circuit to perform for
instance a counting operation.
In conventional counting circuits of this general type it is usual to
arrange for a conducting tube to be extinguished by the firing of a
subsequent tube in the counting chain, for example by employing the
current surge through a common impedance, when a tube fires, to reduce
the maintaining voltage across the previously-conducting tube
sufficiently to extinguish it A circuit of this type relies on the use
of reactive components arranged in time-constant circuits to prevent
rapid voltage-changes disabling the mutual extinguishing action of the

20. tubes.
The use of a time-constant circuit connected to an electrode of a
gas-filled discharge tube restricts the shape of the output wave
obtainable for the tube on firing to an exponential rise and fall It
is the chief object of the invention to provide a counting circuit
employing gas-filled discharge tubes from which a square wave output
may be obtained by the elimination of the timeconstant circuit
elements previously considered necessary.
According to the invention in an electrical chain circuit employing
three-electrode gas lPrice 3 s 6 d l discharge tubes arranged to be
operated in turn in response to control impulses in which alternate
tubes in the chain have their anode circuits connected together and
odd and even tubes are supplied respectively from different sources
the voltages of which vary cyclically with 1800 phase displacement in
synchronism with the control impulses between a value intermediate the
striking and maintaining voltages of the tubes and a value well below
the maintaining voltage, the tubes being provided with individual
cathode resistors and priming of the trigger electrode of each tube
being effected from the cathode of the preceding tube and impulses
being applied to the trigger electrodes of all the tubes in parallel
by way of individual resistors.
One embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to
the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification, comprising
Figs 1 and 2 Of these, Fig.
1 is a circuit diagram of a portion of a counting chain and Fig 2
illustrates voltage waveforms at various points in the circuit.
Referring to Fig 1, tubes VK 1-VK 4 are three-electrode gas-filled
discharge tubes of the cold-cathode type, and comprise part of a
counting circuit which may contain any number of tubes connected in an
open chain, or any even number of tubes if connected in a closed ring
All the cathodes are connected via individual resistors Rl, R 2 to
earth, and the anodes of odd-numbered tubes are supplied over lead H
Tl while those of even-numbered tubes are supplied over lead HIT 2 A
connection extends from the cathode of each tube to the trigger
electrode of the next tube in the chain, and a common lead PL supplies
step-fronted 15,883 785,883 pulses such as are shown in line a of Fig
2 to all trigger electrodes via individual capacitors Cl, C 2 The
shape of the voltage waveforms supplied over leads HT 1 and HT 2 is
illustrated in lines b and c respectively of Fig.
2 The upper limit of voltage amplitude lies between the maintaining
and the striking voltages for the tubes, while the lower limit lies
considerably below the maintaining voltage The HT supply is
synchronised with the pulse supply to lead PL, and it will be seen
from Fig 2 that the instantaneous rise and fall of the two HT voltages

21. cola incides with the steep front of successive pulses, and that the
two HT waveforms are 1800 out of phase.
The circuit operates as follows Assume that waveform b on lead HT 1 is
at its upper limit and tube VK 1 is conducting The voltage developed
across resistor R 1 will cause a positive bias to be applied to the
trigger electrode of tube VK 2 The next pulse applied to all tubes via
lead PL will coincide with the energisation of evennumbered tubes by
the voltage rise on lead HT 2, and the combined bias and pulse at the
trigger electrode of the tube VK 2 raises its potential sufficiently
to fire the tube The pulse which causes tube VK 2 to fire will
coincide with the reduction of anode voltage of odd-numbered tubes,
and tube VK 1 therefore commences to extinguish at the instant tube VK
2 is fired.
A positive bias is now applied to the trigger electrode of the tube VK
3 from the cathode of tube VK 2, and because this rise is
substantially instantaneous, the pulse from lead PL which caused tube
VK 2 to fire may still be present However, at this instant, the
odd-numbered tubes undergo a reduction in anode potential, and tube VK
3 is therefore unable to fire Subsequent pulses continue to fire the
tubes in the counter sequentially, the reduction of alternate HT
amplitudes simultaneously with the pulses causing the previously
conducting tube to be extinguished.
The waveform at the output lead OL of a tube, e g at lead OL 1 of tube
VK 1, will be seen as shown at d in Fig 2 The cathode potential rises
substantially instantaneously as the tube fires, and this rise co.
incides with the rise of the appropriate HT supply voltage The cathode
potential falls as the tube is extinguished, coincident with the
reduction of its HT supply The resulting output is therefore a
square-wave, and if the chain is in the form of a closed ring, its
recurrence frequency is dependent on the pulse rate and on the number
of stages in the chain.
The circuit shown may be used for a straightforward counting
operation, either as an open chain or a closed ring, with only one
tube conducting at a time The output is conveniently taken from a
particular tube to indicate that a given number of impulses have been
received since operation commenced if an open chain is used or since
the 70 ' tube was last conducting in the case of a closed ring.
It is possible however to have several tubes conducting
simultaneously, since there is no mutual extinction of tubes, although
75 the conducting tubes at any time would need to be either all
odd-numbered or all evennumbered The pattern of conducting tubes will
advance one stage at each input pulse and the circuit may therefore be
used b O as a delay line In an open delay line, lead 10 will be
controlled to determine whether the tube VK 1 fires or remains

22. non-conducting on receipt of successive alternate pulses from lead PL
The so pattern of control signals can then be read at any of the
subsequent output leads, the delay being determined by the pulse
repetition rate and the Dosition of the receiving circuit in the
chain.
If a closed ring is used as a delay line, lead 10 will be connected to
the cathode of the last tube in the chain, and additional control will
be required at one of the electrodes of one or more of the tubes to
pro { vide an input to set the pattern of conducting tubes Once set,
the pattern will continue to circulate until conditions are changed,
either by providing a new input or by stopping the circulation, for
instance by lox) interrupting the power supply.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p