4716 4720.output

* GB785123 (A)
Description: GB785123 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Electric light units for use in aircraft
Description of GB785123 (A)
a r i
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor:-JOHN BONELL.
) Date of filing Complete Specification: Jan 5, 1956.
) I Application Date: Feb 10, 1955 No 3987/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 38 ( 5), Bl V; and 39 ( 2), El.
International Classification:-F 21 b H 102 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Electric Light Units for Use in Aircraft.
We, WILMOT-BREEDEN LIMITED, of Eastern Works, Camden Street, in the
City of Birmingham 1, a British Company, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we -5 pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to an electric emergency light unit for use in
aircraft, and has for its object to provide in an efficient and
convenient form a light unit, which is adapted to be illuminated
automatically in the event of the aircraft in which it is fitted
making a crash landing, said light unit also being readily removable
from the aircraft for use as a hand torch.
An electric light unit in accordance with the invention comprises in
combination a body part in which is formed a chamber for a battery, a
lamp holder in the body part, and a switch in the body part for
connecting a lamp in the holder with a battery in the chamber, said
switch including a spring loaded plunger carrying a switch contact,
and a weighted member which normally obstructs movement of the plunger
and maintains the switch open, but is displaceable by its inertia as a
result of the impact of a crash landing to allow the switch to close
automatically under the action of the spring loading of the plunger.

In the accompanying drawing one embodiment of the invention is
illustrated in sectional side elevation and includes a body part 1 in
which is formed a chamber 2 for accommodating a dry cell electric
battery 3.
The inner end of the chamber 2 is closed by a cover 4 secured to the
body part 1 by -40 screws, one of which is seen at 5 On the cover 4 is
a spring 6 for making contact with the lower pole of the battery, and
also lPrice 3 s 6 d l serving to urge the battery outwardly, so that
its opposite pole makes contact with the one contact of an electric
lamp 7 The lamp 7 is engaged in a holder 8 secured to a reflector 9,
which is carried by a transparent or translucent plastic closure
member 10 having a screw-threaded skirt engaging within a hole
eccentrically disposed in a circular cover 11 for the outer end of the
body part 1.
The spring 6 is electrically connected to a spring-loaded plunger 12
situated within the body part at one side of the chamber 2, and on the
plunger 12 is a contact 13 of a switch The fixed contact 14 of this
switch is connected electrically through the reflector 9 and lamp
holder 8 to the lamp, and the arrangement is such that the spring
loading of the plunger urges the plunger in an axial direction towards
the closed position of the switch The,plunger 12 which is slidable in
a guide 15, may be of hollow formation as shown, and the loading of
the plunger may be effected by a coiled compression sprnig 16 bearing
at one end on a closed end of the plunger and at its opposite end on a
screw-threaded plug 17 engaging the guide 15 Also the inner end of the
plug 17 may be located between a pair of resilient blades 18 (only one
of which is seen in the drawing) upstanding from a plate 19 to which
the spring 6 is attached To vary the compression of the spring 16, the
setting of the screw-threaded plug 17 in the guide 15 can be adjusted
through a hole in the cover 4, this hole normally being closed by a
screw-threaded plug 20.
The switch is normally held in the open position by a wveighted
member, which may be in the form of a cylindrical weight 21 on the
lower end of a stem 22 Intermediate the ends of the stem there is
formed a 785,123 & 11 ,Kc'n -R 1; Y 785,123 spherical protuberance 23
which engages a part spherical seating in a block 24 mounted within
the cover 11 the end of the stem remote from the weight extending with
freedom through aligned holes in the block 24 and cover 11 Also the
weight has formed on its end remote from the stem a conical or
otherwise shaped projection adapted to engage a recess in the outer
end of the plunger 12 and thus maintain the switch contacts in an open
position.
By virtue of universal movement permitted to the stem 22 in the block
24 the weight 21 can be displaced laterally from the plunger in any

direction by angular displacement of the stem Alternatively the stem
22 could be pivotally mounted inithebody part so as to be angularly
movable in a plane extending fore and aft of the aircraft in which the
light unit-is fitted.
The arrangement is such that in the event of the aircraft in which the
light unit is fitted making a crash landing the inertia of the weight
21 will move it laterally from the plunger, and allow the plunger to
close the switch contacts automatically The switch can be reset
manually to the open position by means of the end of the stem 22 which
projects through the cover 11.
Desirably the light unit is detachably mounted in the aircraft and for
this purpose the body part 1 has external means whereby it can be
connected in a socket in the aircraft by a bayonet or other type
coupling.
This feature admits of the unit being removed readily for use as a
hand torch in the event of an emergency For example, as illustrated
the body part has formed in it bayonet slots 25 which can be engaged
with pegs 26 on a socket 27 mounted within a hole in portion 28 of the
aircraft fuselage, the inner end of the socket having a -coiled spring
29 serving to urge the body part outwardly.
It will -be seen that the switch is disposed in the body part-at the
one side of the lamp 7 and battery 3, so that by removing the closure
member 10 or the cover 4 the lamp or battery respectively can be
changed without in any way disturbing the adjustment or setting of the
switch.
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* GB785124 (A)
Description: GB785124 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in textile ring spinning machines

, C, c r A
Inventors:-WILLIAM SELWYN ROBSONand KENNETH WARD.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Dec 28, 1955.
Application Date: Feb 12, 1954 No 4242/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance Class 120 ( 2), D 2 BS.
International Classification:-DO 2 d.
Improvements in Textile Ring Spinning Machines.
We, FAIRBAIRN LAWSON COMBE BARBOUR LIMITED, a British Company, of
Wellington Foundry, Leeds 1, in the County of York, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
Our invention relates to textile ring spinning machines and has for
its object the provision of an improved form of oiling system for the
rings.
In ring spinning systems, each spindle co-operates with a ring fixed
in a ring rail, l 5 the said ring carrying a traveller through which
the yarn is passed before being wound on to the spindle or bobbin
carried thereby.
The traveller moves constantly round the ring during spinning, and may
therefore require lubrication, more particularly if the spinning is
performed on a wet yarn.
In this connection, it is known to apply oil or grease directly by
hand to the ring, or alternatively to provide each ring with an oil or
grease nipple, a small quantity of oil or grease being injected
through -the nipple at predetermined intervals by an attendant Again,
it is known to provide the ring rail, which carries a plurality of
rings, -with a system of pipes into which oil is manually or
automatically injected, the system being arranged to feed metering
jets connected to the rings on the rail.
Our invention aims to provide a simplified and cheapened form of
oiling system for a plurality of rings mounted on a ring rail.
To this end, we arrange for each ring to be provided with a hole
drilled from the side of the ring towards a surface on which oil is to
be distributed Each ring is placed in a circular hole in the ring rail
with its oil hole coinciding with a further oil hole drilled in the
ring rail itself Each rail oil lPrice 3 s 6 d l hole is connected with
a longitudinal oil channel formed in an extended metal section or oil

channel member fixed to the edge of the ring rail, and extending the
length of the rail This oil channel is sealed at both ends, and oil
may be applied to it either by a nipple manually, or by means of an
automatic oiling system carried by or connected to the ring rail
channel We provide a flat surface on one side of the ring rail, and
then fix an oil channel member to the said flat side This member
consists of "D" section extruded metal, running the length of the ring
rail The said member is drilled right through at each point at which a
ring is to be served and is fixed to the rail by metering jet screws
one of which is provided for each ring Each jet screw has a head which
bears on the inner surface of the oil channel member and clamps an
outer flat face thereof firmly against the flat side of the ring rail:
An oil seal gasket is inserted between the member and the ring rail
After assembly, the holes on the outer side of the member through
which the jets were inserted and screwed home, are sealed by screwed
plugs with the exception of one such hole, in which a nipple or a
connection to an automatic pressure oiling system is fitted The ends
of the oil channel are also sealed Each jet screw may be provided with
a filter, a metering restriction and a non-return valve if required,
and the joint between the ring and the ring rail through which the oil
passes may be sealed by any suitable method as for example by jointing
compound.
According therefore to our invention an oiling system for a spinning
machine comprises an oil channel member having an oil channel
extending longitudinally of the ring rail and fixed to the said rail,
and an oil jet screw in an oil hole communicating from ice 78,124 785
J 124 785,124 the said channel to each ring position, The meter jet
may be provided with a characterised in that the said jet screws also
filter and a non-return valve is required, to act as fixing means for
the oil channel prevent dirty oil or water from the surface member of
the ring from running back into the oil S; Reference should now be
made to the channel.
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* GB785125 (A)

Description: GB785125 (A) ? 1957-10-23
A system for effecting automatic control of a vehicle variable-speed power
transmission mechanism
:'-' _=_ t ( _
-;, 4,, .
Inventor:-CLIFFORD FRANK MAY.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 2, 1956.
Application Date: Feb 14, 1955 No 4276155.
Complete Specifidation Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), D 3 (A: C).
International Classification:-F 06 h.
A System for Effecting Automatic Control of a Vehicle VariableSpeed
Power Transmission Mechanism.
We, JOSEPH LUCAS (INDUSTRIES) LIMITED, of Great King Street, in the
City of Birmingham 19, a British Company, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention has for its object to provide in a simple form a system
for effecting automatic control of a variable-speed vehicle power
transmission mechanism.
A system in accordance with the invention comprises the combination of
a plurality of electromagnet means for actuating the several
gear-changing components of the mechanism, a controlling relay in
association with each of such means, a switch for controlling each
relay, an electromagnetic means which includes a moving coil for
effecting successive actuations of the relay-controlling switches, a
current generator adapted to produce a voltage which varies with the
speed of the vehicle, and a variable resistance under the control of
the engine accelerator pedal for regulating the current supplied from
the generator to the moving coil.
In one example, as illustrated by the accompanying diagram, and
applicable to a 3-speed gear, any appropriate electromagnetic
actuating means (as indicated by a) is provided in association with

each of the movable gear-changing components of the gear Each of these
means is controlled by an electromagnetic relay b Each relay comprises
an electromagnet c which may have connected to it a resistance d, and
a switch e operable by the electromagnet for controlling the current
required by the gearchanging means Further each electromagnet c is
controlled by a switch consisting lPrice 3 s 6 d l in part of a spring
blade f or a springloaded pivoted blade, carrying contact pieces g and
situated between a pair of fixed contact pieces h, one of which serves
to short 45 circuit the relay electromagnet, and the other of which is
in series with the relay switch.
Current is supplied to the gear-changing means and the relays from a
common source, which may be a battery i 50 In association with the
relay-controlling switches is provided an electromagnetic actuating
means This comprises a perman-ent magnet j, and a moving coil k which
is mounted with freedom of angular move 55 ment in the air gap between
the poles of the said magnet and is loaded by a spring m, a radial arm
n, adapted to actuate the blades f of the relay-control switches For
supplying current to the moving coil there is pro 60.
vided a direct or an alternating current generator o to be driven by
any convenient part of the power system of the vehicle the speed of
which is related to vehicle speed, and such that the voltage generated
by it is 65 variable with that speed When an alternating current
generator is employed, a rectifier p is provided between it and the
moving coil k In either case a variable resistance q, is provided
between the 70 generator and coil, the resistance being variable by a
connection with the engine accelerating pedal.
When the vehicle is at rest, the relay switches e are open, and both
of the relay 75 electromagnets c are short-circuited by the relay
controlling switches When starting the vehicle, the first speed gear
is brought into action by the driver in the usual manner In this
condition the movable 80 blade f of the controlling switch of the
first relay (the left hand one in the diagram) is 7854125 785,125 held
in the short-circuiting position by the arm N associated with the
moving coil k.
When a given increased speed is attained, the moving coil moves the
said arm out of contact with the said blade and allows it to move to
its other position in which it closes the circuit containing the
contacts of the associated relay switch Current then passes to the
electromagnet of the relay causing the relay switch e to be closed and
thereby enabling current to pass to the gear changing means a, so
causing the gear to be changed from first speed to second speed With
further increase of speed, the continued movement of the arm N of the
moving coil k carries it into contact with the blade f of the
controlling switch of the second relay (the right hand one in the

diagram), and moves it from its short-circuiting position to that in
which it allows current to pass to the associated relay electromagnet
c With the consequent closing of the relay switch e, current passes to
the gear changing means a causing the gear to be changed from second
to third speed In this action the first relay is rendered inoperative,
through a switch (not shown) associated with the gear change
mechanism.
With fall of speed the above described sequence of operations is
reversed, and at all times the required gear changes occur
automatically with increasing or decreasing vehicle speed.
The invention is applicable in essentially the same manner to gears
adapted to give 35 a larger range of gear changes, by providing an
appropriate number of relays and relaycontrolling switches.
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* GB785126 (A)
Description: GB785126 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to gyroscope caging devices
COMPLETE SPECllPIOATION lmprovements- in or relating to Gyroscope
Caging Devices
We, S. SMITH & SONS (ENGLAND) IBSITED, a British Company, of Crickle-
wood Works, Cricklewood, jondon,N-.W .2, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:
The present invention relates to a caging device for a gyroscope
having two precessional degrees of freedom.

The function of such a caging device is to bring the usual inner
gimbal ring (or its equivalent, for example a rotor casing) into a
predetermined caged position relative to the outer gimbal (usually one
of orthogonality) and to bring the outer gimbal ring into a
predetermined, caged, position relative to the structure to which it
is (pivotally) attached
It is the object of the present invention to provide a caging device
which is simple and relatively compact.
According to the present invention a gyroscope caging device comprises
a first cam member on the inner gimbal ring, said first cam member
having an operative contour lying in the plane passing through the
Quter gimbal axis normal to the inner gimbal axis and formed with an
inwardly-directed depression, a first plunger whose line of action
coincides with the outer gimbal axis, said first plunger being
normally spaced away
from the first -cam member but being adapted to be forced into contact
with the operative contour thereof, the inner gimbal ring being
located in the desired caged position relative to the outer gimbal
ring when the plunger is at the vertex of the depression, and means to
cage the outer gimbal ring about the outer gimbal axis.
Preferably the means to cage the outer gimbal ring comprise a second
cam member on the outer gimbal ring and surrounding the outer gimbal
axis, a second plunger whose line of action is parallel to but
displaced from the outer gimbal axis3 said second plunger being
adapted to be forced into contact with the operative contour of the
second cam, the said contour having a depression in the direction of
the line of action of the second plunger, the outer gi:nLbal ring
being located in its caged position when the second plunger is at the
vertex of the depression.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the lines of
action of any plunger must make an angle with the tangent to the cam
corresponding contour at the point of contact which is less than 90
minus the appropriate angle of friction. However, the shape of each
cam is preferably such that this angle is only slightly less than 90
minus the appropriate angle of friction.
Preferably the operative contour of each cam member is symmetrical
about the line of action of the appropriate plunger when the plunger
is at the vertex of the depression.
It will be appreciated that the ideal shape for the first cam contour
would comprise portions of two similar but opposite-handed equiangular
spirals described about the intersection bf the gimbal axes. In most
practical cases, where the gyroscope is only required to be moved
through a maximum angle of about45 during caging about the inner
gimbal axis, a sufficiently good approximation may be provided by two

similar arcs of circles described about suitably offset centres, but
for-larger caging angles, up to the maximum of 90 , the apprbsi7na-
tion provided by such circular arcs is not satisfactory. Similarly thF
ideal shape for the contour of the second cam will comprise portions
of two similar but opposite handed - helices described - about the
outer gimbal axis.
A gyroscope having two precessioha
degrees of freedom and provided with a
caging device in accordance with the pre
sent invention will now be described with
reference'to the accompanying drawings,
of which:-
Figure 1 shows a view of the instru
ment partially in section.
Figure 2 shows a developed view of the
profile of one of the cams appearing in
Figure 1.
The gyroscope has an electrically-driven
rotor 1 mounted inside a hollow casing 2,
more or less cylindrieal in form, which
also constitutes the inner gimbal. Casing
2 is pivotally mounted by mean of bear
ings 3 in an outer gimbal 4. Gimbal 4
is in turn mounted in a housing 5 by
means of bearings -6 and plates 7 and 8
which are spigotted together. Various
conventional devices such as a torque
motor 9 (with stator attached to plate 8
and rotor attached to gimbal 4), a pick-off,
mounted in a somewhat similar fashion
indicated at 10 and a further pick-off (not
shown) with its relatively movable parts
mounted respectively one the inner and
outer gimbals are provided.
Gimbal 4 is -capable of making eom-
plete rotation about its bearing axes. so
slip rings, indicated at 11, are provided
to enable electrical connection to be estab
lished to the gyro driving motor etc.
Co-operating stops 12 on the inner and
outer gimbals limit rotation about the
inner gimbal, in the example shown, to
an arc of about +45.
As far described the gyroscope is

quite conventional.
In accordance with the invention a cam
plate 1-3- is attached to the rotor casing 2,
its profile lying in the plane of the rotor
spin- axis and the outer gimbal axis The
profile is in the approximate form of parts
of two similar equi-angular sprirals having equations respectively of
the form r-a exp-(m#)
r=a exp(--mO)
2' being the distance of a point on the con
tour from the intersection of the gimbal
axes, a and sn being constants, 8 being the
angle between the radius veetor from the
intersection to the point and the outer
gimbal axis when the gyro is in the caged
position, the two parts of spirals meeting
on the -outer gimbal asis (as shown in
Zigure -1) when the gyro its caged A small
notch, 13z is formed at that point. 13 are
ing 6 is hollow, and a first plunger 14
extends through it, the line of action of
the plunger 14 coinciding with the outer
gimbal- asis. -The-constant "m", men
tioned above, is rather greater than the
coefficient of friction between the end of
plunger- 14 and the profile of cam plate 13,
-so that the cam may slide relative to the
plunger. A sufficiently close approxima-
tion to the spiral form can be obtained,
for relatively small angles of up to about
45 , by giving the profile the form of two
arcs bf circles with centres suitably offset from the inner gimbal
a-sis. A second
channel form, cam is is attached to the
outer gimbal ring 5, lying outside bear
ing 6 and in the general form of two
similar portions of opposite-handed
helices centred on the outer gimbal asis.
Cam 15 may be engaged by a second
plunger 16, moving parallel to the first
plunger 14. A developed view of the pro
file of cam 15 is shown in Figure 2, the
profile being seen to be in the general
form of a pair of inclined straight lines,

with a depression 15a;, at the innermost
junction of the straights lines and an
upstanding resilient part, 15b, at the
outermost. The angle between these lines
and the line of action of plunger 16 is
rather less than 90 minus the angle of
friction between them, that is to say, the tangent of the angle "?" in
Figure 2 is
rather-greater than the co-efficient of fric
tion. Cam 15 is so located that when the
plunger 16 is seated in depression 15a the
gyroscope is caged in the desired position
about the outer gimbal axis. Plungers 14
and 16 are located by guide holes in plate - 7. Both plungers are
mounted upon a
carrier 17 positioned by the plunger 18 of
a solenoid 19. Plunger 14 is loaded by a
spring-indicated at 14a, but plunger 16
is solidly attached to carrier 17. Plunger
18 is loaded by means of a spring indi
cated at 18a. An insulated projection 17a
on carrier 17 closes a pair of contacts 21
when the plunger 18 approaches its fully
protruded position. Solenoid 19 is carried
on - an adjustable mounting, rigidly
attached to plate 7.
In the normal operating condition
solenoid 19 is de-energised so that plungers
14 and 16 are respectively clear of the cor
responding cams 13 and 15.
To cage the gyroscope solenoid 19 is
-anergised, whereupon the plungers engage
with the corresponding cams and the gyro-
scope is brought to a position in which the -plungers are seated in
the depressions. If
the rotor is not spinning, the plunger tips
slide over the respective cams in an
obvious manner. If the rotor is spinning,
-and the gyroscope is displaced away from
the catgd position about both - axes, upon
energisation of they solenoid the plungers
make contact with their respective cams.
The gyroscope then precesses until plunger
16 seats in depression 15a and sub

sequently plunger 14 is seated in depres
sion 18--a -under the loading of spring 14a.
- iTpon completion of caging., or rather just
prior to such completion, contactsW are closed, their closure being
utilised to initiate operation of an indicating or warning device.
The function of the upstanding resilient part 15b of the profile of
cam 15 is to ensure that if the gyroscope is exactly tE0; away from
its caged position plunger 16 engages with one.or other of the sloping
parts of the cam profile, and does not stop in a dead-centre position.
Conveniently plate 7 may be made rotatable about the outer gimbal
taxi. so that the gyroscope, when in its caged condition, may be set
in any desired position about that axis. -
What we claim is :--
1. Agyroscope caging device comprising a -first cam member on the
inner gimbal ring, said first cam member having an operative contour
lying in the plane passing through the outer gimbal axis normal to the
inner gimbal axis and formed with an inwardly-directed depression a
first plunger whose line of action coincides with the outer gimbal
axis, said first plunger being normally spaced away from the ffrst cam
member but being adapted to be forced into contact with the operative
contour thereof, the inner gimbal ring being located in the caged posi
tion relative to the outer gimbal ring when the plunger is at the
vertex of the depression and means to cage the outer gimbal ring about
the outer gimbal taxis.
2. A device as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the means to cage the outer
gimbal ring comprise a second cam member Cn the outer gimbal ring
having an operative contour surrounding the outer gimbal axis, a
second plunger whose line of action is parallel to but displaced from
the outer gimbal axis, said second plunger being adapted-to
be-force-d- into contact with the operative contour of the second cam
the said contour having a depressionin the direction of the line of
action of the second plunger, the outer gimbal ring being located in
its caged position when the second plunger is at the vertex of the
depression.
3. A device as claimed in Claim 1 or 2 wherein the line of action of a
plunger makes an angle with the corresponding cam contour at the
points of contact which is slightly less than90 minus the appropriate
angles of friction.
4. A device as claimed in Claim 1, 2or 3 wherein the contour of a cam
member is symmetrical about the line of action of the appropriate
plunger when the plunger is at the vertex of the depression.
5. A device as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the first cam contour
comprises substantially portions of two similar but opposite-handed
equi-angular spirals described about the intersection of the gimbal

axes.
(i. A device as claimed in Claim 4 for use in conjunction with a
gyroscope required to be moved through a maximum angle of about +45
during caging, wherein the cam contour comprises two arcs of circles
described about centres offset from the inner gimbal axis.
7. A device as claimed in Claim 2, or in any of Claims 3 to 6, as
dependent on
Claim 2, wherein the contour of the second cam comprises portions of
two similar but opposite-handed helices described about the outer
gimbal axis.
8. A device as claimed in (Claim 7 wherein the contour of the second
cani has an upstanding resilient part spaced 1,80 away from the
depression formed therein.
9. A device as claimed in Claim 2 or in any of Claims 3 to 9 as
dependent upon
Claim 2 wherein the plungers are mounted upon a carrier movable in the
direction of the outer gimbal axis.
10. A device as claimed in-Claim 9 wherein the first plunger is
springmounted on the carrier.
11. A device as claimed in Claim 9 or 10 wherein the carrier may be
rotated about the outer gimbal axis.
12. A- device as claimed in any of Claims 7 to 11 wherein the carrier
is actuated by a solenoid.
13. A device as claimed in any of Claims 9 to 12 wherein means are
provided to indicate when the carrier is ina position corresponding to
a caged condition of the gyroscope.
14. A caging device for a gyroscope substantially as hereinbefore
described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
PItOVISIONAL SPECIFICATION Improvemerllts in or relating to Gyroscope
Caging Devices
We, S. SMITH & SONS (13ENGLAND) IEMITDD, a British Company, of
Orickle- wood Works, Criclrlewood, London,N.W.2, do hereby declare
this invention to be described in the following statement:- -.
The present invention relates to a caging device for gyroscopes having
two precessional degrees of freedom.
The fuhction of such a caging device is to bring the usual inner
gimbal ring (or
* GB785127 (A)
Description: GB785127 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to methods of distilling commercial glycerol
liquors
l-';z,{::,-7>,
PATENT SPECIFIATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 18, 1955.
. E ' F 785,127 No 8031/55 FA / Application made in France on March
19, 1954 Complete Specification Published: October 23, 1957
Index at acceptance:-Class 32, B 3 (B:F); B 5 F.
International Classification:-B Old.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Methods of Distilling Commercial
Glycerol Liquors We, SAVONNERIE ET MANUFACTURE DE PRODUITS CHIMIQUES
DE PORT-AL'ANGLAIS ETABLISSEMENTS BRETON & STEINBACH, a Franch body
corporate, of 1012, rue Edith-Cavell, Vitry-sur-Seine (Seine), France,
do hereby declare the, invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention aims at improving the methods of distilling
commercial glycerols with a view to reduce costs in the different
operations yielding the end or distilled product.
According to the invention there is provided a method of extracting
glycerol from commercial aqueous glycerine liquors havng a lower
glycerol content than usual commercial raw concentrated glycerols, in
which the aqueous glycerine liquor is distilled continuously or
semi-continuously in a vessel maintained under reduced pressure, by
injecting the liquor into; a hot pool of concentrated liquor in the
vessel, or by projecting the liquor against a hot wall of the vessel,
the conditions of temperature and pressure in either case being
maintained such that rapid vaporization of the bulk of the liquor
occurs, leaving only a saline slurry as residue.
Moreover, this invention is concerned with various commercial
apparatus for carrying out the method broadly set forth hereinGlycerol
vapour weight p steam weight wherein 92 and 18 are the molecular
weights of glycerol and water, respectively.
The raw glycerol supplied to the distillation still is commercially
available in the two following forms:1 glycerols called 80 % lyes,

lPrice Ss 6 d l above 35 The advantages of this invention will become
apparent from the detailed description hereafter if reference is made
to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is a comparative table of data, 40 Figure 2 is a graph
illustrating the table of Figure 1, Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate
diagrammatically three different types of industrial apparatus for
producing glycerol according to 45 the method of this invention.
The boiling point of pure glycerol at atmospheric pressure is 290 C
but its decomposition begins at about 200 C Consequently, the
distillation of glycerol should 50 be effected either under high
vacuum or by carrying over the glycerol in vacuo by means of
superheated steam This second method is most frequently employed on a
commercial scale Now the quantities of steam utilized 55 in injection
form are very considerable and may even equal or exceed the quantity
of, glycerol to be distilled By way of indication the table of Fig 1
and the graph of Fig 2 taken from the book entitled "Glycerol" by 60 C
Miner and N Dalton show at different temperatures the weight
percentage and the partial pressure of glycerol of water and glycerol
mixtures under an absolute vacuum of 60 mm of mercury 65 These two
characteristics are closely related to each other by the approximate
following formula:
artial pressure of glycerol partial steam pressure 92 x 2 glycerols of
the 88 % saponification type.
Due allowance being made for the foreign substances (such as inorganic
salts and or 80 ganic substances), the residual moisture content of
these raw materials is of the order of Rrice,,t a few percents Now
they both derive from sight, is rather unpractical however on the the
concentration by evaporation of indust following grounds:-since
thermal transfers rial glycerinized liquors the glycerol content
between gases and vapours are restricted in of which varies from 3 to
20 % Now the a vacuumized enclosure, a proper applicamanufacturer of
raw glycerols has to supply i tion of ths operation would make it
neces 70 energy in the form of heat to bring these sary that the
glycerinized liquor itself carried products to a low residual moisture
content, along the heat required for its evaporation and on the other
hand the glycerol distiller -before it penetrates into the expansion
chamreintroduces into the still a relatively substan ber Assuming an
expansion taking place at tial quantity of injection steam the produc
160 'C and admitting the approximate values 75 tion of which has
required an additional heat of 350 kilogram-calorie or large calories
for consumption the vaporizing heat and 0 8 large calorie for An
attempt at avoiding this economical an the mean specific heat of the
liquor, the latter omaly has already been made In certain should be
previously heated to the following methods now employed in the

glycerol in approximate temperature: 80 dustry the distillation steam
from the raw 350 glycerol evaporator is superheated and sub 160 + =
160 + 437 = 5970 C, sequently used as injection steam in the dis 0 8
tillation still; however, this procedure offers which is unfeasible.
2 Q the following drawbacks: (B) The glycerinized liquor, heated be 85
1 A perfectl timing between the concent forehand to the maximum
temperature conration and distilation steps is required sistent with
industrial conditions and with a 2 The steam output of conventional in
proper preservation of the product, is abdustrial evaporators is quite
variable accord ruptly projected into an enclosure in vacuo ing to the
proportions of its contents; its or into a fixed liquid bath acting as
a heat 90 maximum value is attained when the glycer exchanger It is
conceivable, for example, in inized liquor is the weakest, and this
value an enclosure or container under operative disdecreases
progressively as the strength in tillation conditions, to abruptly
project a creases It varies currently in the ratio of glycerinized
liquor into or on a mercury bath 5 to 1 between the extreme limits
heated to a temperature higher than, or equal 95 3 Many manufacturers
of raw glycerols to, the distillation temperature This theoretiare not
distillers, and vice-versa cally feasible solution is attended by a
serious In view of the foregoing and also of the inconvenience: the
residual impurities (orfact that in high-concentration zones (i e
ganio impurities and inorganic salts) con40 % and more) the yields
attained by indus stituting the distillation residue would rapidly 100
=trial evaporators are the lowest, it occurred soil the heating bath
so that the latter would to the Applicant that a glycerinized liquor
require a frequent cleaning By way of having a still relatively high
water content example, a commercial glycerol called lye could be
subjected to a direct distillation in glycerol, titrating from 40 to
50 % of glycerol, vacuo This implies the following require has a usual
content of 12 to 15 % of inorganic 105 ments: salts However, this
solution becomes definI The glycerinized liquor must be itely feasible
if the heating bath consists of brought to distillation conditions
(high tem glycerol taken from the product to be treated : perature and
vacuum values) instantaneously, and recovered by distillation at the
end of not progressively, otherwise a simple concent the process Table
1 indicates for example 110 ration due to the evaporation of its water
con that the composition of the vapours is as foltents would occur
lows at 1700 under absolute vacuum ( 60 mm II This operation must be
effected as a of Hg):
continuous or semi-continuous process, due Glycerol: 56 23 % to its
instantaneity Water: 43 77 % 115 In practice the operation may be
carried As the supply of glycerinized liquor at this out on a
commercial scale according to the glycerol and water content has begun

before following alternatives: the enclosure has attained operative
condi(A) According to a generally known tions, for example at a
definitely lower temmethod employed for other purposes and perature, a
residue of non-distilled glycerol 120 called flash-distillation, the
glycerinized develops the volume of which is controllable liquor,
whether previously heated or not, is by the operator In other words,
as the suddenly expanded in an enclosure in vacuo operation begins the
still operates as a simple at a temperature equal to or higher than
the evaporator The supply is discontinued when distillation
temperature Thus, the projected the glycerol residue seems to be
sufficient, 125 liquor is suddenly volatilized, and the water and
resumed when the temperature and presand glycerol vapours carried
along to feed sure values correspond to the feed liquor condensers
while the fixed residue settles in vaporisation conditions, i e 170 'C
under 60 the expansion chamber proper mm of Hg Under these conditions,
the This solution, although attractive at first glycerol residue
remains permanently in the 13 G 785,127 785,127 distillation enclosure
so as to act as a heat transfer medium After the entire charge has
distilled completely the glycerol residue still present in the
apparatus is removed by injecting the quantity of water or steam
required for distilling this residue under the operative conditions
or, better still, in order to avoid a useless heat consumption, by
injecting a suitable quantity of low-content glycerinized water.
(C) The glycerinized liquor, heated beforehand to the maximum
temperature consistent with industrial possibilities and a proper
preservation of the product, is pro( 5 jected into an enclosure in
vacuo against a solid heat-transfer wall adapted to convert it almost
instantaneously into vapour To carry out this method on a commercial
scale obviously requires a permanent scraping or :20 cleaning of the
heat-transfer wall.
A few practical and preferred embodiments of industrial apparatus
adapted for carrying out the method of this invention are described
hereafter; however, they should not 325 be construed as limiting the
scope of this invention as they are given solely by way of example.
The apparatus illustrated in Fig 3 is designed for carrying out the
alternate method set forth hereinabove in paragraph (B) and is adapted
to treat a glycerinized liquor consisting of a diluted saponification
glycerol having a moderate content of ash and organic substances.
This apparatus comprises a still 1 the lower portion of which is
provided with a tapping valve 2 It is heated by means of a steam coil
located in its lower portion and accessorily by a double jacket in
which steam or another heating fluid is circulated.
The cylindrical body of the still is heated externally by any suitable
means (for example a surrounding steam coil or a jacket in which a

heating fluid is circulated) so that no steam condensation may occur
therein.
The vapour discharging elbow 3 has the minimum length and is carefully
heat-insulated A liquid/vapour separator 4 of any convenient design is
provided for retaining the entrained liquid carried along or
projected, and returning same into the body of the apparatus On the
other hand the still is provided with a glazed sight-hole 5 and a
level-gauge 6; the still may be fed either through a pipe equipped
with a large-output cock 7 or through a pipe provided with a nozzle 8
of any suitable design.
When the operation is initiated the inner space of the apparatus is
put under vacuum 0 and the still filled with glycerinized liquor until
the heating coil is completely immersed.
Then the heating steam is progressively introduced and the liquor
concentrated according to the usual operative procedure While
maintaining the level to a constant value by means of a fresh supply
of liquor, the temperature is progressively raised, as the liquor
concentrates, up to a value equal to or slightly in excess of the
distillation temperature of the feed liquor under the still pres 70
sure i e for example under 60 mm of Hg (curve 2):
C if the liquor has a 10 % glycerol content 1430 C if the liquor has a
20 % glycerol 75 c ontent 159 CC if the liquor has a 40 % glycerol
content 1660 C if the liquor has a 50 % glycerol content 80 Then the
liquor to be distilled is introduced through the injector or nozzle 8
with an input adjusted according to the evaporation capacity of the
apparatus As this liquor encounters the hot pool of concentrated
glycerol it 85 vaporises immediately and if the temperature and feed
requirements are strictly adhered to, the vapour mixture undergoing
distillation will have the same composition as the input or feed
liquor For a predetermined 90 vacuum value a too high temperature
would cause the high-glycerol bottom mass to partially distill and the
level would be lowered, whereas a too low temperature would increase
the volume By accurately adjusting 95 the distillation conditions,
whether automatically or not, the free surface of glycerol will be
maintained to a constant level However, it may be pointed out that the
temperature to be maintained should be higher than 100 ' that
theoretically contemplated due to the slight glycerol reflux issuing
from the separator 4 and flowing back into the apparatus.
The injector or nozzle 8 is supplied with a liquid either heated or at
room temperature, 105 and under a pressure higher than, equal to, or
slightly lower than the atmospheric pressure If the injector is
immersed in the heating bath it is possible to extend more or less the
length of the inlet pipe, for example in 110 the form of coil turns,
in the bath It is also possible to preheat the liquor by causing same

to flow through one of the glycerol condensers of the installation
Thus, in the case of a 30 % glycerol, the vaporising tempera 115 ture
of glycerol being about 200 calories ( 800 B.T U), the mean specific
heat of the liquor about 0 85 calorie, the glycerol condensation alone
will make it possible to pre-heat the feed liquor by 700 C 120 When
the run has been completed or the glycerol pool deemed unsuitable for
continuing the operation on account of its becoming excessively soiled
with organic substances and/or ashes, the liquor supply will be dis
125 continued and the remaining glycerol distilled by injecting water,
steam or, still better, glycerol diluted in water, so as to avoid any
undue waste of heat Under these conditions, the glycerol residue will
be carried over al 130 1 1 11 i 1 i i most completely In or just
before this last step of the process it is advisable to allow the
residue level to rise above the required or usual level so that the
heating coil be completely immersed The distillation sediments are
removed through the large-diameter valve 2.
The apparatus shown in Fig 4 is intended for carrying out the process
described in paragraph B hereinabove and adapted to treat a
glycerinized liquor consisting of a diluted glycerol deriving from
dyes This apparatus is particularly suitable for removing the
substantial inorganic residues resulting from the distillation of
glycerols from lyes Of course, it is also adapted to distill the
so-called saponification glycerols.
Elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of this apparatus are the same as
the corresponding parts of the apparatus illustrated in fig 3, but
this installation is completed by another glazed sight-hole 5 '
located at the bottom of the lower tapered portion of the still, and
it comprises in addition a slurry extraction device 9, a centifugal or
static drying device 10 and, if required, a liquid pump 11.
The operation is commenced as in the case of the apparatus of fig 3,
but from the very beginning of the operation a saline slurry deposits
in the bottom of the lower tapered portion of the still, as may be
observed through the glazed sight-hole 5 ' The upper level of this
sediment is maintained within the range of vision through this
sighthole 5 ' by removing any excess slurry through the extractor 9,
and the liquid level is simultaneously kept to a constant -value by
providing an adequate supply of glycerinized liquor When the glycerol
pool is sufficiently concentrated the temperature of the apparatus is
progressively raised until the distillation temperature -of the feed
-liquor is attained The process is continued as in the case of the
preceding apparatus but the saline slurry depositing in the bottom of
the lower cone of the still is extracted continuously during the run
by means of extractor 9 which transfers this slurry to the drying
apparatus 10 in which it is dried and washed by the glycerinized feed

liquor itself The resulting salt contains but low percentages of
glycerol and may be re-used The glycerinized feed liquor enriched with
the glycerol extracted from the salt during the washing operation is
transferred to the feed injector 8 either by the simple suction
produced in the apparatus or by means of a pump 11.
Obviously, _ under these conditions, the glycerol recovered in the
washing step and consequently the bottom mass filling the lower cone
will become loaded with soluble impurities, particularly organic
substances.
When this bottom mass is deemed unsuitable for a proper continuation
of the operation, the glycerol residue will be removed by injecting
water, steam or water containing diluted glycerol, as in the case of
the apparatus of fig 3.
The operation of this type of apparatus calls for a few remarks
Obviously, the ex 7 a traction system 9 can be dispensed with if the
saline slurry down-pipe has a barometric height which, considering the
density of the slurry, represents from 20 to 23 feet On the other
hand, in the first part of the distillation 75 process a considerable
quantity of glycerol is carried along by the, saline slurry, thereby
reducing the volume of the bottom mass in the still, until the saline
slurry enters the drying device 10 During this initial phase it is 80
' therefore necessary to maintain the temperature in the apparatus
above its rated ternperature, so that the vapours have a glycerol
concentration lower than that of the feed liquor, the excess
compensating the losses 85 caused by the tapping effected through the
cock 2.
In the apparatus illustrated in fig 5 and designed in accordance with
the description in paragraph C hereinabove, the sudden in 90 O crease
in temperature of the glycerinized liquor forced into the still
results from the projection of this liquor against a heated wall.
As in the case of the previously described apparatus it is possible
with the apparatus of 95 fig 5 to treat glycerinized liquors
consisting of glycerols from diluted lyes having -a strong content of
inorganic residue This apparatus comprises a cylindrical still body 1
heated externally by circulating a heating fluid This 10 G body 1 is
provided at its lower portion with a large-size draining cock 2 and at
its upper portion with a discharge elbow 3 through which the
distillation vapours are released, a separator 4 being associated with
this 105 J elbow 3 One or a plurality of glazed sightholes 5 are
provided, one sight-hole being located in the lower cone of the still
so as to permit the proper checking of the operation of the apparatus
A rotary scraper 12 in 110 ' the form of an Archimedean screw is
provided in the still to constantly keep the evaporation surface in a
status of sufficent cleanliness; the shaft of this scraper 12 is

hollow and acts as a supply pipe to one or more nozzles 115 13 for
projecting the glycerinized liquor to be treated.
The principle of the operation consists in bringing the body of the
still to the temperature and pressure adequate for vaporizing 12 G.
the feed liquor Of course, the ideal conditions would be that the wall
of the apparatus were at such a temperature that the glycerol and
water in the pulverized liquid were volatilized immediately, the
residue of 125 ' organic and inorganic substances alone remaining on
the wall of the apparatus In fact, experience proves that if the
complete volatilization of the glycerol in a single run were required,
this would lead to the carrying 130; 785,127 785,127 along of
considerable quantities of organic commercial aqueous glycerine
liquors having impurities likely to exert a noxious influence a lower
glycerol content than usual commeron the quality of the distilled
glycerol On cial raw concentrated glycerols, in which the the other
hand, the continuous removal of a aqueous glycerine liquor is
distilled continudry residue would be attended by difficulties ously
or semi-continuously in a vessel main 70 regarding the keeping of the
apparatus under tained under reduced pressure, by injecting vacuum
conditions Consequently; it is at the liquor into a hot pool of
concentrated tempted to effect but a partial volatilization liquor in
the vessel, or by projecting the 1 of the glycerol, the saline slurry
residue be liquor against a hot wall of the vessel, the ing scraped
continuously and directed to conditions of temperature and pressure in
75 wards the drain cock 2 where an extraction either case being
maintained such that rapid device 9, a drying device 10 and a pump 11
vaporization of the bulk of the liquor-occurs; identical with the
corresponding elements de leaving only a saline slurry as residue.
scribed in the preceding example will trans 2 Method according to
claim 1 for treatfer, wash and re-cycle the glycerol to be re ing
glycerinized liquors of the so-called 80 covered by washing the slurry
residues saponification type, wherein the preliminary This apparatus
calls for the following re concentration of said glycerinized liquor
is marks: as the heating surface must be very limited or even totally
avoided.
scraped continuously to remove any 3 Method according to claim 1 for
ganic residue therefrom, it is necessary to treating glycerinized
liquor of the so-called 85 give a simple geometric shape thereto; in
lye-type, wherein the concentration is carried the example described
this shape is cylin out to a content of about 40 %, said concentrical,
but it is also possible to contemplate ration thus eliminating the
major portion of the use of a cone-shaped still or a still hav the
inorganic salts still present in the glycering any inner surface
adapted to be scraped inized liquor 90 In all cases the heat-transfer

surface is rela 4 Method according to claim 1 wherein tively small
with respect to the volume of the said hot pool consists of glycerol
produced apparatus Therefore, any other factors being during a
preliminary step in which a certain unchanged, and particularly given
equal quantity of glycerinized liquor introduced involumes or
capacities, an apparatus accord to said enclosure is progressively
heated to 95 ing to fig 5 has a lower output than an ap the
temperature of operation while it conparatus according to fig 4 even
if it is pro centrates in the bottom of the enclosure.
vided with a powerful heating coil 5 Method according to claims 1 and
4 The glycerol content of the liquor to be wherin said glycerinized
liquor to be vapordistilled according to the method of this in ized is
introduced into the bottom of said 100 vention is limited only by
economical factors enclosure through a pipe forming several coil In
the case of the so-called saponfication turns immersed in the glycerol
bath.
glycerols, liquors of any contents may be 6 Method according to claims
1 and 4 treated, the method permitting for ex wherein the introduction
of glycerinized ample to distil a glycerinized liquor contain liquor
is replaced at the end of the opera 105 ing 10 % of glycerol at 130 'C
under 60 mm of tion by the supply of a certain quantity of Hg, which
would not be possible with the vapour water or of a diluted
glycerinized hitherto known methods, as the cost of liquor in view of
recovering by vaporisation using 9 parts of injection vapours for I
the glycerol content of the glycerol bath.
part of glycerol would be prohibitive 7 Method according to claim 1
for treat 110 In the case of the so-called lye glycerols, it ing
glycerinized liquors from soap manuis preferable to heat the liquid to
evaporation facture lyes, wherein the apparatus utilized temperature
to a preliminary content of 40 %, is completed by a device of the
continuouslyin order to eliminate the greater portion of operating
type adapted to free the slurries SO the dissolved inorganic salts
building up in the bottom of the enclosure, 115 The upper limit
exclusively of the glycerol to recover the glycerol from these
slurries and content is that of raw commercial glycerols discharge the
exhausted slurries.
of 88 % saponification-type and of the 80 % 8 Method according to
claims 1 and 7, lye-type, but no economical advant wherein said heated
wall consists of the inage whatsoever will justify such a high pre ner
lateral walls of the enclosure, the glycer 120 liminary concentration
inized liquor being projected there-against Of course, the
above-defined installations by nozzles radially mounted on a rotary
holmust be completed on an industrial scale by low shaft carrying a
scraper adapted to force fractionated condensation stages for extract

the slurries downwardly to the bottom of the ing the glycerol proper
The arrangement of enclosure wherefrom they are detached by 125 these
stages, already known per se, forms no said continuously-operating
device which also part of this invention and therefore is neither
recovers the glycerol and discharges the exdescribed nor illustrated
herein hausted slurries.
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