he data obtained from remote sensing satellites fu
rnish information about the land at varying resolut
ions
and has been widely used for change detection studi
es. There exist a huge number of change detection
methodologies and techniques with the continual eme
rgence of new ones. This paper provides a review of
pixel based and object-based change detection techn
iques in conjunction with the comparison of their
merits and limitations. The advent of very-high-res
olution remotely sensed images, exponentially incre
ased
image data volume and multiple sensors demand the p
otential use of data mining techniques in tandem
with object-based methods for change detection
PROFILE DOSE AND PDD ANALYSIS IN SMALL PHOTON FIELD WITH PTW PINPOINT CHAMBER...AM Publications
: Profile dose and PDD of a small field 6MV have been measured using a PTW PinPoint Chamber 0.015 cc detector. The aim of this study is to analyze the profile dose and PDD of small field using PTW PinPoint Chamber detector 0.015 cc. From the results of this study is expected optimal dose measurement accuracy can be achieved in clinical treatment. The analysis includes calculating the symmetry, penumbra value and PDD. Linear accelerator Electa Precise Treatment SystemTM and PTW PinPoint Chamber 0.015cc are the material used in this research. Profile Dose and PDD were measured with an SSD technique in 100 cm with a various of field sizes and depths. The results showed that the symmetry values for depth variations would decrease in ranges (0.55-6.27)% when the depth increase, and for field size variations will decrease in range (0.39-6.27)%. when the filed size increase. The result of the penumbra analysis shows that its value is more than 4 mm for all variations of depth and field size. PDD results showed that maximum dose for all fields size is achieved in maksimum depth (1.4 – 1.7) cm.
Optimal Control Problem and Power-Efficient Medical Image Processing Using PumaIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
EV-SIFT - An Extended Scale Invariant Face Recognition for Plastic Surgery Fa...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new technique called Entropy based SIFT (EV-SIFT) for accurate face recognition after the plastic surgery. The corresponding feature extracts the key points and volume of the scale-space structure for which the information rate is determined. This provides least effect on uncertain variations in the face since the entropy is the higher order statistical feature. The corresponding EV-SIFT features are applied to the Support vector machine for classification. The normal SIFT feature extracts the key points based on the contrast of the image and the V- SIFT feature extracts the key points based on the volume of the structure. However, the EV- SIFT method provides both the contrast and volume information. Thus EV-SIFT provide better performance when compared with PCA, normal SIFT and VSIFT based feature extraction.
Design and Development of Forest Fire Management Systemsipij
Forest fire is one of those natural disasters that have been causing huge destruction in terms of loss of vegetation, animals and hence affects the economy. Image segmentation techniques have been applied on satellite images of forest fire to extract fire object and some data mining techniques have been used for predicting the spread of forest fire. This paper proposes a novel approach to isolation of fire region using time-sequenced images, classifying fire images from non-fire images, predicting its movement and estimating the area burnt. Once the images are enhanced, the fire region is segmented out. Feature extraction provides the necessary inputs for classification of images as fire and non-fire images. Linear regression is used to predict the movement of forest fire to facilitate better evacuation strategy. Burnt area is calculated from the difference image. This work is helpful in drafting evacuation strategies quickly by predicting the movement of forest fire and facilitates the kick-off of rehabilitation activities by identifying and assessing the burnt area.
PROFILE DOSE AND PDD ANALYSIS IN SMALL PHOTON FIELD WITH PTW PINPOINT CHAMBER...AM Publications
: Profile dose and PDD of a small field 6MV have been measured using a PTW PinPoint Chamber 0.015 cc detector. The aim of this study is to analyze the profile dose and PDD of small field using PTW PinPoint Chamber detector 0.015 cc. From the results of this study is expected optimal dose measurement accuracy can be achieved in clinical treatment. The analysis includes calculating the symmetry, penumbra value and PDD. Linear accelerator Electa Precise Treatment SystemTM and PTW PinPoint Chamber 0.015cc are the material used in this research. Profile Dose and PDD were measured with an SSD technique in 100 cm with a various of field sizes and depths. The results showed that the symmetry values for depth variations would decrease in ranges (0.55-6.27)% when the depth increase, and for field size variations will decrease in range (0.39-6.27)%. when the filed size increase. The result of the penumbra analysis shows that its value is more than 4 mm for all variations of depth and field size. PDD results showed that maximum dose for all fields size is achieved in maksimum depth (1.4 – 1.7) cm.
Optimal Control Problem and Power-Efficient Medical Image Processing Using PumaIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
EV-SIFT - An Extended Scale Invariant Face Recognition for Plastic Surgery Fa...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new technique called Entropy based SIFT (EV-SIFT) for accurate face recognition after the plastic surgery. The corresponding feature extracts the key points and volume of the scale-space structure for which the information rate is determined. This provides least effect on uncertain variations in the face since the entropy is the higher order statistical feature. The corresponding EV-SIFT features are applied to the Support vector machine for classification. The normal SIFT feature extracts the key points based on the contrast of the image and the V- SIFT feature extracts the key points based on the volume of the structure. However, the EV- SIFT method provides both the contrast and volume information. Thus EV-SIFT provide better performance when compared with PCA, normal SIFT and VSIFT based feature extraction.
Design and Development of Forest Fire Management Systemsipij
Forest fire is one of those natural disasters that have been causing huge destruction in terms of loss of vegetation, animals and hence affects the economy. Image segmentation techniques have been applied on satellite images of forest fire to extract fire object and some data mining techniques have been used for predicting the spread of forest fire. This paper proposes a novel approach to isolation of fire region using time-sequenced images, classifying fire images from non-fire images, predicting its movement and estimating the area burnt. Once the images are enhanced, the fire region is segmented out. Feature extraction provides the necessary inputs for classification of images as fire and non-fire images. Linear regression is used to predict the movement of forest fire to facilitate better evacuation strategy. Burnt area is calculated from the difference image. This work is helpful in drafting evacuation strategies quickly by predicting the movement of forest fire and facilitates the kick-off of rehabilitation activities by identifying and assessing the burnt area.
Medical Images are regularly of low contrast and boisterous/Noisy (absence of clarity) because of
the circumstances they are being taken. De-noising these pictures is a troublesome undertaking as they
ought to exclude any antiquities or obscuring of edges in the pictures. The Bayesian shrinkage strategy has
been chosen for thresholding in light of its sub band reliance property. The spatial space and Wavelet
based de-noising systems utilizing delicate thresholding strategy are contrasted and the proposed technique
utilizing GA (Genetic Algorithm) is used. The GA procedure is proposed in view of PSNR and results are
contrasted and existing spatial space and wavelet based de-noising separating strategies. The proposed
calculation gives improved visual clarity to diagnosing the restorative pictures. The proposed strategy in
view of GA surveys the better execution on the premise of the quantitative metric i.e PSNR (Peak Signal
to Noise-Ratio) and visual impacts. Reenactment results demonstrate that the GA based proposed
technique beats the current de-noising separating strategies.
Instant fracture detection using ir-raysijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Correction of Inhomogeneous MR Images Using Multiscale RetinexCSCJournals
A new method for enhancing the contrast of magnetic resonance images (MRI) by retinex algorithm is proposed. It can correct the blurrings in deep anatomical structures and inhomogeneity of MRI. Multiscale retinex (MSR) employed SSR with different weightings to correct inhomogeneities and enhance the contrast of MR images. The method was assessed by applying it to phantom and animal images acquired on MRI scanner systems. Its performance was also compared with other methods based on two indices: (1) the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and (2) the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Two indices, including PSNR and CNR, were used to evaluate the performance of correction of inhomogeneity in MR images. The PSNR/CNR of a phantom and animal images were 11.8648 dB/2.0922 and 11.7580 dB/2.1157, respectively, which were higher or very close to the results of wavelet algorithm. The retinex algorithm successfully corrected a nonuniform grayscale, enhanced contrast, corrected inhomogeneity, and clarified the deep brain structures of MR images captured by surface coils and outperformed histogram equalization, local histogram equalization, and a waveletbased algorithm, and hence may be a valuable method in MR image processing.
International Conference On Electrical Engineeringanchalsinghdm
ICGCET 2019 | 5th International Conference on Green Computing and Engineering Technologies. The conference will be held on 7th September - 9th September 2019 in Morocco. International Conference On Engineering Technology
The conference aims to promote the work of researchers, scientists, engineers and students from across the world on advancement in electronic and computer systems.
imagen instrumentation of nuclear medicine quality control phantom, including some device used for control of spect ct gamma cammera for diagnostic in nm
AUTOMATED MANAGEMENT OF POTHOLE RELATED DISASTERS USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND ...ijcsit
Potholes though seem inconsequential, may cause accidents resulting in loss of human life. In this paper, we present an automated system to efficiently manage the potholes in a ward by deploying geotagging and image processing techniques that overcomes the drawbacks associated with the existing
survey-oriented systems. Image processing is used for identification of target pothole regions in the 2D
images using edge detection and morphological image processing operations. A method is developed to
accurately estimate the dimensions of the potholes from their images, analyze their area and depth,estimate the quantity of filling material required and therefore enabling pothole attendance on a priority basis. This will further enable the government official to have a fully automated system for e f f e c t i v e l y ma n a g i ng pothole related disasters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Comparison of Three Segmentation Methods for Breast Ultrasound Images Based o...IJECEIAES
Breast cancer is one of the major causes of death among women all over the world. The most frequently used diagnosis tool to detect breast cancer is ultrasound. However, to segment the breast ultrasound images is a difficult thing. Some studies show that the active contour models have been proved to be the most successful methods for medical image segmentation. The level set method is a class of curve evolution methods based on the geometric active contour model. Morphological operation describes a range of image processing technique that deal with the shape of features in an image. Morphological operations are applied to remove imperfections that introduced during segmentation. In this paper, we have evaluated three level set methods that combined with morphological operations to segment the breast lesions. The level set methods that used in our research are the Chan Vese (CV) model, the Selective Binary and Gaussian Filtering Regularized Level Set (SBGFRLS) model and the Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution (DRLSE) model. Furthermore, to evaluate the method, we compared the segmented breast lesion that obtained by each method with the lesion that obtained manually by radiologists. The evaluation is done by four metrics: Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), True-Positive Ratio (TPR), TrueNegative Ratio (TNR), and Accuracy (ACC). Our experimental results with 30 breast ultrasound images showed that the C-V model that combined with morphological operations have better performance than the other two methods according to mean value of DSC metrics.
Using inhomogeneity of heterostructure and optimization of annealing to decre...ijcsa
Framework this paper we discussed an approach to manufacture a multiemitter heterotransistor. The introduced
approach is a branch of recently introduced approach and based on doping by diffusion or by ion
implantation of required part of heterostructure and optimization of dopant and/or radiation defects. The
heterostructure should has special configuration.
Medical Images are regularly of low contrast and boisterous/Noisy (absence of clarity) because of
the circumstances they are being taken. De-noising these pictures is a troublesome undertaking as they
ought to exclude any antiquities or obscuring of edges in the pictures. The Bayesian shrinkage strategy has
been chosen for thresholding in light of its sub band reliance property. The spatial space and Wavelet
based de-noising systems utilizing delicate thresholding strategy are contrasted and the proposed technique
utilizing GA (Genetic Algorithm) is used. The GA procedure is proposed in view of PSNR and results are
contrasted and existing spatial space and wavelet based de-noising separating strategies. The proposed
calculation gives improved visual clarity to diagnosing the restorative pictures. The proposed strategy in
view of GA surveys the better execution on the premise of the quantitative metric i.e PSNR (Peak Signal
to Noise-Ratio) and visual impacts. Reenactment results demonstrate that the GA based proposed
technique beats the current de-noising separating strategies.
Instant fracture detection using ir-raysijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Correction of Inhomogeneous MR Images Using Multiscale RetinexCSCJournals
A new method for enhancing the contrast of magnetic resonance images (MRI) by retinex algorithm is proposed. It can correct the blurrings in deep anatomical structures and inhomogeneity of MRI. Multiscale retinex (MSR) employed SSR with different weightings to correct inhomogeneities and enhance the contrast of MR images. The method was assessed by applying it to phantom and animal images acquired on MRI scanner systems. Its performance was also compared with other methods based on two indices: (1) the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and (2) the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Two indices, including PSNR and CNR, were used to evaluate the performance of correction of inhomogeneity in MR images. The PSNR/CNR of a phantom and animal images were 11.8648 dB/2.0922 and 11.7580 dB/2.1157, respectively, which were higher or very close to the results of wavelet algorithm. The retinex algorithm successfully corrected a nonuniform grayscale, enhanced contrast, corrected inhomogeneity, and clarified the deep brain structures of MR images captured by surface coils and outperformed histogram equalization, local histogram equalization, and a waveletbased algorithm, and hence may be a valuable method in MR image processing.
International Conference On Electrical Engineeringanchalsinghdm
ICGCET 2019 | 5th International Conference on Green Computing and Engineering Technologies. The conference will be held on 7th September - 9th September 2019 in Morocco. International Conference On Engineering Technology
The conference aims to promote the work of researchers, scientists, engineers and students from across the world on advancement in electronic and computer systems.
imagen instrumentation of nuclear medicine quality control phantom, including some device used for control of spect ct gamma cammera for diagnostic in nm
AUTOMATED MANAGEMENT OF POTHOLE RELATED DISASTERS USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND ...ijcsit
Potholes though seem inconsequential, may cause accidents resulting in loss of human life. In this paper, we present an automated system to efficiently manage the potholes in a ward by deploying geotagging and image processing techniques that overcomes the drawbacks associated with the existing
survey-oriented systems. Image processing is used for identification of target pothole regions in the 2D
images using edge detection and morphological image processing operations. A method is developed to
accurately estimate the dimensions of the potholes from their images, analyze their area and depth,estimate the quantity of filling material required and therefore enabling pothole attendance on a priority basis. This will further enable the government official to have a fully automated system for e f f e c t i v e l y ma n a g i ng pothole related disasters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Comparison of Three Segmentation Methods for Breast Ultrasound Images Based o...IJECEIAES
Breast cancer is one of the major causes of death among women all over the world. The most frequently used diagnosis tool to detect breast cancer is ultrasound. However, to segment the breast ultrasound images is a difficult thing. Some studies show that the active contour models have been proved to be the most successful methods for medical image segmentation. The level set method is a class of curve evolution methods based on the geometric active contour model. Morphological operation describes a range of image processing technique that deal with the shape of features in an image. Morphological operations are applied to remove imperfections that introduced during segmentation. In this paper, we have evaluated three level set methods that combined with morphological operations to segment the breast lesions. The level set methods that used in our research are the Chan Vese (CV) model, the Selective Binary and Gaussian Filtering Regularized Level Set (SBGFRLS) model and the Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution (DRLSE) model. Furthermore, to evaluate the method, we compared the segmented breast lesion that obtained by each method with the lesion that obtained manually by radiologists. The evaluation is done by four metrics: Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), True-Positive Ratio (TPR), TrueNegative Ratio (TNR), and Accuracy (ACC). Our experimental results with 30 breast ultrasound images showed that the C-V model that combined with morphological operations have better performance than the other two methods according to mean value of DSC metrics.
Using inhomogeneity of heterostructure and optimization of annealing to decre...ijcsa
Framework this paper we discussed an approach to manufacture a multiemitter heterotransistor. The introduced
approach is a branch of recently introduced approach and based on doping by diffusion or by ion
implantation of required part of heterostructure and optimization of dopant and/or radiation defects. The
heterostructure should has special configuration.
Modeling cassava yield a response surface approachijcsa
This paper reports on application of theory of experimental design using graphical techniques in R
programming language and application of nonlinear bootstrap regression method to demonstrate the
invariant property of parameter estimates of the Inverse polynomial Model (IPM) in a nonlinear surface.
Emerged computer interaction with humanity social computingijcsa
In the 21st century, everywhere people analyze & measure societal. The new trend to compute the societal is
known as social computing. The emerging trend of research focuses interaction of technologies with
humanity. This interaction can be either man machine interaction or human computer interaction. This
article conveys the brief description of social computing and social impact of computing into variant
environment. It optimises the interaction technology, ubiquitous computing and pervasive computing.
Subsequently affective computing is discussed with artificial intelligence to motivate the automation of
technology in social computing.
Expert system design for elastic scattering neutrons optical model using bpnnijcsa
In present paper, a proposed expert system is designed to obtain a trained formulae for the optical model
parameters used in elastic scattering neutrons of light nuclei for (7Li), at energy range between [(1) to
(20)] MeV. A simple algorithm has used to design this expert system, while a multi-layer backwardpropagation
neural network (BPNN) is applied for training and testing the data used in this model. This
group of formulae may get a simple expert system occurring from governing formulae model, and predicts
the critical parameters usually resulted from the complicated computer coding methods. This expert system
may use in nuclear reactions yields in both fission and fusion nature who gives more closely results to the
real model.
DATA MINING METHODOLOGIES TO STUDY STUDENT'S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE USING THE...ijcsa
The study placed a particular emphasis on the so ca
lled data mining algorithms, but focuses the bulk o
f
attention on the C4.5 algorithm. Each educational i
nstitution, in general, aims to present a high qual
ity of
education. This depends upon predicting the student
s with poor results prior they entering in to final
examination. Data mining techniques give many tasks
that could be used to investigate the students'
performance. The main objective of this paper is to
build a classification model that can be used to i
mprove
the students' academic records in Faculty of Mathem
atical Science and Statistics. This model has been
done using the C4.5 algorithm as it is a well-known
, commonly used data mining technique. The
importance of this study is that predicting student
performance is useful in many different settings.
Data
from the previous students' academic records in the
faculty have been used to illustrate the considere
d
algorithm in order to build our classification mode
l.
Change detection analysis in land use / land cover of Pune city using remotel...Nitin Mundhe
Lecture delivered in the National Conference entitled “Monitoring Degraded Lands” jointly organized by Agasti Arts, Commerce and Dadasaheb Rupwate Science
College, Akole and Maharashtra Bhugolshastra Parishad Pune to be held on 4 to 6 February 2014.
INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS): ...ijmpict
Remote Sensing and Geographic information System together comprise of Geographic Information Science (GIScience) which is a core research field that tries to emphasis on advanced geographic concepts in Geographic Information System and examines the impact of GIS on individuals and society as a whole and re-examines the themes with incorporation of most recent cognitive and Information Science. The Geographic Information System can be defined as a Computer based system and a tool, both hardware,
software and procedures, which manages geospatial data, solves spatial problems, and supports collection,
storage, transformation, analyzing, retrieving and display of data in a well desired manner. The integration
of GIS and Remote Sensing is a field of research and several implementations have been developed to gain
the maximum throughput out of these collective fields as these techniques have their own data analysis and
data representation methods. The application domain of remote sensing is from a base layer for GIS to the
development of thematic datasets, obtaining and extracting data from imagery and generation of unique
spatial datasets. In my paper I have focused on the integration of both the fields along with its usage in
Analysis and Modelling and also some models of error sources due to the integration of interface of the two
techniques. The paper also describes some error sources while integration as GIS and remote sensing both
are subject to errors and uncertainty. The paper has discussed some Change Detection Techniques used in
the modern sciences with their comparison.
Urban Land Cover Change Detection Analysis and Modelling Spatio-Temporal Grow...Bayes Ahmed
This is my final Mater thesis presentation. The thesis defense was held on March' 07, 2011 at 15:30 in the seminar room of Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castellón, Spain.
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for Change Detection in Land Use/ La...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Performance analysis of change detection techniques for land use land coverIJECEIAES
Remotely sensed satellite images have become essential to observe the spatial and temporal changes occurring due to either natural phenomenon or man-induced changes on the earth’s surface. Real time monitoring of this data provides useful information related to changes in extent of urbanization, environmental changes, water bodies, and forest. Through the use of remote sensing technology and geographic information system tools, it has become easier to monitor changes from past to present. In the present scenario, choosing a suitable change detection method plays a pivotal role in any remote sensing project. Previously, digital change detection was a tedious task. With the advent of machine learning techniques, it has become comparatively easier to detect changes in the digital images. The study gives a brief account of the main techniques of change detection related to land use land cover information. An effort is made to compare widely used change detection methods used to identify changes and discuss the need for development of enhanced change detection methods.
REGION CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING LANSAT-8 IMAGESADEIJ Journal
The change detection in remote sensing images remains an important and open problem for damage assessment. A new change detection method for LANSAT-8 images based on homogeneous pixel transformation (HPT) is proposed. Homogeneous Pixel Transformation transfers one image from its original feature space (e.g., gray space) to another feature space (e.g., spectral space) in pixel-level to make the pre-event images and post-event images to be represented in a common space or projection space for the convenience of change detection. HPT consists of two operations, i.e., forward transformation and backward transformation. In the forward transformation, each pixel of pre-event image in the first feature space is taken and will estimate its mapping pixel in the second space corresponding to post-event image based on the known unchanged pixels. A multi-value estimation method with the noise tolerance is produced to determine the mapping pixel using K-nearest neighbours technique. Once the mapping pixels of pre-event image are identified, the difference values between the mapping image and the post-event image can be directly generated. Then the similar work is done for backward transformation to combine the post-event image with the first space, and one more difference value for each pixel will be generated. Then, the two difference values are taken and combined to improve the robustness of detection with respect to the noise and heterogeneousness of images. (FRFCM) Fast and Robust Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm is employed to divide the integrated difference values into two clusters- changed pixels and unchanged pixels. This detection results may contain few noisy regions as small error detections, and a spatial-neighbor based noise filter is developed to reduce the false alarms and missing detections. The experiments for change detection with real images of LANSAT-8 in Tuticorin between 2013-2019 are given to validate the percentage of the changed regions in the proposed method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review of Change Detection Techniques of LandCover Using Remote Sensing Dataiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Object Classification of Satellite Images Using Cluster Repulsion Based Kerne...IOSR Journals
Abstract: We investigated the Classification of satellite images and multispectral remote sensing data .we
focused on uncertainty analysis in the produced land-cover maps .we proposed an efficient technique for
classifying the multispectral satellite images using Support Vector Machine (SVM) into road area, building area
and green area. We carried out classification in three modules namely (a) Preprocessing using Gaussian
filtering and conversion from conversion of RGB to Lab color space image (b) object segmentation using
proposed Cluster repulsion based kernel Fuzzy C- Means (FCM) and (c) classification using one-to-many SVM
classifier. The goal of this research is to provide the efficiency in classification of satellite images using the
object-based image analysis. The proposed work is evaluated using the satellite images and the accuracy of the
proposed work is compared to FCM based classification. The results showed that the proposed technique has
achieved better results reaching an accuracy of 79%, 84%, 81% and 97.9% for road, tree, building and vehicle
classification respectively.
Keywords:-Satellite image, FCM Clustering, Classification, SVM classifier.
Classification of Multi-date Image using NDVI valuesijsrd.com
Advance Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) of IRS P6 is an improved version of WiFS of IRS-1C/1D. AWiFS operates in four spectral bands identical to LISS III (Low-Imaging Sensing Satellite). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a simple graphical indicator that can be used to analyze remote sensing measurements. These indexes can be used to prediction of classes of Remote Sensing (RS) images. In this paper, we will classify the AWiFS image on NDVI values of 5 different date's images (Captured by AWiFS satellite). For classifying images, we will use an algorithm called Sum of Squared Difference (SSD). It will compare the clustered image with the Reference image based on SSD and the best match on the basis of SSD algorithm, it will classify the image. It is simple 1 step process, which will be faster compared to the classical approach.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPARISION OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGE USING SUPPORT VECTOR M...ADEIJ Journal
Remote sensing is collecting information about an object without any direct physical contact with the particular object. It is widely used in many fields such as oceanography, geology, ecology. Remote sensing uses the Satellite to detect and classify the particular object or area. They also classify the object on the earth surfaces which includes Vegetation, Building, Soil, Forest and Water. The approach uses the classifiers of previous images to decrease the required number of training samples for the classifier training of an incoming image. For each incoming image, a rough classifier is predicted first based on the temporal trend of a set of previous classifiers. The predicted classifier is then fine-tuned into a more accurate manner with current training samples. This approach can be further applied as sequential image data, with only a small number of training samples, which are being required from each image. This method uses LANSAT 8 images for Training and Testing processes. First, using the Classifier Prediction technique the Signatures are being generated for the input images. The generated Signatures are used for the Training purposes. SVM Classification is used for classifying the images. The final results describes that the leverage of a priori information from previous images will provide advantageous improvement for future images in multi temporal image classification.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Automatic traffic light controller for emergency vehicle using peripheral int...IJECEIAES
Traffic lights play such important role in traffic management to control the traffic on the road. Situation at traffic light area is getting worse especially in the event of emergency cases. During traffic congestion, it is difficult for emergency vehicle to cross the road which involves many junctions. This situation leads to unsafe conditions which may cause accident. An Automatic Traffic Light Controller for Emergency Vehicle is designed and developed to help emergency vehicle crossing the road at traffic light junction during emergency situation. This project used Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) to program a priority-based traffic light controller for emergency vehicle. During emergency cases, emergency vehicle like ambulance can trigger the traffic light signal to change from red to green in order to make clearance for its path automatically. Using Radio Frequency (RF) the traffic light operation will turn back to normal when the ambulance finishes crossing the road. Result showed the design is capable to response within the range of 55 meters. This project was successfully designed, implemented and tested.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
CHANGE DETECTION TECHNIQUES - A SUR V EY
1. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
DOI:10.5121/ijcsa.2015.5205 45
CHANGE DETECTION TECHNIQUES - A
SURVEY
R.Naveena Devi1
, Dr.G.Wiselin Jiji2
PG Scholar, Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering,Tiruchendur,India1
Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur,India2
ABSTRACT
The data obtained from remote sensing satellites furnish information about the land at varying resolutions
and has been widely used for change detection studies. There exist a huge number of change detection
methodologies and techniques with the continual emergence of new ones. This paper provides a review of
pixel based and object-based change detection techniques in conjunction with the comparison of their
merits and limitations. The advent of very-high-resolution remotely sensed images, exponentially increased
image data volume and multiple sensors demand the potential use of data mining techniques in tandem
with object-based methods for change detection.
KEYWORDS
Change detection, pixel-based, object-based, spatial data mining and hybrid change detection.
1.INTRODUCTION
Change detection is defined as the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or
phenomenon by observing it at different times (Singh, 1989). The general goal of change
detection in remote sensing includes identifying the geographical location, recognizing and
quantifying the type of changes and finally assessing the accuracy results (Macleod and
Congalon, 1998; Coppin et al., 2004; Im and Jensen, 2005 ;). Remote sensing data is used for
change detection because the changes in the object of interest modifies the spectral behavior (like
reflectance value or local texture) which can be differentiated from changes caused by other
factors (e.g. illumination and viewing angles, atmospheric conditions and soil moistures) (Jensen,
1983; Singh, 1989; Green et al., 1994;Deer, 1995;). The elements that affect change detection
using remote sensing data includes spatial, spectral, thematic and temporal constraints,
atmospheric conditions, radiometric resolution and soil moisture conditions (Jensen, 2005).
Change information obtained may be either in the form of simple binary change (i.e. change vs.
no change as in the case of image differencing, image rationing etc) or detailed from-to change as
in the case of using post-classification comparison (Im et al., 2007).
2. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
46
The considerations to be followed before using remote sensing data for change detection includes
(i) Usage of data from same sensor, radiometric and spatial resolutions and near-anniversary
acquisition dates to remove the effects of seasons, sun angle and phonological difference (Song
and Woodcock, 2003). (ii) Precise geometric registration between multi-temporal images to avoid
false change areas being detected due to image displacement. (iii) Performing radiometric
corrections to rectify errors caused by the variation in sensor characteristics, atmospheric
condition, solar angle, and sensor view angle (Chen et al., 2005; Du et al., 2002). (iv) Data
collection - data collected ahead of time fail to cover slower change process whereas data
collected in a delayed manner leads to excessive omission errors which significantly impact the
completeness of change detection (Lunetta et al., 2004). (v) Choice of change detection technique
which is influenced by spatial resolution and the size of the study area.
In this paper change detection methodologies is categorized based on the unit of image analysis.
First being the traditional/classical pixel-based, where an image pixel is the fundamental unit of
analysis. Second is the object-based method, in which image objects are first created and then
subjected to further analysis. In any approach the pre-processing stage handles radiometric,
atmospheric, and topographic corrections, geometrical rectification and image registration.
Higher registration accuracy is inevitable when using data from different sensors and at different
resolutions whereas registration accuracy can be avoided when object-based change detection is
employed where ‘‘buffer detection’’ algorithms can be applied to compare the extracted features
(Deren et al., 2003).
2.PIXEL-BASED CHANGE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
The spectral characteristics of an image pixel are exploited to detect and measure changes without
taking into considering the spatial context. Different pixel-based methods are explained in depth
by various researchers (Coppin et al., 2004; Deer, 1995; Ilsever and Ünsalan, 2012; Lu et al.,
2004; Singh, 1989).A brief summarization of these techniques is as follows.
2.1.Image Differencing
Image differencing is performed by subtracting the DN (digital number) value of one date for a
given band from the DN value of the same pixel for the same band of another date which results
in a new image. Mathematically, image differencing is given by
Id(x,y) = I1(x,y) - I2(x,y)
Where I1 and I2 are images from time t1 and t2 and (x,y) are coordinates and Id is the difference
image. A series of threshold values based on standard deviations from the mean can be used on
the new image to determine the changed from unchanged pixels. An accuracy assessment on the
no-change from change pixels was performed to determine the threshold value with the highest
accuracy. Pixels with change in radiance are distributed in the tails of the distribution curve
(Singh, 1989) whereas pixels with no change are distributed around the mean (Lu et al., 2005. As
changes seem to occur in both directions, the analyst have to decide the order of the image to
subtracted (Gao, 2009).
3. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
47
2.2.Image Rationing
Change results are expressed as a ratio between two co-registered images and unchanged areas
theoretically have 1 as its value.
Ir=I1(x,y)/I2(x,y)
The advantage of this method is that it handles calibration (including sun angle, shadow and
topography impact) errors efficiently (Rignot and van Zyl, 1993)
2.3.Image Regression
In this method one image (subject) is assumed to be a linear function of the other image
(reference) and the subject image is adjusted to match the radiometric conditions of the reference
image. When using least-squares regression analysis gains and offsets are identified by
radiometrically normalizing the subject image to match the reference image (Lunetta, 1999). And
the change denoted by Id can be obtained by subtracting regressed image from the first-date
image.
Id1(x,y)=aId(x,y)+b
Id(x,y)=Id(x,y)-Id1(x,y)
As this method accounts for differences in the mean and variance between different date pixel
values, it reduces the adverse effects by sun angles and atmospheric conditions (Singh, 1989)
2.4.Vegetation Index Differencing
This technique uses data transformation that is related to green biomass. The Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is calculated by NDVI = (NIR- RED)/ (NIR + RED) where
NIR is the near-infrared band response for a given pixel and RED is the red band response. After
computing the vegetation index for two date’s standard pixel based approaches (e.g. differencing
or rationing) are applied to determine the change (Nelson 1983, Singh 1986). Other vegetation
indices developed include (a) Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) (b) orthogonal indices, including
Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) and Difference Vegetation Index (DVI), and (c) Soil
Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) (Chen
et al., 1999).
RVI=n/r
NDVI=(n-r)/nr
TVI=(((n-r)/(n+r))+0.5)1/2
SAVI=((n-r)/(n+r+L))(1+L)
MSVI=(2n+1-((2n+1)2
-8(n-r))1/2
)/2
Where n is near infrared band, r is the red band and L indicates the same bound between NDVI
and SAVI. This method is that it reduces the impacts of illumination and topographic effects but
the output is subjected to random or coherence noise.
4. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
48
2.5.Change Vector Analysis
This method analyzes simultaneously multiple image bands to detect the change. The pixel values
are considered to be the vectors of spectral values and change vector can be computed by
subtracting vectors for all pixels at different dates (Malila, 1980). Type of change can be
determined from the direction of change vector while the length corresponds to the magnitude of
change. This method can be used when change of interest and their spectral manifestation are not
well-known; change of interest is known or has high spectral variability and when changes in
both land cover type and condition may be of interest (Johnson and Kasischke, 1998). The
drawback in using this method is that it requires the acquisition of remotely sensed data from
same phonological period (Chen et al., 2003) and furthermore the land cover change trajectories
are difficult to identify.
2.6.Principal Component Analysis
This method reduces data redundancy by transforming multivariate data to a new set of
components (Lillesand et al., 2008) with the assumption that areas of change are not highly
correlated. Covariance or correlation matrix is used to transfer data to an uncorrelated set. Then
sort the resulting matrices consisting of eigen vectors in descending order. Most of the data
variation is expressed by the first principal component. The next largest amount of variation is
defined by the succeeding principal component and this is orthogonal/independent to the principal
component that precedes it. Merged approach and separate rotation are two principal component
analysis based change detection approaches generally used. In separate rotation the principal
components are first acquired and then change detection techniques such as image rationing or
image differencing are applied. In the merged approach bi-temporal images are first merged into
one set and then the principal component is applied. To analyze the change types the eigen
structure of the data is to examined and the combined images should be subjected to visual
inspection (Coppin and Bauer, 1996). Since this method is scene dependent it is quiet
complicated to interpret and label for different dates. Moreover it just reports the changed areas
and does not give information about the type of change.
2.7.Kauth-Thomas Transformation (KT)/Tasseled Cap Transformation
This method involves fixed linear transformation (i.e., orthogonalization) of a multi-date and
multiband dataset. Here the structure of the spectral data is analyzed which is given as the
function of a particular characteristic of scene classes. Change is measured based on the
brightness, greenness and wetness values (Lu et al., 2004). This method is scene-independent and
uses stable and calibrated transformation coefficients to make sure that the applications can be
made appropriate across time and between regions (Crist, 1985). The major advantage of this
method is that it allows developing baseline spectral information for long-term studies by
producing stable spectral components.
5. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
49
2.8.Post-classification
In the post-classification change-detection technique, each image is rectified and classified
separately using both supervised and unsupervised classification techniques and then compared to
generate a change matrix which is used to measure the changes. To facilitate one-to-one
comparison classes for both the images have to be identical. This method provides the complete
matrices of change reducing the impact of atmospheric, sensor and environmental effects and
issues related to the usage of multi-sensor images. The limitation is that the accuracy of the final
image depends entirely on the classification accuracy of individual image. When using supervised
classification methods accurate, complete and high-quality training datasets is inevitable to
produce accurate classification but acquiring such datasets especially for historical image
classification is time-consuming and difficult task. Eventually using unsupervised classification
encounter problems in selecting the number of clusters as this has great impact on the results
generated furthermore the identification and labeling of change trajectories is yet another issue to
be noted (Lu et al., 2004). Different sensors produce different resolution images and hence
classification applied to coarser resolution image misses out certain elements that make the
matching process to the elements in fine scale resolution image difficult.
2.9.Composite or Direct Multi-date Classification
To identify areas of change this method involves performing single analysis of a combined
dataset of the two dates where initially multi-temporal and rectified images are stacked and then
to reduce the number of spectral components to a fewer principal components the principal
component analysis is applied (Mas, 1999; Singh, 1989). Significant difference in statistics is
presented by the classes where change has occurred. Spectral contrast is enhanced by the minor
components and the changes can be represented (Collins and Woodcock, 1996).
2.10.Machine Learning
Artificial neural network algorithm learns from the training dataset and build networks between
input images and output nodes (i.e., changes). Changed map is obtained by applying the trained
network to the main dataset (Dai and Khorram, 1999; Gopal and Woodcock, 1996). Support
vector machine, a supervised non-parametric statistical learning technique implements structural
risk minimization for classification (Vapnik, 2000). The algorithm learns from training data and
finds threshold values (Bovolo et al., 2008) from the spectral features automatically for
classifying change from no-change. Decision tree, a non-parametric classification algorithm
builds a hierarchical structure in which test on a number of attribute values is represented by each
node, outcome of the test is represented by each branch and tree leaves represent classes or class
distribution (Han et al., 2011; Larose, 2005). The classification rules at the node are based on the
analysis of attribute values. Other machine learning algorithms used include genetic programming
(Makkeasorn et al., 2009), random forest (Smith, 2010) and Cellular automata (Yang et al.,
2008).
6. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
50
2.11.Texture analysis based
Structural arrangement of objects and their relationship to local neighborhoods are provided by
texture (Caridade et al., 2008). Comparing the textural values from images is used to measure
changes. Grey level co-occurrence matrix is one among the texture measuring algorithms is a
second order statistics that examine the spectral as well as spatial distribution of grey values. Here
initially the image is divided into smaller windows instead of per-pixel comparison then the
texture is computed and comparison is performed at window level (Sali and Wolfson, 1992). He
and Wang (1991) highlighted to use texture information only in conjunction with spectral data.
2.12.Multi-temporal Spectral Mixture Analysis
In multi-temporal spectral mixture analysis the multispectral image pixels is assumed to be
defined in terms of sub-pixel proportions of pure spectral components that is related to surface
constituents in a scene. Due to high spectral resolution it addresses the increased dimensionality.
In linear mixture model, each end-member is linearly combined with the end-member spectra that
are weighted by the percent ground cover (Versluis and Rogan, 2009). For accuracy in applying
this technique that is based on image or field-spectra measures in situ or in labs Solans Vila and
Barbosa (2010) argue to give importance in selecting the number and spectrum of the end-
members.
2.13.Fuzzy Change Detection
Fuzzy set is defined by a membership function and differs from probabilistic interpretation; here
the class with highest probability is taken to be the actual class and change is measured by
applying post-classification comparison (Fisher et al., 2006). This method is useful when
selecting a threshold value to distinguish change from no-change is difficult.
3.OBJECT-BASED CHANGE DETECTION
Object-based change detection is performed by separately segmenting objects defined by a
threshold from multi-temporal images and analyzing the changes based on the spectral
information like averaged band values of the object or by extracting various features (i.e.,
geometry and image-texture) from the original objects
3.1.Image-object Change Detection
Object-based change detection algorithms that focus on direct image-object comparisons are
grouped into image-object change detection. Change can be detected either by comparing the
geometrical properties (width, area and compactness) (Lefebvreet al., 2008;), or spectral
information (mean band values) (Hall and Hay, 2003), and/or extracted features (e.g. texture)
(Lefebvre et al., 2008;) of the image objects. The algorithm used by Miller et al. (2005) involved
two steps to detect the change of significant objects between a pair of grey-level images. Here
connectivity analysis is used to extract the objects from the master image and each of these
7. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
51
objects was searched for a corresponding object in the second image. A matching method to
identify the relationship between two object boundary pixels was used to detect the change. Since
the algorithm performed processing directly on the objects extracted pre-defined window was not
required and it produced better results even with noisy input images. To detect changes in very
high-resolution airborne or space-borne images at the sub-metre level Lefebvreet al. (2008)
preferred texture features and object contour to e effective. The major advantage is that since
objects are extracted using segmentation the algorithms are easy to implement and involves the
direct comparison of objects to detect the change.
3.2.Class-object Change Detection
In this approach the extracted object is assigned to a specific class and changes are detected by
comparing the independently classified objects from multi-temporal images. The classification
algorithms incorporate both texture and spectral information. The GIS layers or existing maps are
updated using this approach. Classification techniques used include decision-tree, maximum
likelihood, nearest neighbor (Im and Jensen, 2005), fuzzy (Durieux et al., 2008).
3.3.Multitemporal-object Change Detection
In this approach temporally sequential images are combined and segmented to produce spatially
corresponding change objects as image-objects from different dates generated through
segmentation vary geometrically despite having same geographic feature(s). The algorithm
proposed by Descléeet al. (2006) initially involved the segmentation of multi-date image-set and
computing its spectral features (i.e. standard deviation and mean) from each date for all image-
objects. Statistical analysis based on the chi-square test was used to detect change. Mahalanobis
distance calculation and thresholding method can also be integrated to detect change Bontempset
al. (2008). Nearest-neighbor supervised classification approach and reference data was used by
Concheddaet al. (2008) to quantify changes. Incremental segmentation procedure by Liet al.
(2009) for radar imagery first segmented the first-date image then treated the result as a thematic
layer and finally segmented the derived layer together with the second-date image. However the
effect of mixed-object spectral information (i.e., viewing angles, meteorological, atmospheric and
illumination) on change results is still under research.
4.HYBRID CHANGE DETECTION
Hybrid change detection uses two or more methods for detecting change and is categorized as: (a)
procedure-based (using different detection methods in different detection phases) (b) result-based
(using different CD methods and analyzing their results) (Jianyaa et al., 2008). Combination of
pixel- and object-based approaches was used by Niemeyer and Nussbaum (2006) where initially
statistical change detection and object extraction pinpointing change pixels and semantic model
of object features subsequently post-classified the changes. Region-merging segmentation was
applied on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Matter (ETM) and
then fuzzy-logic model classification was performed before comparing them to compute the
change (Gamanya et al. (2009)). Yu et al. (2010) used support vector machine to perform an
object based classification and then compared land use vector data with these objects to detect
change.
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52
5.SPATIAL DATA MINING IN CHANGE DETECTION
Due to rapid increase in very high resolution remote sensing data availability and sophisticated
algorithm’s computational power change detection is becoming more data driven. Data mining
technique is part of a knowledge discovery in database that is supposed to extract non-trivial,
implicit information using various algorithms and techniques and this leads to the construction of
a knowledge model (Larose, 2005). Geo-graphical or spatial data mining, a specialized area of
KDD has the fundamental objective to explore both spatial and non-spatial properties to discover
hidden knowledge. Using data mining Boulila et al.(2011) developed a predictive model for land
cover change detection in image time series. Petitjean et al. (2010) applied mining techniques to
35 images covering 20 years to understand the frequent sequential patterns by providing Near
Infra-Red (NIR), Red (R), Green (G) and NDVI values. Otukei and Blaschke (2010) applied a
decision tree data mining algorithm C4.5 on the principle components, tasselled cap bands, and
normalized vegetation index and texture features extracted from Landsat TM to determine
threshold value that enabled the selection of appropriate bands for classification. In the work
proposed by Vieira et al. (2012), the objects were extracted from an image using object-based
image analysis followed by the usage of J48 decision tree data mining algorithms (using WEKA)
to create two classes. Data mining based change detection seems to achieve higher accuracy than
post-classification comparison.
9. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
53
Technique and
Approaches
Issues
(Pixel-based)
Image differencing
Image rationing
Image regression
Vegetation index
differencing
Change vector analysis
Principal component
analysis
Kauth-Thomas
transformation
Post-classification
comparison
Direct multi-date
classification
Machine learning
Texture analysis based
Multi-temporal spectral
mixture
Fuzzy
• Over-detection or mis-detection due to the failure in choosing right threshold
value to differentiate change from no- change. Low threshold value excludes
areas of change; high threshold value includes areas of change.
• Selecting an appropriate threshold is generally ambiguous especially for
unsupervised algorithms when ground truth is not available to present prior
knowledge.
• A variety of automated threshold selection algorithms are proposed but
Rosin and Ioannidis (2003) emphasize that the performance of these
algorithms is scene-dependent.
• Pu et al. (2008) focused on setting different thresholds for positive and
negative changes to improve the accuracy of change detection but the
identification of optimum threshold(s) has to be performed using either a
trial-and-error manual method or automatic generation and testing (Im et al.,
2007; Lu et al., 2004). Here the drawback while using the former method is
that it labor intensive, uses only one image for analysis, test just a few
discrete threshold and time consuming.
• The results of pixel-based methods are limited when applied to very-high-
resolution (VHR) imagery as it has to face a number of challenges which
includes increased variability in reflectance for each class resulting in salt-
and-pepper effect, various acquisition characteristics (e.g. viewing geometry
of sensor, illumination angle and effects due to shadow), geo- referencing
accuracy (Wulder et al., 2008)
• The spatial characteristic, relationships and arrangements of the real-world
objects are not modeled which results in missing the vital clues about the
area under investigation (Johansen et al., 2010)
• Output is subjected to noise (i.e., jagged boundaries or holes in the
connected changed components and isolated changed pixels (Bontemps et
al., 2008)).
(Object-based)
Image-object
Class-object
Multi-temporal
• Searching the spatially corresponding objects that are of different sizes and
shapes in multi-temporal images is a critical procedure and errors in it lead
to incorrect change detection results.
• Selecting the appropriate change threshold is a challenge in image-object
change detection.
• Performance and accuracy of the classification algorithm and selection of
image segmentation technique which results in different object sizes based
on different segmentation parameters influence the performance of class-
object change detection approach.
• In multi-temporal-object change detection approach the defect in registration
and shadowing effect affect multi-temporal segmentation (Stow, 2010) and
use of a single segmentation for all the images fails to provide new/different
objects which may be created at different times because of change
10. International Journal on Computational Sciences & Applications (IJCSA) Vol.5, No.2,April 2015
54
6.CONCLUSION
Developing change detection methods in remote sensing is an ever-growing research agenda.
Change detection is a complicated process with no single optimal approach applicable to all
cases. The change detection applications are on bio-physical, environmental change detection,
land use/cover change, security related application but the domain to explore is still wider
(Kennedy et al., 2009). The technological advancements over the last few decades has allowed
the applications to exceed the traditional limits and endeavor new ventures which in turn fed back
to the remote sensing technologies for further developments (Blaschke et al., 2011). The launch
of new satellites represent challenges to develop effective and efficient change detection
methodologies and frameworks capable of searching through huge achieve of remote sensing data
with different spatial/ spectral/temporal resolutions and enable change analysis (Vieira et al.,
2012).
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