The document defines threats, vulnerabilities, and various types of malware such as viruses, worms, and Trojans. It provides examples of how malware like the ILOVEYOU virus and Sasser worm spread and caused damage. The document also discusses how compromised computers can be used in botnets for spamming and denial of service attacks. It concludes with recommendations on security best practices like keeping systems updated, using antivirus software, and practicing cyber awareness.

1. Threats and Vulnerabilities

2. Objectives
Define Threats and Vulnerabilities
Different types of threats
Examples
How you get infected
What can be done with compromised computers
Preventions and protections

3. Definitions
Threat
Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact
operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), assets,
or individuals through an information system via unauthorized access,
destruction, disclosure, modification of information, and/or denial of
service.
Vulnerability
Weakness in an information system, system security procedures,
internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or
triggered by a threat source.
http://www.expertglossary.com/security/definition/

4. Malware
Malicious Software = Malware
Software designed and written to
Annoy computer users
Steal information from a computer
or spy on a computer user
Gain control of a computer
Destroy or corrupt information or computer software
Categorized by type (how the malware spreads) and by the
malicious activity performed

5. Types of Malware
Virus
Worms
Trojans

6. Virus
“…computer virus (a software program capable of
reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm
to files or other programs on the same computer) ‘a true
virus cannot spread to another computer without human
assistance’”
Oldest type of malware, known for attaching itself to other
programs (i.e., infecting a program, disk, etc.)
From: http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

7. How Do You Get Infected?
Virus
Email attachment
Malicious website or link
Downloaded or shared program, media, or
document file

8. ILOVEYOU Virus Example
Infected more than 45 million computers
Estimated damages of $10 billion
From: F-Secure.
URL: http://www.f-secure.com/v-
descs/love.shtml

9. Worm
“A computer worm is a program which copies itself across a
network. A computer worm differs from a computer virus in
that a computer worm can run itself. A virus needs a host
program to run, and the virus code runs as part of the host
program. A computer worm can spread without a host program,
although some modern computer worms also use files to hide
inside.”
Worms spread quickly (minutes to spread world-wide)
http://www.tech-faq.com/computer-worm-virus.shtml

10. Sasser Worm Example
Infected more than 1 million computers
Shut down satellite communications for some French news
agencies
Infected Britain's Coastguard control centers
Resulted in cancellations of Delta Airline flights
Shut down numerous companies worldwide
Impacted government offices
Impacted banks and financial networks
Shut down at least one hospital X-ray machine
Estimated damages at hundreds of millions of dollars
Exploited network vulnerability and did not use e-mail
to propagate

11. How Do You Get Infected?
Worms
Vulnerable operating system or application
Email attachment
Malicious website or link
Downloaded or shared program, media, or document file

12. Trojans
“...A computer program that appears to have a useful function,
but also has a hidden and potentially malicious function that
evades security mechanisms, sometimes by exploiting legitimate
authorizations of a system entity that invokes the program.”
http://www.sans.org/resources/glossary.php

13. How Do You Get Infected?
Trojans
Downloaded or shared
program, media, or document file
Peer-to-Peer file sharing (Napster)
Downloading an e-mail attachment
Fake software download

14. Trojan Example
Antivir is promoted through the use of Trojans that
come mostly from fake online anti-malware scanners

15. Malicious Activity
Many different kinds of malicious activity
Some malware simply destroys information while others allow
the attacker access to information
Backdoor/trapdoor (a.k.a. Remote Access Trojan/Remote Administrative
Tool (RAT))
Logic/Time bomb
Keylogger
Spyware/Adware

16. Backdoor/Trapdoor
“A ‘back door’ is an entry point into a program that the
programmer leaves himself in order to gain quick access
without having to go through all the normal, built-in
security checks. In theory, the back doors are taken out
of the final release of the software, but history has
shown that often they are not.
…a back door is generally considered to be a program
that has been placed on a computer (usually
surreptitiously) that allows a remote user to gain and
maintain complete administrative
control over the computer - almost
always without the knowledge of the
computer's owner or primary user.”
http://www.upenn.edu/computing/security/malware.html

17. Backdoor Example
Energizer’s Duo USB charger software allows unauthorized remote
system access
The monitoring software contains “rogue code” that “listens for commands
on TCP port 7777″ and it can “download and execute files, transmit files
stolen from the PC, or tweak the Windows registry.”
Even after unplugging the device, the virus executes each time you turn on
the PC and remains active until you turn off the PC

18. Logic/Time Bomb
“A program, or portion of a program, which lies dormant
until a specific piece of program logic is activated. In this
way, a logic bomb is very analogous to a real-world land
mine. The most common activator for a logic bomb is a
date. The logic bomb checks the system date and does
nothing until a pre-programmed date and time is
reached. At that point, the logic bomb activates and
executes it's code. A logic bomb could also be
programmed to wait for a certain message
from the programmer.”
When the activation of a logic bomb is based on a
time/date, the variation is sometimes referred to as a
“time bomb.” http://www.tech-faq.com/logic-bomb.shtml

19. Logic Bomb Example

20. Keylogger
“… keyloggers are applications that monitor a user’s keystrokes
and then send this information back to the malicious user. This
can happen via email or to a malicious user’s server somewhere
on the Internet. These logs can then be used to collect email
and online banking usernames and passwords from
unsuspecting users or even capture source code being
developed in software firms.”
http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1829

21. Keylogger Example

22. Other Uses For Keyloggers
System Administrators
Keylogger will help you to find out what took place on the system in your absence.
Office Managers
Monitor actions performed by your employees in the office hours on the Laptop or
Desktop PCs.
Parental Monitoring
Using parental control software you will be able to find out what your children surf on
the net and kind of website logged by them.
Personal User
You will able to find out what is being done on your PC in your absence.
Internet Cafe
Keylogger will let you find out what users have been doing on the computers.

23. Spyware/Adware
Spyware is computer software that gathers
information about a computer user (such as
browsing patterns or credit card numbers) and
then transmits this information to an external
entity without the knowledge or informed
consent of the user.
Adware or advertising-supported
software is any software application
in which advertisements are displayed
while the program is running. Display ads appear
in pop-up windows or through a bar that appears
on a computer screen.
http://www.jellico.com/spyware.html

24. How Are Compromised
Computers Used?
Zombie computers are compromised computers under
the control of an attacker. A zombie computer can be
part of a “Botnet”
A Botnet is a collection (or network) of compromised
computers under the control of an attacker, using a
server or servers to relay commands from the attackers
to the Botnet zombies

25. Botnet
Attacker
Virus
Botnet

26. How Are Compromised
Computers Used?
Denial of Service (DoS) Attack – denying
access to a system or its information by
consuming resources (CPU, memory, or network)
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack – a DoS
attack mounted by many computers around the
internet, usually performed by a Botnet
Spam – unwanted and unsolicited email (most
common use of Botnet is to send out spam)

27. Denial Of Service Example
In February of 2000,
leading Web sites under
attack from denial of
service attacks.
Big name companies such
as Yahoo and Buy.com
were down for up to 3
hours.

28. DoS And DDoS Example

29. Social Engineering
Any act of manipulating a person into performing actions or
divulging confidential information
James Banicar | Apr 20, 2009

30. Types
Physical
Face to face
Shoulder surfing
Piggy-backing or tailgating
Dumpster diving
Technology
Phishing
Telecommunications
Vishing

31. Face to Face
Physical
To impersonate someone who is likely to be trusted. This could be
someone from your organization, an emergency responder, the pizza
guy etc.

32. Shoulder Surfing
Physical
Shoulder surfing is using direct observation techniques, such as looking
over someone's shoulder, to get information. Shoulder surfing is an
effective way to get information in crowded places because it's
relatively easy to stand next to someone and watch as they fill out a
form, enter a PIN number at an ATM machine, or use a calling card at a
public pay phone. Shoulder surfing can also be done long distance with
the aid of binoculars or other vision-enhancing devices.
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci802244,00.html

33. Piggy-backing or tailgating
Physical
A person tags along with another person who is authorized to gain entry
into a restricted area, or pass a certain checkpoint.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggybacking_(security)

34. Dumpster Diving
Physical
Dumpster diving is looking for treasure in someone else's
trash. (A dumpster is a large trash container.) In the world of
information technology, dumpster diving is a technique
used to retrieve information that could be used to carry out
an attack on a computer network. Dumpster diving isn't
limited to searching through the trash for obvious treasures
like access codes or passwords written down on sticky
notes. Seemingly innocent information like a phone list,
calendar, or organizational chart can be used to assist an
attacker using techniques to gain access to the network.
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci801970,00.html

35. Phishing
Technology
Phishing is an e-mail fraud method in which the perpetrator sends out
legitimate-looking e-mail in an attempt to gather personal and financial
information from recipients.

36. Vishing
Vishing
Telecommunications
Vishing (voice or VoIP phishing) is an electronic fraud tactic in
which individuals are tricked into revealing critical financial or
personal information to unauthorized entities. Vishing works like
phishing but does not always occur over the Internet and is carried
out using voice technology. A vishing attack can be conducted by
voice e-mail, VoIP (voice over IP), landline or cellular telephone.
http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid186_gci1301120,00.html

37. How Valuable Is This Information?
Access the network by using user ID and passwords
Physical access to a data center
Spam / Spoof e-mail addresses
Known vulnerabilities on certain versions of software

38. Top 10 Information Security Threats
1. Malware
2. Malicious Insiders
3. Exploited vulnerabilities
4. Careless employees
5. Mobile devices
6. Social networking
7. Social engineering
8. Zero-day exploits
9. Cloud computing security threats
10. Cyber espionage
http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=8709

39. How To Protect Yourself
Keep your system up to date by patching – most
operating systems have an automatic update
feature
Microsoft http://microsoft.com
Use anti-spyware/adware software - freeware
examples
Malwarebytes http://http://www.malwarebytes.org/
Spybot Search & Destroy http://www.safer-networking.net/
Use a firewall

40. How To Protect Yourself
Use an antivirus program and keep the definitions
updated
Free Anti-virus Options
AVG
Avast! http://freebies.about.com/od/computerfreebi
Microsoft Security Essentials
Comodo Antivirus
Avira AntiVir Personal
Panda Cloud Antivirus
Immunet Protect Free
Digital-defender Antivirus
PC Tools AntiVirus Free

41. How To Protect Yourself
Check file system
Windows
Check Task Manager to examine .exe files or unknown processes running
Check ‘Startup’ to examine.exe files
Monitor .dll changes
Unix
Check cron to see what commands or scripts are being automatically
executed at a specified time/date.
Monitor open ports
Free tools available for both linux and windows (i.e.,wireshark)
Trojan horse scanners typically attempt connections on high-numbered
ports
Stay up to date on the latest vulnerabilities
http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/alerts/index.html

42. How To Protect Yourself
Security awareness training
Always verify who you are speaking with
Never give out sensitive information over the phone or in an e-
mail
Verify websites are secure before submitting any personal or
corporate information
Do not let anyone in without proper ID – escort them to
security to get a new one
Make sure no one is looking over your shoulder to
see your UserID or passwords
Use your hand to shield anyone’s view of your PIN
in a store or at an ATM

43. List of References
Some anti-virus and security companies
Kaspersky http://www.kaspersky.com/
McAfee http://www.mcafee.com/us/threat_center/
Panda Security http://www.pandasecurity.com/usa/
Sophos Labs http://www.sophos.com/
Symantec http://www.symantec.com/index.jsp
Trend http://us.trendmicro.com/us/home/
About.com
http://antivirus.about.com/od/virusdescriptions/Latest_Malware_and_Vulnerabilities.htm
HowStuffWorks.com
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/worst-computer-viruses.htm

44. List of References
Cyber Security Websites
US-CERT http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/
FBI http://www.fbi.gov/cyberinvest/escams.htm
Symantec http://www.symantech.com/
Social engineering
Social Engineering – Security Through Education
http://www.social-engineer.org/
US-CERT – Avoiding Social Engineering
http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/tips/ST04-014.html