4751 4755.output

* GB785158 (A)
Description: GB785158 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Methods of preparing hydrofining catalysts and processes for using same
Description of GB785158 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT ESPECIFICATION
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785158 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 8,
1955.
No 31873/55.
Application made in United States of America on Dec 21, 1954.
(Patent of Addition to No 742,764, dated Oct 1, 1953).
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
A Index at acceptance:-Classes 1 ( 1), A 3 81; and 91, 02 C.
International Classification:-B Oj Clog.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Methods of preparing Hydrofining Catalysts and processes for using
same ERRATA SPECIFICATION No 785,158
Page 6, line 61, for "fractions" read "fraction" Page 6, line 70, for
" where " read "where in'" THE PATENT OFFICE 10th 7 une, 1960
described in the said Patent Specification
742,764 can be used effectively in hydrofining processes when
impregnated with a hydrofinng catalyst.
The present invention consists of a method of preparing hydrofining
catalysts which comprises reacting together sodium aluminate,
aluminium sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous medium maintained
at a p H between 9 and 10, filtering and washing the resultant

precipitate, drying and heating the resultant alumina-silica
composition, and incorporating an active hydrofining catalyst with the
alumina-silica composition for example iispregnation or the "dry-mi "
technique.
Suitable hydrofining catalysts are cobalt molybdate, including
mixtures of cobalt oxide and molybdenum oxide, and sullphides such as
molybdenum sulphide or nickel-tungn sulphide.
Specifically, catalysts containing Sto 20 weight per cent cobalt
molybdate are especially valuable for hydrofining of heating oil
fractions boiling in the range of from 400 -1100 F, lPtice 3 s 6 d l
_-wc 4 S i 4 that, for example, dilute hydrogen from a hydroformer can
be used in the hydrofining process A particularly desirable method of
hydrofining is to' recycle appreciable quantities of hydrogen to the
hydrofining unit in order to prevent carbonization of the catalyst.
It is to be understood that the mild hydrofining conditions are
secured by the adjustment of the above-named operating conditions For
instance, if a relatively high liquid feed rate is used as compared to
the amount of catalyst present, the higher temperature range may be
employed On the other hand, if la very active catalyst is used, it is
desirable to use a relatively high feed rate or to use a relatively
low temperature The mild hydrofining conditions are measured by the
amount of hydrogen consumption per barrel of oil feed Conventional
hydrofining operations utilized for the desulfurization of certain
stocks are conducted under conditions whereby the hydrogen consumption
ranges from 150 to 600 standard cubic feet of hydrogen per barrel of
oil These operations used heretofore in the art secured Fc E, 7-=D
(P', i tz 'ri 7 '1 L) C 1 PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 8, 1955.
No 31873/55.
(Patent of Addition to No 742,764, dated Oct 1, 1953)
Complete-Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
1853155 Index at acceptance:-Classes 1 ( 1), A 3 B 1; and 91, 02 C.
International Classification:-B Olj Clog.
Methods of preparing Hydrofining Catalysts and' processes for using
same We, Esso RESEARCHAND EN Gi NEERING COMPANY, a Corporation duly
organised and existing under the laws of the state of Delaware, United
States of Ameenca, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America,
do, hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
The present invention relates to the preparation of new and improved
hydrofining catalysts.

Patent Specification 742,764 is concerned with a method of preparation
of microspheroidal particles of carriers or bases, suitable for use as
supports for hydroforming catalysts, for instance when impregnated
with an oxide of molybdenum, chromium or titanium, or with platinum or
palladium We have now discovered that the catalyst supports described
in the said Patent Specification
742,764 can be used effectively in hydrofining processes when
impregnated with a hydrofining catalyst.
The present invention consists of a method of preparing hydrofining
catalysts which comprises reacting together sodium aluminate,
aluminium sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous medium maintained
at a p H between 9 land 10, filtering and washing the resultant
precipitate, drying and heating the resultant alumina-silica
composition, and incorporating an active hydrofining catalyst with the
alumina-silica composition for example itnpregnation or the " dry-mix
" technique.
Suitable hydrofining catalysts are cobalt molybdate, including
mixtures of cobalt oxide and molybdenum oxide, and sulphides such as
molybdenum sulphide or nickel-tungsten sulphide.
Specifically, catalysts containing 5 to 2 Oweight per cent cobalt
molybdate are especially valuable for hydrofining of heating oil
fractions boiling in the range of from 400 -1100 F, lPrice 3 s 6 d l ;
zg R H particularly cracked oil fractions boiling within this range
The hydrofining operation conducted on the cracked oil is desirably a
" mild hydrofining operation " The alumina-silica composition
preferably contains l P% to 51 % by weight of silica, particularly
about 2 i% by weight of silica, based on the alumina content.
The temperatures used in the hydrofining treatment are in the range
from 4000 F to 700 F, preferably in the range from about 500 F to 650
F Pressures employed are in the range from 50 to, 250 pounds per
square inch, preferably in the range from about 100 to 200 pounds per
square inch The feed rates are ordinarily in the range from about 1-16
volumes of liquid per volume of catalyst per hour Preferred feed rates
are most often in the range from 1-5 V/V/Hr The hydrogen in the gas to
the hydrofining unit may vary from 50 to 10 Q% by volume This means
that, for example, dilute hydrogen from a hydroformer can be used in
the hydrofining process A particularly desirable method of hydrofining
is to recycle appreciable quantities of hydrogen to the hydrofining
unit in order to prevent carbonization of the catalyst.
It is to be understood that the mild hydrofining conditions are
secured by the adjustment of the above-named operating conditions For
instance, if a relatively high liquid feed rate is usedas compared to
the amount of catalyst present, the higher temperature range may be
employed On the other hand, if la very active catalyst is used, it is

desirable to use a relatively high feed rate or to use a relatively
low temperature The mild hydrofining conditions are measured by the
amount of hydrogen consumption per barrel of oil feed Conventional
hydrofining operations utilized for the desulfurization of certain
stocks are conducted under conditions whereby the hydrogen consumption
ranges from 150 to 600 standard cubic feet of hydrogen per barrel of
oil These operations used heretofore in the art secured Hey) C.
ki 785,158 -a substantial sulfur reduction ( 50 % to 90 %).
In: the so-called " mild hydrofining operation " operating conditions
are adjusted so that the hydrogen consumption i standard cubic feet
per barrel does not exceed 60 and is preferably less than 40
Furthermore, the extent of the sulfur reduction when utilizing the
mild hydrofining conditions is often as little as about 20 %.
The effectiveness of the catalysts of the 10 present invention in the
hydrofining of heating oils may be more clearly seen from the
following experiments.
In evaluating these catalysts, experiments -were conducted in which
heating oils were 15 hydrolined heating oils used in these experiments
had ithe inspections indicated in the following table:
C_z Gravity, A Pl Distillation: IBP, 'F.
% at 'F.
% % % I 40 % % % % % % FBP, F, Recovery, % Carbon Residue ( 10 %
Bottoms), Wt % Unblended Blended with Stock B Blending Value Potential
Sediment, mg /100 ml.
Suspended Sediment, Mg /100 il.
Color, TR Colorhold, TR Doctor Test Westphal Gravity Bromine Number,
cg /g.
Mercaptan Number, mg S/100 ml.
Total Sulphur,: Wt % Stock A West Texas Light Virgin' Heating Oil 36 6
332 387 398 ' 416 432 444 456 468 481 495 512 528 534 96.0 0.6 0.4 + 1
(S) 14-1/2 DNP 8410 3 O 68.
0.446 TABLE I
Stock B Doctor Sweetened West Texas Virgin Heating Oil' 36 8 330 392
408 456 497 546 608 633 658 99.0 0.01 ' O Stock C Stock D 7000 F E P
Blend of Thermal Heavy and Catalytic Catalytic Heating Oil 1 Heating
Oil 21.9 402 490 508 531 552 571 593 610 633 650 670 690 696 97.0 14
3.6 13-1/2 3/4 DNP 9202 15.6 3.3 1.118 22.9 385 476 494 516 532 548
566 582 600 618 638 653 663 98.0 13 19 33 0.5; 1 4 0.2 13 1-3/4 DNP
9171 8.7 4.3 1.124 00 -A W :
1 3 1' 1 1 j 1 ' 1 1 f 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1: ' 1 1; In these
experiments a c ployed which contained aboi molybdate supported on an
by the reaction of sodium alu sulfate and sodium silicate medium
maintained at a p H The silica-alumina precipital nique was filtered,
washed, d impregnated with cobalt mol pregnation may be achieved,

mixing an aqueous isolution and a molybdenum salt with t followed by
heating to dehyd Suitable salts are cobalt nitrai ammonium molybdate
Mo 13 may also be used For comp the heating oils identified wer with a
cobalt molybdate catal a conventional form of silica-.
also a commercially availabb molybdate supported on alum In a first
series of experin A, identified in Table I, was the catalyst of this
inventioi conditions and the results o are indicated in Table II for
runs:
TABLE II -
Hydrofining West Texas Ligh Oil (Stock A) Over Catalyst Invention.
Operating Conditions Temperature 'F.
Feed Rate, V/Hr /V Pressure, psig.
Feed Gas Rate, S CF/B r%H I Product Inspections 785,158 catalyst was
em treated heating oil to zero The blended carbon it 15 '% of cobalt
residue values shown were obtained by blendalumina obtained ing the
treated heating oil in a 50-50 proninate, aluminum portion with a
caustic washed heating oil havin an aqueous ing a carbon residue on 10
% bottoms of O 10; of about 9 to 10 -this was Stock D, identified in
Table I It ed by this tech will be observed that the final blend had a
lried, heated and carbon residue value of only 0 03 The blendybdate
Such im ing value indicated in the Table is obtained by for example,
by calculating the carbon residue which would be of a cobalt salt
expected on the basis of the averaged values he silica-alumina, of the
blended stocks as compared to the value rate the mixture actually
obtained For example, since hydrote or acetate, and fined Stock A had
a carbon residue of 0, rbdenium trioxide while Stock D had a carbon
residue of 013, arative purposes, it could be expected that a 50-50
blend of e also hydrofined these stocks would provide a carbon residue
yst supported on of about 0 07 Since the actual carbon residue free
alumina and of the blend was only 0 03, however, the blende form of
cobalt ing value of hydrofined Stock A is calculated Nma to be -0 07.
ients, heating oil In other words, this data shows that by hydrofined
with employing the catalyst of this invention, the i; the operating
treated heating oil has the unexpected prof this treatment perty of
actually reducing the carbon residue two typical test inspection on
blending with an inferior oil below the value which could be expected
on the basis of average inspection values This t Virgin Heating data
demonstrates ithat heating oil hydrofined of the Present in contact
with the catalyst of his invention exhibits a synergistic
compatibility on blending with heating oil which has not been speciRun
A Run B ally processed.
______ In a second series of experiments to evalu599 602 ate the
catalysts of the present invention, 2.32 520 heating oil C, identified
in Table I, was sub204 201 jected to a mild hydrofining treatment The

conditions applied and results of this treatment are shown in Table
III.
630 369 Hydrofining TABL IHI.
6130 369 Hydrofinig -Heavy Catalytic Heating Oil (Stock C) Over
Catalyst of the Present Invention.
Distillation IBP, 'F 320 310 /%: 390 390 % 402 -400 % 418 416 30 % 431
428 % 443 492 % 455 453 % 467 465 % 480 478 801 % p 493 491 > Carbon
Residuee ( 10 % Bottoms), Wt '% Unblended ':
Blended with Stock D Blending Value Sulfur, Wt l.
Doctor Test 0 00 0.03 -0.07 0.08 Pass 0.00 0.03 -0.07 0.16 Pass It
will be noted from this data that the hydrofining of heating oil stock
A in contact with the catalysts of the present invention serves
tor-reduce the carbon residue of the Operating Conditions Temperature,
'F.
Feed Rate, V/Hr /V Pressure, psig.
Feed Gas Rate, SCF/B %HP t Producit Inspections Distillation IBP, 'F.
% % %,% % % 550 % % % 80.% 602 1.2 204 919 395 480502 529 551 571 591
610 628 & 647 785,158 Carbon Residue ( 101 % Bottoms), Wt % Unblended
Blended with 501 % of Stock B Blending Value Sulfur, Wt J-% Doctor
Test 0.02 0.02 -0.01 0.46 Pass -It will-be observed from this data
that the catalyst of this invention was extremely effecfive in
improving the burning characteristics of the heating oil which was
treated, reducing the carbon residue value of this oil to only 0.02
The blended ccarbon residue value indicated in the Table was obtained
by blending the heating oil which was treated in 50-50 proportions
with a doctor sweetened virgin heating oil B of the nature-indicated
in Table I Again, it will be observed that the hydrofining treatment
with the catalyst of this invention resulted in a negative blending
value, demonstrating an unexpected superiority of the catalyst for
improving heating oils.
As brought out by the data of Tables II and Ill, the catalyst of this
invention is remarkably effective in improving the burning quality of
heating oils The superiority of this catalyst is particularly marked
by the characteristic that on blending heating oils, which have been
hydrofined in contact with catalysts produced in accordance with this
invention, with other normally incompatible heating oils, an
unexpected improvement in the final blended carbon residue values
results z In view of these results, it may readily be seen that these
catalysts can be used to substantially improve the total output of
blended heating oil from a refinery by reducing the proportion of this
heating oil which must be subjected to special processing to pass
burning quality inspections.
For comparative purposes, reference may be made to comparable
hydrofining runs using conventional catalysts In one such expeiimental

run, heating oil A, indicated in Table I, was treated with a cobalt
molybdate catalyst supported on a conventional silica-free alumina
base The conduct of this process andl the results obtained are set
forth in Table IV.
TABLE IV.
Hydrofining Virgin Heating Oil (Stock A) t O Over Conventional Cobalt
Molybdate Catalyst.
Operating Conditions Temperature, 'F.
Feed Rate, V/V/Hr.
Reactor Pressure, psig.
Hydrogen Rate, SCF/B 600 1.01 1077 Product Inspections Gravity, O A Pl
Distillation IBP, 'F.
% % % 30,% % % % % 801 % % 95.% FBP, O F.
Recovery % Loss, %/a 37.1 284 381 398 415 429 440 453 465 478 492 '
508 520 536 98.0 Carbon Residue ( 101 % Bottoms), Wt,% Unblended
Blended with 50 % of Cracked 11 O.
( 0.18 Carbon residue) Blending Value Color, TR Colorhold, TR Doctor
Test Westphal Gravity Mercaptan Number, mg S/100 ml.
Sulfur, Weight % 06 04 21-1/2 21 Passes 8367 0.39 s O It will be noted
from this data that while 85 the conventional hydrofining catalyst was
capable of improving the buining characteristics of the heating oil,
this improvement was not nearly as marked as that obtained by-the use
of the catalyst of this invention Again, it will 90 be noted that the
blending value of the treated heating oil was a positive rather than a
negative value, indicating that the /heating oil is somewhat less
compatible for blending purposes than that produced with the catalyst
of 95 this invention.
Again, for comparative purposes, a heating oil hydrofining run was
conducted employing a commercially available form of cobalt molybdate
on alumina From previous experi 100 mental work, it had been
established that this commercial catalyst was the most active
commercially available catalyst This catalyst was employed to
hythofine heating oil A, identified in Table I The conduct and results
of this 105 experimentare shown in Table V.
TABLE V.
Hydrofining Virgin leating Oil (Stock A) Over Commercially Available
Hydrofining Catalyst 110 Operating Conditions Temperature, 'F.
Feed Rate, V/V/Hr.
Reactor Pressure, psig.
600 1.02 ' I Total Gas Feed (Reactor Inlet) % -Hydrogen Hydrogen Rate,
SCF/B Product Inspections Gravity, A Pl Distillation: TEP, 'F.
% 2011 % 30,% % '% 601 % 70;% 80 i% 9 O ce, -/ % FBP, 'F.
Recovery, l% Loss,;% Carbon Residue ( 10 % Bottoms), Wit % Unblended
02 Blended with 50 % of Cracked H O 11 (Carbon Residue 0 18) Blending

Value 04 Color, TR l+ 19 (S) Colorhold (P S Test), TR '+ 16 (S) Doctor
Test Passes Westphal' Gravity ' 8361 Mercaptan Number,' g S/100 mil 0
0 T 6 tal Sulfur, Wt',% 017 Again, it'will be observed that use of the
conventional catalyst in ithis hydrofining operation failed to
completely eliminate blending incompatibility as indicated by the
higher blending value.
785,158
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* GB785159 (A)
Description: GB785159 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Method of preparation of mouldable copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE543280 (A) FR1139810 (A) NL92712 (C)
BE543280 (A) FR1139810 (A) NL92712 (C) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
IS Ad', 4

Inventors: CLIFFORD JONES, BRONSON ORA HARRIS and FRANK LAWRENCE
INGLEY 785, 159 G Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification: Nov 11,1955,
No 32337/55.
Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 6), P 7 D( 2 A 1: 2 A 4: 8), P 7 K( 7;
8) P 7 F(IE 1; 3; 4 X: 6 B), P 8 D( 3 A:
8), P 8 K 7, P 8 p( 1 E 1; 3; 4 X; 6 B), International
Classification;-CO 8 f.
Method of preparation of Mouldable Copolymers of Styrene and
Acrylonitrile We, THE Dow CHEM Ic AL COMPANY, a Corporation organized
and existing under the Laws of the State of Delaware, United States of
America, of Midland, County of Midland, State of Michigan, United
States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a Patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by 'the following
statement: -
This invention relates to the preparation of thermoplastic copolymers
by the interpolymerization of styrene and acryloniitrile More
particularly, this invention provides a method for the
interpolymnerization of styrene and acrylontirile whereby the rate of
polymerization and the molecular weight lof the polymer product (are
readily controlled in order that solid, mouldable resins may be
obtained.
Copolymers of from about 65 to about 80 per cent by weight of styrene
correspondingly from about 35 to labout 20 per cent of acrylo.
nitrile are known as "solvent resistant" resins, e g resins that are
relatively resistant to attack by certain liquids such as gasoline,
alcohol, water, aqueous acids and aqueous alkalies, even though these
resins are swellable and/or dispersible in certain other liquids such
as methyl ethyl ketone When properly prepared, such copolymers are
strong, hard, rigid thermoplastics that are readily moulded and shaped
into useful articles by conventional means, such as by compression or
injection moulding, extrusion, welding, hot pressing, or the like.
Coprolymers of stylrene and acrylonitrile in -the above-stated
proportions have been obtained by subjecting monomeric mixtures of
styrene and 'acrylonitrile to polymerization conditions However, it
has been difficult to prepare consistently good copolymer products
having satisfactory mechanical properties and lPrce 3 s 6 d 1 ESA
moulding behaviour It is known that these characerstics of the product
are, related to the average molecular weight of the copoly 45 mer It
is further known that the most desirable combination of mechanical

properties, (e.g strength, hardness, and flexibility) andi moulding
behaviour (e g flow rate) is found in copolymers that have 'average
molecular 50 weights such that 10 per cent by weight solutions of the
copolymers in methyl ethyl ketone have viscosities between 6 land 40,
preferably between 10 and 30, centipoises at a temperature of 250 C
Since the copolymer 55 isation reaction is vigorously exothermic, it
has been difficult to control such reaction to the degree necessary to
obtain copolymer products of the most desirable kind The rate of the
polymerization reaction increases with an 60 Increase in reaction
temperature, while the average molecular weight of the copolymer
product decreases with such increase in temperature Herein lies the
dilem of the co.
polymer manufacturer: At the temperatures 65 -at which the
copolymerization reaction is readily controlled, the rate of
production of copolymer product is undesirably slow and the molecular
weight (or solution viscosity) of the copolymer product is undesirably
high; 70 conversely, at the temperatures at which the copolymer
product would have a desirable average molecular weight, the rate of
reacWron is so very great as to make control of the reaction extremely
difficult if not impossible 75 It is lan object iof this invention to
provide an improved method for the preparation of thermoplastic
copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile of the kind just -described A
specific object-is to provide such a metiod for 80 making, in a
controllable mannelr, a homogeneous copolymer of from 65 to 80 per
cent.
by weight of styrene and correspondingly from 35 to 20 per cent by
weight of acrylol ^ A 'a ___ _ 1-1 755,159 nitrile} which -copolymer,
as a 10 per cent transfer agents durinig 'the poynietization reby
weight solution in methyl ethyl ketone, action The modifiers are not
chemically comi.e butanone, has a viscosity of from 6 to bined with
the copolymer product and can be centipoises and is capable of being
moulded readily separated therefrom at the comS to strong, hard, rigid
articles Other objects pletion of the polymerization step 70 and
advarntages of the invention ii e evident The process of -this
invention irs essentially in the following description: a modified
mass, i e bulk, polymerization.
The objects of this invention are attained The reaction charge
consists of a homoby heating, at a tempertature between abouti geneous
mixture of a polymerizable portion 1300 and labout 1750 C, a
homogeneous and themodifierportion Aspreviousiy stated, 75 liquid
mixture of from 65 to 80 per cent by the polymerizable portion
consists, by weight, weight of styrene and from 35 to 20 per cent of
from 20 to 35 per cent acrylonitrile, from by weight-of acrylonitrile
to -which mixture 35 to 80 per cent styrene, and from 0 to 30 has been

added from -10 to 40 per cent of per cent alpha-methylstyrene and ithe
modifier at least one modifying agent selected from portion from 10 to
40 per cent by weight of 80 the class consisting of benzene,
alkyl-benzenes, the whole mixture The charge should be suband nuclear
chlorinated derivatives thereof, stantially free of water and
inhibitors of polyeffecting interpolymerization of stylrene and
merization Preferably no polymerization acrylonitrile until the
polymerization mix catalyst ds added, although a small amount of ture
contains not more flii E 70 -per cent, pre a free -radical-generalting
catalyst, e g an or 85 ferably from 20 to 50 per cent by -weight
ganic-peroxygen compound, can be used if of the resulting copolymer
prduct, and desired, but is usually unnecessary.
separating that copolymer product having 1 The poiymetization reaction
can he carried viscosity of -frorn 6 to 40 cntipoiues wt Ien out in
batch, semi-continuous, or continuous measuied as a 10 per cent
solution in but-' manner, the continuous manner being pre 90 anoie at
250 C from the non-podymenic com ferred The polymerizable materials
and the ponents of -the reacto nixnhture A part of modifier can be fed
separately -into' admixture thd styrene can be replaced bhr
alpha-methyl in the reaction zone at rates corresponding styrene the?
aiount -of alpha-melhyl to the desired composition, or the
polymerinyrene iot exceedinig 30 per cent -by weight izab Ile
materials can be premixed Preferably, 95 of the polymerization mixture
Thus a homo the entire charge of polymierizable materials geneous
mixture of frmii 35 to 80 per cent and modifier is premixed in desired
proporby' weight of styrene, fromn 30 to O per cent tons and fed into
a polymerization zone The alpha-methylstyiene, and from 35 to 20 per
design of the apparatus for the polymerization cent -acryloiitrile can
be copolymerized by reaction is not particularly critical as long as
100 the procedure described herein adequate mixing of the contents and
heat The mondifiers-of polymaerization according transfer (to and from
the system is provided.
to this invention are benzene, chloirobenzenes, The reaction mixture
in the polymerization alkyl benzenes, and ailkyl -_ chlorobenzenes,
zone is maintained at temperatures between examples of which are
benzene; toluene, 1300 and 175 C, preferably between 105 xylenes,
polymethylbenzenes, ethylbenzene, 140 and 165 C, although somewhat
lower ethy Itoluenes,' &thylxyenes, diethylbenzenes, or higher
temperatures can be employed At diethyltoluenes, polyethyibenzenes,
isopropyl temperatures appreciably lower than about benzene,
isopropyltoluenes, -isopropylxylenes, 130 C-7 the reaction proceeds
-at an unisopropylethylbennes, isopropylethyltolhienes, economically
slow rate, and the solution vis 110 -sopropyldiethylbenzenes;
diisopropylbenzenes, cosity of the copolymrer tends to be ttoo high

diisopropyltoluenes polyisopropylbenzenes, unless relatively large
proportions of modifier chborobenzenedi P&land polce enzene are
employed which have the effect of further nuclear mono di tri and po
lorotol reducing -the rate of polymerization Conenes, nudlear mono X
and -poly-cblorinated versely, at temperatures appreciably higher 115
ethylbenzenes, and -other nuclear chlorinated than about 175 C, the
rate of polyineriza homologues of benzene While all of these tion
tends to be too great for effective con ' materials and mixtures
thereof are:operable tro M-of heat removal, unless a relatively-large
in the practice of this -invention, they ae not proportion of modifier
is used which has the fully equivalent in -the degree of their effect
effect-of reducing the solution viscosity of the 120 con the
polymerization process and on the co polymer product to an undesirable
degree polymer product, as will be more -fully ex The-presence of the
modifier materials in plained -below-the polymedization reaction
mixture according -The modifiers of polymerization of this -to this
-invention has two principal and; invention are stable materials -that
-are prominent effects: ( 1) the rate of polymeriza 125
chemically-inert-under the conditions of the Tion reaction and ( 2)
-the average molecular I.
polymerization It is not known with certainty -weight, or solution
viscosity, of the resulting how -their moderating function is
effected, polymeric product are each decreatsed relktive but it is
possible that these modifiers enter the to the results obtained under
otherwise similar activation process and are involved as chain
conditions in the absence of such modifiers 130 78 S,15957 In general,
the greater the proportion of clusive was fed to a continuous
polymerizer 60 modifier employed in the feed mixture, the -The
continuous polymerizer comprised a greater the reduction in rate of
polymeriza tubular cod i containing about 86 inches of 1tion and in
the viscosity of a solution of Ithe inch; pipe -arranged in a closed
circuit with m copolymer product However, the individual pump for
circulating the contents thereof and modifiers;are noa t identical in
their effective provded with heat-mansfer-'means for main 65 ness, as
can be seen in Example 1, below taining Within it a temperature of 148
to 152.
In the practice of -the invention, the poly C The capacity of the
reaction zone was merizable materials in the reaction z Qne are
approximately 1100 grams of reaction mixpdlymerized-until the reaction
mixture con ture Means were provided for introducing 'the tains not
more than 70 per cent, preferably feed mixture into th-encoil at
a-known control 70 from 20 to 50 per cent, -of its weight of ithe labl
rate At a point in -the coil remote from copolymer product Operations
tthat produce thd point of introducing the feed means were reaction

mixtures containing less than 20 per provided for withdrawing a
portion of the cent by weight of polymer are usually un circulating
reaction mixtuire at a rate equal economical Reaction mixtures
containing to the rate of introduction of the feed mix 75 more than 70
per cent by weight of polymer ture while maintaining sufficient
pressure in tend to be excessively viscous, which in turn the reaction
zone to maintain the polymerizamakes heat transfer more difficult In
some tion mixture in the liquid state, The rate of instances, mixtures
containing more than 70 feed of each mixture was adjusted to main per
cent by weight of polymer tend to -cross tain a concentration of
approxdimaoely 20 per 80 link or to' form "popcorn" ptlymer that is
cent of the copolymer product in the reacnot sufficiently
thermoplastic-to give satisfac don mixture The withdrawn portion of
the tory mouldings In the continuous modifica reaction mixture was
passed into a continuous dons of this method the tate of feed of the
vacuum devolatilzer where, under 5 to 10 starting materials and the
residence time of mm mercury absolute pressure and with the 85 the
reaction mixture in the reaction zone can application of heat, the
non-polymeric comreadily be controlled to give the desired con ponents
were flashed off, and the copolymer centraion of polymer product in
Ithe mixture product was obtained as a residue containing emerging
from the reaction zone; less than 1 per cent residual volatile matter.
The copolymer product can be separated In Table I are shown, for each
of the feed g 9 from the unreacted monomeric material and mixtures A
to G inclusive, the identity of the the modifier in usual ways, e g by
heating modifier, the average rate of polymerization under vacuum to
vaporize and remove the -in terms of the parts by weight of copolymer
vdia 4 tile non-polymeric material, or by pre formed per hour per 100
parts by weight of recipitating the polymer in a non-solventliquiid
action mixture in the polymerization reaction 95 in which the
non-polymer matedials are soluble -zone, and the solution viscosity
and tensile Following is a description by Sway of 'strength of the
copolyiner product The soluexample of methods of carrying the
invention Ition viscosiity of the copolymer product is the into effect
In the' examples, parry and per viscosity in centipoises of a 10 per
cent solu.
centages are by weight unless otherwise indi tiog of the copolymer in
btanone at ta tem 100 cated perature of 250 C The tensile strength of
each Ex AMPLE 1 of -the copolymer produots was determined on This
example illustrates the use of certaln iniedtion moulded test bars in
the usual manrepresentative modifiers in the process of the net and is
recorded in Table Inas the pulling invention force at break in pounds
per square inchcross 105 A mixture of 70 per cent monomeric -section
styrene and 30 per cent monormenic-acrylo The unmodified

copolymerization of a mixnitrile was prepared To each of several por
ture of 70 parts styrene land 30 parts acrylotions of such monomeric
mixture was then nitditle at a temperature of 1500 G proceeds added
one of the modifiers identified here at a very rapid and dangerous
rate and the 110 inafter to form mixtures identified as A to G product
of copolymerization of such mixture inclusive Each of lthe resulting
mixtures (ex has a high solution viscosity and is difficult to cept
mixture E) contained 49 per cent styrene, monuld; In contrast, the
polymerization in the 21 per cent acrylonitrile, and 30 per cent
presence of modifiers which are reported in of one of the m Odiflers;
mixture' E contained Table I proceeded at a moderate, readily con 115
56 per cent styrene, 24 per cent acrylonitrile, trolled rate and all
of the copolymers were and 20 per cent of one of the modifiers readily
moulded by the injection process and Separately, each of the mixtures
A to G in gave clears -hard products.
4 785,159 = O: :j TABLE I V O| O; Modifier Average | = Rate of
Viscosity:
a=l Per Polymer-_ Cps.
Feed Cent ization 10 Per Cent Tensile Mix I f Kind of in Strength tune
Feed Per Hour Butanone Psi.
A Benzene 30 10 9 9 5 8,020 B Toluene 30 27 5 17 2 9,870 C
Ethylbenzene 30 27 9 10 9 10,160 :|D -Polyisopropylbenzene, -30; 14 3
5 1 4,940 E Polyisopropylbenzene 20 _ 20 9 9 9 9,820 F Chlorobenzene
30 6- 2 23 3 9,890 G o-Dichlorobenzene 30 24 1 | 17 2 10,050 j A
mixture of tri-, tetra-, and higher-isopropylated benzenes.
EXAMPLE 2.
This example shows thei effect of the concentrution of a -modifier,
specifically ethylbenzene in the feed mixture on the copollymerization
of styrene and acrylonitrile.
A mixture was preplred consisting of 70parts styrene and 30 parts
acrylonitrile To separate portions of this moixture was added
ethylbenzene in proportion corresponding to.
10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 weight per cent, respective Ly, of the resulting
feed mixtures.
These feed miltutres were then polymerized -at a temperatdtre of
approximately 145 G in the apparatus described in Example 1 In 15
Table II is shown for each of the itests the average rate of
polymerization in terms of the weight of copolymer formed per hour per
100 parts by weight of reaction mixture contained in the
polymerization reaction zone The 20 table also shows the viscosity in
centipoises at 2510 C of a 10 -per cent solution of the copoly-ier
-product in butanone and the tensile strength in pounds per square
inch at break of the copolymer All of these products 25 were readily
injection moulded.

TABLE II 'K Ethylbenzene Average Rate of Viscosity, Tensile Modifier %
Polymerization Cp 10 % in Strength of Feed Mixture / Per Hour Butanone
Psi % 42 2 X 37 4 9,750 % 29 7 27 7 9,750 % 19 7 18 1 10,030 % 17 O 12
5 9,056 50-% 95 -8 6 7,810 EXAMPLE 3.
This example shows the effect of variations in the polym'erization
temperature on the copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in
the presence of a modifier, specifically ethylbenzene.
polymerization and the properties of the products were determined in
the usual way.
These data are averaged and summarized in Table III wherein -the
headings have the 10 meanings previously described A numher of runs
were made in the manner described in Example 1 using feed mixtures of
70 parts of styrene and 30 parts of acryloniltrile to which had been
added various proportions of ethylbenzene These runs were made at
various temperatures and the rates ofTABLE III
Average Rate of Viscosity, Cps.
Temperature Ethylbenzene Polymerization 10 % in ButaC % in Feed % Per
Hour none 1300 C 20 18 36 12 25 1400 C 10 43 38 30 26 20 18 C 10 72 28
S 20 50 19 35 13 C 20 80 15 55 10 C 30 90 7 5 I - /, From the table,
it can be readily seen that by selection of temperature and
concentration of modifier-any desired combination of rate of
polymerization -and solution viscosity -of the product can be obtained
-Other modifiers than ethylbenzene give results similar to, but
differing in degree from, those shown for etylbenzene, thereby
affording a still greater latitude of choice of conditions to achieve
a desired result.
EXAMPLE 4.
To two portions of a mixture of monomers consisting of 30 parts
acrylonitrile, 61 parts styrene and 9 parts alpha methyl-styrene,
eithylbenzene was added, as a polymerization.
modifier, in amount corresponding to 10 per, cent and 30 per cent,
respectively, of the combined ethylbenzene and monomers The resulting
compositions were then separately polymerized at a temperature of 1450
C in the apparatus, and in the manner described in Example 1 In Table
IV are shown for each test the proportion of ethybenzene in the feed
mixture, the average rate of polymerization in parts polymer formed
per hour per 100 parts of reaction mixture in the polymerization zone,
the solution viscosity of the copolymer product and the tensile
strength of an injection moulded test bar.
TABLE IV
Ethylbenzene Average Rate of Viscosity Cps Tensile Modifier %
Polymerization 10 % in Strength of Feed Mixture % Per Hour Butanone
Psi 47 6 14 4 9,980 23 7 10 9 10,096 1 i i 1 i J 755,159

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* GB785160 (A)
Description: GB785160 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in electrical components
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 16, 1955.
785,160 No 32752/55.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 37, Dl(B 2 A: B 2 B 1: C 3: G 10: J 1),
S( 2 B: 5: 6 A 4: 6 C 2); and 38 ( 1), E( 1 OB: l OX: 11).
International Classification:-H Olc, g H 02 f.
Improvements in electrical components We, ERIE RESISTOR CORPORATION, a
corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of
Pennsylvania, United States of America, doing business at 644 West
12th Street, Erie, Pennsylvania, United States, of America, do hereby
declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to electrical circuit components such as
resistors and capacitors.
An object of the invention is to provide an improved electrical
circuit component having a wrapped plastic insulating case and with
lead wires at each end and soldered connections to the terminal
surfaces of the components.
This invention consists in an electrical circuit component having a

cylindrical body with an external terminal surface at one end, a
cylindrical metal sleeve open at both ends fitting over the terminal
surface and the other end projecting beyond the end of the body to
provide an open ended pocket, a plastic tape wrapped around said body
and said sleeve in the form of an open ended cylinder providing an
insulating case for the component, and a lead wire projecting axially
from said end of the component and having a part soldered in said
pocket.
The invention also consists in a method of making an electrical
circuit/component having a cylindrical insulating case with leads
projecting axially from opposite ends from an element having a
cylindrical body with an external terminal surface at each end of the
body, which comprises wrapping one end of a cylindrical metal sleeve
over each terminal surface with the other end of the sleeve open and
projecting beyond the end of the body to provide an open ended pocket,
wrapping a plurality of layers of adhesive tape of insulating material
around the body and sleeves, and soldering a lead wire in each pocket.
The invention also consists in a method of lPrice 3 s 6 d l making an
electrical circuit component having a cylindrical insulating case with
leads projecting axially from opposite ends from an element having a
cylindrical body with an external terminal surface at each end of the
50 body, which comprises wrapping a metal band over each terminal
surface with part of the band projecting axially beyond the end of the
body to provide an open ended pocket, wrapping a plurality of layers
of adhesive tape of in 55 sulating material around the body and bands,
and soldering a lead wire in each pocket.
In the accompanying drawing, Fig 1 is a section through a capacitor
with a wrapped plastic insulating case; Fig 2 shows a resistor 60
which could be substituted for the capacitor in Fig 1; Figs 3 and 4
are sections on the cbrrespondingly numbered lines in Fig 2; and Fig 5
is a plan view of one form of tape used for making the wrapped plastic
case and the 65 connections to the lead wires.
In Fig 1 of the drawing, there is shown a ceramic capacitor having a
tubular ceramic dielectric 1 with an inner electrode coating 2 and an
outer electrode coating 3 The inner 70 electrode coating 2 is carried
over one end of the tube and terminates in a terminal surface 4.
The outer electrode coating terminates in a terminal surface 5 at the
opposite end of the tube The electrode coatings 3 and 3 can 75
conveniently be applied by one of the silver paints used in the
decoration of ceramics and which when fired on the tubular ceramic
body 1 produce a metallized coating which is securely attached to the
ceramic 80 In Figs 2, 3 and 4 is shown a resistor having a cylindrical
body 6 which may, for example, be carbon particles bonded together
with a suitable plastic At one end, the resistor has a terminal

surface 4 a which is formed by a 85 metallic band 7 wrapped around and
molded in place on the body 6 of resistance material.
At the other end of the resistor is a terminal surface 5 a which
comprises two semi-cylindrical metal parts 8 likewise molded to the
body of 90 785,160 reaistailcel material Other expedients for desired
firm contact between the metallic providi Wg' terminal surfaces on the
resistance cylinders 9 and the terminal surfaces 4 and 5.
-body are known; for example, the metal spray The metallic cylinders 9
and quite thin since ing techniqcue they are used only for making the
connections Both the capacitor of Pig 1 and the resistor to the
terminal surfaces After wrapping, the 70 of Figs 2, 3 and 4 which may
be considered tape is cured or is set in place by heat In some as
typical electric Circuit domponents require cases, the'plastic -itself
is cured, while in other leads for making the circuit-connections and
a cases, only the adhesive between the plastic protective insulating
case In Fig 1 is shown 2 ' tape layers is cured At the end of the
curing construction for providing both the insulating operation, the
wrapped tape will be consolidated 75 case and the leads and in Fig 5
is shown one and, in many cases, there will in addition be a form
of-plastic tape -w Thieli-canr be -utilized-in shrinkage of the tape
whicb-:brings it -into the Fig 1 construction The construction of
intimate contact -with the outside of the Fig 1 is obviously usable
with either of the condenser "Mylar"-(Registered Trade Mark) electric
circuit components and "Kel-F" tapes have the property of 80 Around
each of the terminal surfaces 4 and-5 shrinking upon curing so as to
produce a comis wrapped a thin metallic cylinder 9 which pression grip
on the circuit component which may, -for example, cortsist-of a thin
-tinued is desirable copper ribbon The cylinder 9 may be wrapped At
each end of the component are lead wires separatel, or-asshown in Fig
-5, the' cylinder 9 125-each having a flats round head 13 fitting 85
mai' cofip-risd two metal portions 9 a on Opposite within the
cylindrical metal parts 9 The-shape edges:-of-a strip of-plastic tapet
10 a I The por of the head-is not -critical, The head-13 could tions 9
a-may'ibe; metalized -coatings on the be-formed by winding
the-endofther lead -in-a tape Th'e le Agth of -the:portidns 9 a:is:not
spiral; A solder -connection is -made, as kdiimportaiat since only
the: first turn is -used cated at-14 between the rim of the -head 13
90 It ifidybcemoteeconomical to havethe portions: and -the cylindrical
part 9 and there-is -also a 9 a'-n-the form-of
contiiiuos-stripes-extending solder connection, as indicated at 15,
between thefil-Ltlength of the tape -As-shown in-Fig 1,
the-cylindrical part 9 and the: adjacent terminal a -pluality' of
-layers oftplastic tape 10 -are surface 4 or 5, as -the-case may be
The solder -wrapped arounndthebody lof-theccondense-r:and E

forthe-connectins-,-14;and 15-may-:come ffom 95 over the cylindrical
metal pats 9 With the a solder-coatingapplied-'to the cylindrical
metal,Fig -5 tape; the&firsttuln Wouldform cylindrical part:9 and the
head 13, or it mtay comer from pa t& 9 a 7 Th'e-;tape projectsa
-slight: istne' dip-solde-ring or -other available methods; beyond-the
endsofreach ofthe-metal members 9 i When the soldering connectioinis
completed, = 35 aslindicdte' atoll thereby -increasig-the; i the
soldef^ seals the heads 13 into -the 'ends: of -100
sulatida-leakage-tesistauce path -The:-tape 10 the plastic-case
and-together with:the-lead"wiresmay; be resin imptegnated, paper,
resin m 12 provide -the' -means, for connecting the pregnare'&ifabticy
or'-Straight'iplastic resin If component into electric circuits
thb;tap-haw-the&propetty ofbontding;to-itself, It is obviots -that
the-resistor of Figs 2, 3
thereisnoneedfor-usingan-additional-adhlerive and,'4 can be
substituted -for the capacitorIf thetape-dodsmnot have-the -propetty
ofbotnd specifically, illistratedc -in Fig, l In fact, anyr a ing tito
titsl>i-lan additional Adhtsive-may be other -'electric -circuit
component: having -a appfied T'ipldstic rnarybe 6thrinosettig or=
suitablt-;const-uctioii-3 can-b& substituted; th&-platifd mayibe&
completfely -cured -and the When the Fig 5 tape is used,-'the
initialadheirefice-bettween-the-erdifent-layers:nay-be layer of'the
6-wrapped tape provides-the-metal 110 obttfinedi b Y-th&adhesive '
Suitable tapes:are cylides at -each terminal -'surface with
theavailablinderthe-trade-namel'Mylai 1-(Regis lead-ieceiving- pockets
and -:the lisub-sequentr terd-Trade Mar -k)Tape-",-which is a
polyester layers build up the insulating: case to theresit tape;
ba-cked' -vitlt a -thturmlosetting ad ' desired-thickness.
hesive,; -"Te'floii (Registered o Trade Mafk) The-ends -of-thed-case
need; not be perfectly 115 Tajpe'? in-the'cured-'statewithta
thermosetting sealed since the -usual: wa impregnant -ill adhetve-:,
-"Teonf -(Regl,'steted Trade= -Ma&k 3 provide the-sealing.
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* GB785161 (A)

Description: GB785161 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Dishwashing apparatus
785,161 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 17,
1955.
No 32915/55.
Application made in United States of America on Aug 3, 1955.
Class 138 ( 1), 0.
tion:-A 471.
Dishwashing Apparatus We, HOOVER BALL AND BEARING COMPANY, a company
organized and existing under the laws of the State of Michigan, United
States of America, located at Ann Arbor, State of Michigan, United
States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to a device for washing dishes and kitchen
utensils and, more particular, to a device for installation at the
sink of a residential kitchen which permits the person washing the
dishes to optionally have a ready supply of clear water or water
containing detergent which can be applied to the dishes through the
medium of a hand brush for the removal of the food particles and the
thorough washing of the dishes.
A dishwashing device of this type comprises both hot and cold water
lines, a mixing manifold, a single swing type faucet, a diverter valve
for diverting water from the faucet to a hand brush and remote means
at the hand brush for controlling -the operation of detergent mixing
means to feed detergent into the water line from a reservoir located
at the main unit adjacent its manifold.
The instant invention constitutes an improvement in such devices and
has for its principal object the provision of such an apparatus which
can be installed in the place of a conventional swing faucet rather
than requiring that the standard fixture comprising the faucet, the
hot and cold water valve and the mixing manifold be removed.

The device of the instant invention utilizes a hand held brush unit
which contains no moving part such as a valve or suction creating
means, which is extremely light in weight, and which thus is less
likely to clog or require repair of maintenance.
The device of the instant invention eliminlPrice 38 6 d l ates all
moving valves and moving parts from the manually controllable means by
which the user optionally selects whether clear water or a detergent
containing water is fed through the hand brush unit 50 In addition to
these objectives the instant invention has a further important object;
namely, the provision of a complete unit including a detergent
reservoir, detergent and water mixing means, a flexible water 55 line,
a hand brush unit on the remote end of the water line, control means
at the hand brush unit by which the operator may optionally select
water or detergent containing water to flow through the hand brush
unit, 60 and a single spout and diverter valve by which the user may
elect to have the water flow through the spout or to the hand brush
unit, the entire unit, including all of the foregoing parts, being so
constructed and 65 arranged as to permit its emplacement in a
conventional swinging spout nipple without removal of the usual
control valves and manifold already present in single spout sink units
70 The foregoing objects and others and the mode of their achievement
will be better understood from the specification below and from the
drawings, in which:
Fig 1 is a front view in perspective of 75 a unit embodying the
invention installed in the place of a swing spout on a conventional
kitchen sink fixture; Fig 2 is a vertical sectional view on an
enlarged scale of the device shown in Fig 1 80 and illustrating the
manner of its mounting in a conventional mounting nipple, the section
being taken generally along the line 2-2 of Fig 1; Fig 3 is an
enlarged detailed view of a 85 mounting adapter for positioning a
device of the invention on a swing spout mounting nipple; Fig 4 is a
vertical sectional view taken along the line 4-4 of Fig2; 90 Index at
acceptance:International Classifica Fig 5 is a further enlarged
horizontal sectional view taken along the line 5-5 of Fig 4 and
illustrating the detergent and water mixing means employed in the
device embodying the invention; Fig 6 is a vertical sectional view of
a hand brush unit employed in a device embodying the invention.
A conventional kitchen sink fixture generally indicated at 10 in Fig 1
includes hot and cold water valves 11 with their source lines (not
shown), a mixing manifold (not shown) by which the output from the
valves 11 is fed to a single point, and a mounting nipple 12 in which
such units conventionally mount a single spout through which flows the
hot and cold water controlled by the valves 11 and mixed in the
manifold.

A device embodying the invention has a manifold body 13 (Fig 2) which
includes a downwardly directed internally threaded socket 14, an
upwardly inclined arm portion and a generally horizontal manifold
portion 16 A spherical headed thimble 17 (see also Fig 3) is threaded
upwardly into the socket 14 and has a flanged head 18 which provides a
shoulder for a mounting and coupling nut 19 The coupling nut 19 mounts
the entire unit on an adapter nut 20 which is internally threaded and
can be tightened securely down on an adapter generally indicated at
21.
The adapter 21 comprises an outer tube 22 and a centre stem 23 that is
threaded into the tube 22 and has a tapered end 24.
The adapter tube 22 has a plurality of slots cut through its walls for
the reception of radially movable locking jaws 26 (only one of which
is shown in place in Fig 3) The inner ends of the locking jaws 26 are
beveled so that when the stem 23 is screwed downwardly in the tube 22
its tapered end 24 thrusts the jaws 26 outwardly, biting their
serrated edges into the interior of the spout mounting nipple 12 The
stem 23 is forced downwardly by engaging a wrench in a socket 27
forming in the upper open end of its internal vertical passage 28 and
holding the tube 22 in place with a wrench on flats 27 a near its
upper end.
After the adapter 21 has been thus firmly positioned in the neck of
the spout mounting nipple 12, a mounting washer 29 is slipped over the
adapter 21 and the nut 20 tightened downwardly to seal the washer
against the upper end of the spout nipple 12 The adapter nut 20 has a
convex conical end 30 for the reception of the oppositely curved head
of the thimble 17 The manifold body 13 has an-internal passage 31
leading from the socket 14 upwardly and forwardly to a diverter valve
pocket 32 at the rear of the manifold portion 16 and co-axial with a
throat 33 leading forwardly to a well 34 and aligned with a diverter
stem socket 35 at the front end of the manifold portion 16.
Intersecting the well 34 from the top of the portion 16 is a threaded
spout socket 36 which receives a spout 37 The spout 37 is mounted in
the socket 36 by a spout 70 mounting nut 38 which applies pressure to
the spout 37 through a snap ring 39 against which the beveled lower,
inner edge of the nut 38 bears and which is set in an annular groove
40 in the lower tubular portion of 75 the spout 37 A similar lower
annular groove 41 provides space for an 0-ring 42 to seal around the
body of the spout 37 against the escape of water When the nut 38 is
screwed down tightly into the socket 36 80 the spout 37 is retained in
place yet free to swing because the snap ring 39 is the only spout
retaining means and the nut 38 does not clamp the spout.
A diverter valve stem bushing 43 is 85 threaded into the stem socket
35 and a diverter valve stem 44 extends through the bushing 43 being

sealed therein by an 0-ring At the forward end of the stem 44 there is
mounted a diverter valve knob 46 and at 90 the rear end of the stem 44
there is located a diverter valve plug 47 which spans the throat 33 in
its forward position but is normally held at the rear by a spring 48
surrounding the stem 44 and acting between the rear 95 shoulder of the
bushing 43 and a washer 49 on the stem 44.
When the diverter valve knob 46 is in its rear position water flows
upwardly from the swing spout mounting nipple 12 through 100 the
interior of the adapter 21 into the socket 14, through the passage 31,
the throat 33 and well 34 and out of the spout 37 The mixture of water
fed from the spout 37 is under the control of the hot and cold water
105 valves 11 as was the case when the original swing spout of the
fixture was mounted in the spout mounting nipple 12.
The rear end of the manifold portion 16 is threaded to receive an
externally threaded 110 vacuum breaker and flow control body generally
indicated at 50 The flow control body and vacuum breaker body 50
houses a flow control means and a vacuum breaker (neither of which are
shown since they are conven 115 tional elements) When water is flowing
through the body 50, i e, when the diverter valve is in its forward
position, the force of water opens the flow control means.
A nipple 56 is threaded into the rear of 120 the flow control body 50
for a coupling 57 which connects a water line 58 thereto The water
line 58 (see also Fig 4) is connected by a coupling nut 59 to a water
passageway of a vacuum creating Venturi body 61 125 (Fig 5) The
Venturi body 61 has a flared Venturi opening 62 in the water line 60
intersected at its lowest part by a suction line 63, one branch 64 of
which extends through the body 61 parallel to but spaced 130 785,161
and the Venturi body 61 If the user desires a flow of clear water out
of the brush 81 she does not cover the lateral opening 85 Air is then
drawn through the screen cap 89, air hose 86, to the branch 64 of the
suction 70 line 63 so that even though water is flowing through the
Venturi opening 62, the suction created thereby withdraws only air
from the suction line 63 and so prevents withdrawal of detergent When
the user desires to use deter 75 gent with the water flowing through
the brush unit 81, she places her thumb over the screen cap 89 This
breaks the flow of air through the path just described and creates
vacuum in the detergent line 67 which draws detergent 80 from the tank
68 through the opening 69 and into the suction line 63 and the Venturi
opening 62 whence it flows with the water through the water line 88 to
the brush unit 81 85 No cross section of the opening 85; total area of
the screen 89 or the air hose 86 is smaller than the opening 53 (Fig
2) in the ferrule 52 so that when water is running through the Venturi
opening 62, and vacuum 90 is created in the suction line 63 by closing
the opening 85, the air hose is always aspirated first Therefore, even

if the air hose 86 should become filled with water, e g, if the handle
unit 81 were left submerged, no 95 detergent will be drawn from the
tank 68 through the detergent line 67 until the water is drawn out of
the air hose 86.
Mounting of the unit in a kitchen requires only the removal of the
swing spout normally 100 present on the kitchen fixture After removal
of the swing spout the adapter unit 21 with an appropriate set of jaws
26 is inserted into the open upper end of the spout mounting nipple 12
The tube 22 of the adapter 21 is 105 then held against rotation and
the tapered end 24 threaded downwardly until the jaws 26 lock in place
The unit is then mounted on the adapter 21 in the manner already
described and is ready to function 110
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* GB785162 (A)
Description: GB785162 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to overspeed protective devices for electric
generators
785, 162 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov18,
1955 No 33058/55.
Application made ibi United States of America on N Ov 26, 1954.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 4), A( 5 E: X).
International C 1 assificatin:;-1 H 02 j.
Improvements in or relating to Overspeed -Protetive p evics for

Electric Generators We, WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL COMPANY,
of 40, Wall Street, New York 5, State of New York, United States of
America, a Corporation organised and existing under the Laws of the
State of Delaware, in said United States of America, do hereby declare
the invention, for-which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to overspeed protective devices and, more
particularly, to protective devices for preventing an overspeed
condition of a generator When the load on a generator is gradually
decreased, the generator normally does not overspeed However, an
overspeed condition does exist on large turbine generator sets when a
large percentage of full load is abruptly removed In particular, the
turbine's governing apparatus is unable to compensate for this sudden
loss of load, and thus the overspeed condition arises Normally the
turbine generator is provided with an overspeed tripping device;
however, the operation of the tripping device effects a shutdown of
the apparatus with a resultant loss in time Therefore, it is desirable
to provide apparatus which prevents an overspeed condition of the
generator without effecting a shutdown of the apparatus.
The chief object of this invention is to pro.
vide for the prevention of the overspeed condition of a generator
without effecting a shutdown in the generator and without having to
effect a manual resetting of the -preventive apparatus.
A -more specific object of this invention is to provide for initiating
a rate determining circuit when the load on the generator decreases to
a predetermined value, so that if the load on the generator decreases
-a further predetermined amount within a preset time-the speed of the
generator is automatically checked, thus to prevent overspeeding of
the generator when a -45 large-percentage of its load is
abruptly-removed.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l With the above objects in view the present invention
resides in control -apparatus for preventing an overspeed condition of
a -generator driven by a, prime mover comprising sensing means for
obtaining at the output 50 thereof a measure of the load on -the
generator, timing means, first switch means responsive to the output
of-the sensing means for initiating a -ting operation of the timing
means when the load on the generator decreases to a pre 55 determined
value, control means for changing the speed of the prime mover and
thus the speed of the generator and second switch means also
-responsive to the output of the sensing means for effecting an
energising 60 circuit to said control means when the load on the
generator decreases further to a lower predetermined value -within the
timing operation of the timing means thereby to decrease the speed of

the generator and thus prevent its 65 overspeed.
In -order that the invention may be more clearly understood and
-readily carried into effect, reference will now be made to the
accompanying drawings, in which = 70 -Figure 1 is a schematic diagram
of apparatus and circuits embodying -the teachings of-this invention,
and Fig; 2 is a graph illustrating the manner -in which the, output
voltages of the saturating 7-5 transformers illustrated in Fig 1 -vary
with changes in -their input voltage.
-Referring to Fig 1, -there is -illustrated a protective device 10 for
preventing an overspeed condition of an alternating current 80
generator 12, having a field winding 14.
In operation, the-generator 12 supplies energy to a load 16 -through
load conductors 18, 20 and 22 As illustrated, the -generator 12 -is
driven by-a prime mover or turbine 24 through 85 suitable mechanical
linkages -I this -instance, the speed of the turbine 24, and thus the
speed of -the -generator 12, is -controlled by the positioning of a
valve 26, -which -controls -the operation of a -govern Qr 28 which, in
-turni; 90 pry@e W i controls the amount of steam applied to the 82,
the percentage of load current in the turbine 24 through valves 30 and
32 generator 12 at which the transformer 76 In general, the protective
device 10 comprises saturates can be readily varied For purposes a
sensing circuit 34 for obtaining at its output of illustration, it
will be assumed that the.
an alternating voltage which is a measure of resistor 82 is adjusted
so that the transformer 76 70 the load on the generator 12, a rate
determining saturates at approximately 50 per cent of full circuit 36
responsive to the output voltage ofthe load current in, the generator
12.
sensing circuit 34 and constructed to initiate In order to rapidly
decrease the output a timing -operation when the load on the voltage
of the saturating transformer 76 generator 12 decreases to a
predetermined value, when the voltage across the resistor 46 de 75
control means 38 for changing the speed of the creases to a value
below that required to effect turbine 24 and thus the speed of the
generator a saturation of the transformer 76, a saturating 12, and
switch means 40 also responsive to the reactor 84 is connected in
series circuit reoutput voltage of the sensing circuit 34, for
lationship with the primary winding 78 of the effecting -an energising
circuit to the control transformer 76 The manner in which the out 80
means 38 provided the load on generator 12 -put voltage, and thus the
voltage across the -decreases further to a lower predetermined
secondary winding 80, decreases is illustrated value within a preset
time, namely, the timing by a curve 86, as shown in Fig 2 By so
conoperation of the rate determining circuit 36, necting the

saturating reactor 84 between the to thereby effect a decrease in the
speed of the input of the transformer 76 and the output of 85
generator 12 and thus prevent its overspeeding, the sensing circuit
34, the critical setting of the and a time delay relay 42 for insuring
that control relay 50 is lessened In order to rectify once the
energising circuit to the control means the output of the saturating
transformer 76 and 38 is established it will remain in the com apply
direct current to the operating coil 54, pleted state for a
predetermined time of the control relay 50, a full-wave dry-type 90 In
this instance, the sensing circuit 34 rectifier 90 is interconnected
between the comprises a current transformer 44 which is secondary
winding 80, of the transformer 76, disposed in inductive relationship
with the and the operating coil 54.
load conductor 22 so as to obtain a measure As hereinbefore mentioned,
the control relay of the load current on the generator 12, and a 40
under given conditions effects an energising 95 resistor 46 which is
connected in parallel circuit to the control means 38, which in this
circuit relationship with the current trans instance is a relay
comprising an operating former 44 so as to obtain an alternating
voltage coil 92 and an armature 94 which is mechacross the resistor
46, and thus at the output anically connected to the valve 26 to
effect an of the sensing circuit 34, that is a measure of operation
thereof On the other hand, the 100 the load current in the generator
12 On the control relay 40 comprises an operating coil 96, other hand,
the rate determining circuit 36 an armature 98, a movable contact 100,
and comprises switch means 50, specifically a stationary contacts 102
As was the case with control relay having an armature 52, an oper the
control relay 50, the control relay 40 ating coil 54, a movable
contact 56, and receives energy from a saturating transformer, 105
stationary contacts 58; and a time delay relay namely transformer 104
having a primary having an armature 62, an operating coil winding 106
and a secondary winding 108.
64, stationary contacts 66, a movable contact 68, Thus, the size of
the control relay 40 is likewise and an actuating member 70, the
function of minimized by providing the saturating transwhich will be
explained hereinafter In this former 104 and interconnecting it
between the 110 instance the-time delay for the relay 60 is output of
the sensing circuit 34 and the control effected by a dashpot 72 which
is diagram relay 40.
matically illustrated As illustrated, the primary winding 106 of In
order to minimize the voltage range over the transformer 104 is
connected in series cirwhich the control relay 50 must operate and
cuit relationship with an adjustable current 115 thus minimize its
size, the control relay 50 limiting resistor 110 which functions to

limit is supplied with energy from a saturating trans the current flow
through the primary winding former 76 having a primary winding 78 and
106 when -the saturating transformer 104 is a secondary winding 80 In
operation, the saturated By adjusting the current-limiting saturating
transformer 76 is responsive to the resistor 110, the percentage value
of the normal 120 alternating voltage appearing across the re full
load on the generator 12 at which the sistor 46 and thus is responsive
to a measure of saturating transformer 104 saturates can be the load
current inr the generator 12 varied In practice; the transformer 104
should For the purpose of limiting the current flow saturate at a
lower percentage value of the through the primary winding 78 of the
satur normal full load on the generator 12 than should 125 ating
transformer 76 when the transformer 76 the transformer 76: For
purposes ofillustration, is saturated, -to thus prevent damage
thereto, it will be assumed that the resistor 110 is so an adjustable
current-limiting resistor 82 is adjusted that the saturating
transformer 104 connected in series circuit relationship with the
saturates at approximately 10 per cent of the 6 _ primary winding 78
By adjusting the resistor normnal full load current in the generator
12 130 785,162 When the timing operation -of the time delay relay 60
is initiated, the movable contact 68 of the relay 60 remains in
engagement with its associated stationary contacts 66 for a preset
time until the actuating member 70 70 effects an upward movement of
the movable contact 68, thereby to disengage the contacts 68 and 66.
If the load on the generator 12 decreases to a value below 10 per cent
of the normal full 75 load on the generator 12, the control relay 40
drops out, thereby to complete an energising circuit to the operating
coil 118 of -the relay 116, provided the timing operation of the relay
is not -complete This energising circuit to 80 the operating coil 118
extends from the conductor 146 ' through the movable contact 68 of the
time delay relay 60, the operating coil 118 of the-relay 116, the
movable contact 100 of the control relay 40, and the movable con 85
tact 56 of the control relay 50, to the conductor 146 However, it is
to be understood that this energising circuit to the operating coil
118 of the relay 116 is only completed if the load on the generator 12
decreases sufficiently rapidly 90 from the 50 per cent value to below
the 10 per cent value of the normal full load on the generator 12 so
as to be within the timing operation of the relay -60 Of course, if
the timing operation of the time delay relay 60 95 -has been-completed
before the control relay is dropped out, it is impossible -for the
control relay 40 to effect an energising circuit to the operating coil
118 of the relay 116.
This essentially is the rate determining func 100 tion.
Assuming the load on the generator 12 decreases to below the 10 per

cent value during the timing operation of the relay 60, the movable
contacts 120 and 124 are actuated 105 into electrical engagement with
their associated stationary contacts 122 and 126, respectively.
With the movable contacts 120 and 124 in engagement with their
associated stationary contacts 122 and 126, respectively, an ener 110
gising circuit is completed to the operating coil 92 of the relay 38,
which extends from the conductor 146 ', through the movable contact of
the relay 116, the operating coil 92 of the relay 38, and the movable
contact 124 of the 115 relay 116, to the conductor 146 When the
operating coil 92 of the relay 38 is energised, a movement of the
valve 26 is effected, thereby to -decrease the amount of steam applied
to the turbine 24, thus to check the speed of both the 120 turbine 24
and the generator 12, to thereby prevent overspeeding of the generator
12.
The picking up of the relay 116 also com pletes an energising circuit
to the operating coil 128 of the time delay relay 42, thereby to 125
initiate a timing operation of the relay 42 thus to insure that once
the operating coil 92 of the relay 38 is energised, an energising
circuit will remain to the operating coil 118 of the relay 116 for a
preset time and thus to the operating 130 The nianner in which the
output voltage of the saturating transformer 104 varies with changes
in the magnitude of its input voltage is illustrated by a curve of
112, as shown in Fig 2 For the purpose of obtaining direct current for
the operating coil 96 of the control relay 40, a full-wave dry-type
rectifier 114 is interconnected between the operating coil 96 and the
secondary winding 108 of the saturating transformer 104.
In order to establish an energising circuit to the operating coil 92
of the relay 38 in response to a dropping out of the control relay 40,
a relay 116 is provided In this instance, the relay 116 comprises an
operating coil 118, a movable contact 120, and associated stationary
contacts 122, and a movable contact 124 and associated stationary
contacts 126.
In operation, the time delay relay 42 is responsive to the operation
of the relay 116 and effects a by-pass circuit around the contacts 66
and 68 of the time delay relay 60 for a predetermined length of time
provided both the control relays 40 and 50 are dropped out and the
relay 116 has been picked up This insures an operation of the valve 26
under such conditions.
The time delay relay 42 comprises an operating coil 128, an armature
130, a movable contact 132 and associated stationary contacts 134, -30
a movable contact 136 and associated stationary contact 138, an
actuating member 140, the function of which will be explained
hereinafter, a compression spring 142 for maintaining the movable
contact 136 in electrical engagemeat with its associated stationary

contacts 138 until the actuating member 140 effects a disengagement of
the movable contact 136 from the stationary contacts 138, and a time
delay mechanism 144, which in this instance is a dashpot which is
diagrammatically illustrated In practice, the relays 38, 42, 60 and
116 receive their energy from conductors 146 and 146 ' which have
applied thereto a direct-current voltage.
The operation of the apparatus illustrated in Fig 1 will now be
described When the generator 12 is operating under full load, all the
relays are positioned as shown in Fig 1.
Assuming the load on the generator 12 decreases to just below 50 per
cent of its normal full load value, then the voltage across the
primary winding 78 of the transformer 76 is not of sufficient value to
saturate the transformer 76, and thus the control relay 50 drops out
When the control relay 50 drops out, its movable contact 56 engages
the associated stationary contacts 58 thereby to complete the
energising circuit to the operating coil 64 of the time delay relay 60
This energising circuit extends from the conductor 146 ' through the
operating coil 64, and the movable contact 56 of the control relay 50,
to the conductor 146.
Thus, on completion of this energising circuit, the timing operation
of the time delay relay 60 is initiated.
185,162 coil 92 of the control relay 38, provided the controltrelays
40 and 50 remain in the dropped out position In other-words, as
hereinbefore mentioned, -under such conditions the time -5 delay relay
42 effects a by-pass -circuit around the contacts 66 and 68 of the
time delay relay Of course, if the time delay relay 42 were not
provided; the energising circuit to the -operating coil 92 of the
relay 3 & would beinterrupted as soon as the timing operation of the
time delay-relay 60 was completed.
It is to be noted that when the load on the generator 12 is restored
to full value; the protective device 10 automatically resets itself.
For -instance, when the control relay 40 is picked up, -the relay 116
drops out to -the position shown in Fig 1 On the other hand, when the
control relay 50 is picked up, the time delay -relay 60 drops out to
the position shown in Fig 1-, and when the time delay relay 42 has
completed its timing operation, it -returns tb the position shown in
Fig 1.
It is to be understood that appropriate sensing-means that would
actually measure three-phase power could be substituted for the
sensing circuit 34 The apparatus embodying the teaching of this
invention -has several advantages For instance, the apparatus is such
that it can be readily adapted to -operate in conjunction with a
diversity of generators In addition, the apparatus is sensitive only
to load levels and time and, therefore, is not adversely affected by

distorted wave shapes of fault currents or of wave shapes during
circuit breaker operation.
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