This ppt s describes about Minerals
Mineralization
Theories of mineralization
Booster theory
nucleation theory
matrix vesicle theory
Clinical consideration
The document provides details on the chronology, characteristics, and anatomical features of the mandibular first premolar tooth. It discusses the tooth's development timeline, similarities to other teeth, and descriptions of its features from various aspects including buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal views. Key points covered in the summary include the tooth's eruption timeline between ages 10-12 years, similarities in shape to both the mandibular canine and second premolar, and having multiple cusps visible on its occlusal surface.
The permanent maxillary first molar has several key characteristics. It is the largest tooth in the upper jaw and has a rhomboidal crown with four cusps and three roots. As with other molars, its primary function is grinding food during mastication. It is not preceded by any other tooth. The document then provides detailed descriptions of the morphology and anatomical features of the permanent maxillary first molar from the buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspects.
This document provides an overview of human oral morphology. It identifies and describes the features of each tooth type, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. For each tooth, the document highlights distinguishing characteristics such as shape, size, number of roots, cusp patterns, and developmental features to aid in identification. Proper orientation of teeth is also discussed to determine whether a tooth is from the right or left side of the dental arch.
Centered in the maxilla, one on either side of median line, with mesial surface of each in contact with mesial surface of other
Two in number
Larger than the lateral incisor
These teeth supplement each other in function, and they are similar anatomically
Shearing or cutting teeth
Major function is to punch and cut food material during the process of mastication
These teeth have incisal ridges or edges rather than
cusps such as are found on canines & posterior teeth
First evidence of calcification
Crown completion
Eruption
Root completion
3-4 months
4-5 years
7-8 years
10-11 years
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
The permanent mandibular second molar is the 7th tooth from the midline. It has 4 cusps of nearly equal size and a simpler occlusal design than the first molar, lacking a distal cusp and distobuccal groove. It resembles the first molar but is smaller in all dimensions. It develops later than the first molar, with initiation of calcification around 2.5-3 years and eruption typically occurring between 11-13 years of age. It has 2 roots that are shorter and less divergent than the first molar roots.
Maxillary premolars have several distinguishing anatomical features:
1) The maxillary first premolar has the widest crown of the eight premolars and its mesial and distal sides converge more noticeably.
2) The maxillary first premolar typically has two divided roots branching from a common trunk, whereas the second premolar root is usually longer.
3) Several features differentiate the maxillary first and second premolars when viewed from different aspects, including differences in cusp size, shape, and position as well as root morphology and cervical line curvature.
The document provides details on the chronology, characteristics, and anatomical features of the mandibular first premolar tooth. It discusses the tooth's development timeline, similarities to other teeth, and descriptions of its features from various aspects including buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal views. Key points covered in the summary include the tooth's eruption timeline between ages 10-12 years, similarities in shape to both the mandibular canine and second premolar, and having multiple cusps visible on its occlusal surface.
The permanent maxillary first molar has several key characteristics. It is the largest tooth in the upper jaw and has a rhomboidal crown with four cusps and three roots. As with other molars, its primary function is grinding food during mastication. It is not preceded by any other tooth. The document then provides detailed descriptions of the morphology and anatomical features of the permanent maxillary first molar from the buccal, lingual, mesial, distal, and occlusal aspects.
This document provides an overview of human oral morphology. It identifies and describes the features of each tooth type, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. For each tooth, the document highlights distinguishing characteristics such as shape, size, number of roots, cusp patterns, and developmental features to aid in identification. Proper orientation of teeth is also discussed to determine whether a tooth is from the right or left side of the dental arch.
Centered in the maxilla, one on either side of median line, with mesial surface of each in contact with mesial surface of other
Two in number
Larger than the lateral incisor
These teeth supplement each other in function, and they are similar anatomically
Shearing or cutting teeth
Major function is to punch and cut food material during the process of mastication
These teeth have incisal ridges or edges rather than
cusps such as are found on canines & posterior teeth
First evidence of calcification
Crown completion
Eruption
Root completion
3-4 months
4-5 years
7-8 years
10-11 years
This document provides an overview of dental caries, including its:
- History from ancient fossils to modern concepts
- Definitions from various sources
- Etiology and theories about its causes including microbial, chemical, and proteolytic theories
- Classification and factors related to susceptibility in the host like tooth morphology, position, and composition
The permanent mandibular second molar is the 7th tooth from the midline. It has 4 cusps of nearly equal size and a simpler occlusal design than the first molar, lacking a distal cusp and distobuccal groove. It resembles the first molar but is smaller in all dimensions. It develops later than the first molar, with initiation of calcification around 2.5-3 years and eruption typically occurring between 11-13 years of age. It has 2 roots that are shorter and less divergent than the first molar roots.
Maxillary premolars have several distinguishing anatomical features:
1) The maxillary first premolar has the widest crown of the eight premolars and its mesial and distal sides converge more noticeably.
2) The maxillary first premolar typically has two divided roots branching from a common trunk, whereas the second premolar root is usually longer.
3) Several features differentiate the maxillary first and second premolars when viewed from different aspects, including differences in cusp size, shape, and position as well as root morphology and cervical line curvature.
The document summarizes the process of primary tooth shedding and replacement by permanent teeth. It describes how odontoclasts, cells similar to osteoclasts, initiate root resorption through secretion of acids and enzymes. This causes dissolution of the dental hard tissues and degradation of the organic matrix. Shedding occurs through intermittent periods of root resorption by odontoclasts and recovery periods where tissues are repaired, until the tooth is loosened and lost.
The oral cavity contains the mouth and is lined with mucous membrane tissue. It consists of the vestibule and oral cavity proper. There are three types of dentition - primary, permanent, and mixed. The maxilla forms the upper dental arch while the mandible forms the lower arch. Each arch is divided into four quadrants. Teeth have different shapes and functions, with incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars for holding and grinding, and molars for grinding food.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of amalgam class I restoration. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
This document discusses the assessment and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It begins with an introduction stating that TMD are common and multifactorial. It then discusses the various specialists that may be involved in treatment. The document covers the functional anatomy of the TMJ and associated muscles and nerves. It describes common causes of TMD like occlusal disharmony, trauma, and parafunctional habits. Imaging options for assessment are outlined. Specific TMD conditions discussed in detail include disc disorders, osteoarthritis, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including education, self-care, physiotherapy, appliances, medications, and behavioral therapies.
This document provides information about maxillary premolars and the first and second maxillary premolars specifically. It describes the anatomy, morphology, chronology of development, and relationships to surrounding teeth of these premolars. Key details include that maxillary premolars have two cusps, appear between ages 10-12 years, and are posterior teeth with broader contact areas than anterior teeth. The first premolar typically has two roots while the second premolar most often has one root.
This document provides an overview of tooth morphology basics, including:
- The primary and permanent dentition, with 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth.
- Three main tooth identification systems: the Universal Numbering System, Palmer Notation System, and International Numbering System.
- The four main tissue categories that make up teeth: enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
- Dental terminology used to describe different tooth surfaces and structures.
- The anatomy and morphology of tooth crowns and roots, including features like cusps, ridges, grooves, and root bifurcations.
- The maxillary and mandibular canines are called the "cornerstone" teeth. They have long roots for anchorage and incise, hold, and tear food.
- The maxillary canine has a well-developed middle labial lobe and bone ridge over its labial root. It erupts around age 11-12 and has a single root.
- The mandibular canine erupts around age 9-10 and has similar functions but poorer development of some anatomical features compared to the maxillary canine.
Tooth eruption involves three phases:
1. The pre-eruptive phase involves tooth germ development and movement within the jaw bone.
2. The eruptive phase is when the tooth emerges into the mouth through the gums and reaches the bite.
3. The post-eruptive phase occurs after the tooth has reached the bite, and involves minor movements like accommodating jaw growth and bite wear.
Tooth eruption is guided by several theories centered around root formation, bone remodeling, the dental follicle, and ligament and blood vessel forces, but is likely multifactorial. Clinical considerations for eruption include early or delayed timing.
This document describes the anatomy and morphology of the maxillary first, second, and third molars. It provides details on the crown and root structures, measurements, developmental chronology, and distinguishing features of each tooth. The maxillary first molar is the largest with 4 well-developed cusps, 3 roots, and variable features like the cusp of Carabelli. The second molar is smaller with a less prominent distolingual cusp. The third molar is the smallest and most variable in shape, often missing.
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
Dentin is the mineralized hard tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth beneath enamel and cementum. It is sensitive and continues to form throughout life at the expense of the pulp. Dentinogenesis begins when the dental papilla differentiates into odontoblasts. There are three stages of odontoblast development: differentiation, secretory formation of predentin and dentin, and a resting stage. Dentin is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals embedded in a collagen matrix. It has tubules that house odontoblast processes and dentinal fluid. The structure and composition of dentin provides strength and protection for the pulp.
The document describes the anatomical features of the mandibular first and second premolars. It notes that the mandibular first premolar has a large buccal cusp, shorter mesiobuccal ridge, tapered lingual crown, and single-rooted tooth. The mandibular second premolar resembles the first premolar buccally but has variable lingual cusp morphology and wider dimensions mesiodistally and buccolingually with broader contact areas.
This document provides information about the mandibular first premolar tooth, including its location and function in shearing and masticating food. It describes the tooth's development timeline, characteristics resembling the mandibular canine and second premolar, distinctive features like its single root and lingual inclination, and variations that can occur. Measurements, aspects of the tooth like its buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal sides are examined in detail.
The alveolar process forms and supports the tooth sockets. It is composed of cortical plates and cancellous bone that develop during tooth formation and undergo remodeling throughout life. The alveolar bone supports the teeth, adapts to forces, and maintains calcium homeostasis through the coordinated activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Loss of bone support can occur through various patterns of resorption, such as horizontal, vertical, or crater-shaped defects that compromise tooth retention over time.
Caries activity-tests.ppt by malik ashim 3rd yearMalikAshim
This document discusses dental caries and tests used to measure caries activity. It defines dental caries as a progressive, multifactorial disease affecting tooth structure. Tests that measure microorganism numbers like lactobacillus colony count and streptococcus mutans levels in saliva have been developed to relate to caries activity and help clinicians educate patients. Effective caries activity tests should be reproducible, valid, correlate with actual caries development, be simple, fast, inexpensive, non-invasive, and measure caries mechanisms. Examples of caries activity and susceptibility tests mentioned include lactobacillus colony count, streptococcus mutans screening methods, Alban test, and salivary buffer capacity test.
1. The document describes the features of the permanent mandibular first and second premolars.
2. The mandibular first premolar resembles the canine in having a single sharp buccal cusp and sloping occlusal surface, and resembles the second premolar in its mesial and distal contact areas and root length.
3. The mandibular second premolar is larger with equal-sized cusps, and usually has three cusps or two cusps with a broader root than the first premolar.
This document outlines dental anatomy terminology. It describes the primary and permanent teeth, including their typical numbers, development periods, and clinical designation. The crown and root are defined, along with their component structures like dentin, pulp chamber, and surfaces. Characteristics of different tooth types such as incisors, canines, premolars and molars are provided, including features like cusps, ridges, and fossae.
This document provides an introduction to dental anatomy. It defines dental anatomy as the study of tooth development, morphology, function and identification. It outlines the objectives of being able to define dental anatomy, describe dentition types, identify tooth layers, and describe dental anatomy terms and tooth surfaces. It then covers the different types of dentition including deciduous and permanent teeth. It describes the layers of the tooth including enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Finally, it identifies and defines important tooth surfaces and terms used in dental anatomy.
The document discusses mineralization, the process by which mineral salts are deposited in and around organic matrices to form calcified structures. It describes the key events and theories of mineralization. Mineralization involves cells producing an organic matrix, followed by fibrillogenesis, matrix maturation, and matrix calcification. Several theories attempt to explain the mechanism, including the phosphatase theory, seeding theory, and matrix vesicle theory. For mineralization to occur, conditions must allow for nucleation of mineral salts within the organic matrix.
THEORIES OF MINERALIZATION final powerpointUmaDatar
1. Boosting mechanism theory proposes that increased concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions due to enzymatic activity leads to precipitation and mineralization.
2. Seeding mechanism theory suggests that substances like collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and phosphoproteins act as nucleation sites that seeds the formation of apatite crystals.
3. Matrix vesicle theory, the most accepted view, proposes that matrix vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase and calcium-binding lipids provide microenvironments for hydroxyapatite formation, initiating mineralization.
The document summarizes the process of primary tooth shedding and replacement by permanent teeth. It describes how odontoclasts, cells similar to osteoclasts, initiate root resorption through secretion of acids and enzymes. This causes dissolution of the dental hard tissues and degradation of the organic matrix. Shedding occurs through intermittent periods of root resorption by odontoclasts and recovery periods where tissues are repaired, until the tooth is loosened and lost.
The oral cavity contains the mouth and is lined with mucous membrane tissue. It consists of the vestibule and oral cavity proper. There are three types of dentition - primary, permanent, and mixed. The maxilla forms the upper dental arch while the mandible forms the lower arch. Each arch is divided into four quadrants. Teeth have different shapes and functions, with incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars for holding and grinding, and molars for grinding food.
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of amalgam class I restoration. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
This document discusses the assessment and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It begins with an introduction stating that TMD are common and multifactorial. It then discusses the various specialists that may be involved in treatment. The document covers the functional anatomy of the TMJ and associated muscles and nerves. It describes common causes of TMD like occlusal disharmony, trauma, and parafunctional habits. Imaging options for assessment are outlined. Specific TMD conditions discussed in detail include disc disorders, osteoarthritis, and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including education, self-care, physiotherapy, appliances, medications, and behavioral therapies.
This document provides information about maxillary premolars and the first and second maxillary premolars specifically. It describes the anatomy, morphology, chronology of development, and relationships to surrounding teeth of these premolars. Key details include that maxillary premolars have two cusps, appear between ages 10-12 years, and are posterior teeth with broader contact areas than anterior teeth. The first premolar typically has two roots while the second premolar most often has one root.
This document provides an overview of tooth morphology basics, including:
- The primary and permanent dentition, with 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth.
- Three main tooth identification systems: the Universal Numbering System, Palmer Notation System, and International Numbering System.
- The four main tissue categories that make up teeth: enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp.
- Dental terminology used to describe different tooth surfaces and structures.
- The anatomy and morphology of tooth crowns and roots, including features like cusps, ridges, grooves, and root bifurcations.
- The maxillary and mandibular canines are called the "cornerstone" teeth. They have long roots for anchorage and incise, hold, and tear food.
- The maxillary canine has a well-developed middle labial lobe and bone ridge over its labial root. It erupts around age 11-12 and has a single root.
- The mandibular canine erupts around age 9-10 and has similar functions but poorer development of some anatomical features compared to the maxillary canine.
Tooth eruption involves three phases:
1. The pre-eruptive phase involves tooth germ development and movement within the jaw bone.
2. The eruptive phase is when the tooth emerges into the mouth through the gums and reaches the bite.
3. The post-eruptive phase occurs after the tooth has reached the bite, and involves minor movements like accommodating jaw growth and bite wear.
Tooth eruption is guided by several theories centered around root formation, bone remodeling, the dental follicle, and ligament and blood vessel forces, but is likely multifactorial. Clinical considerations for eruption include early or delayed timing.
This document describes the anatomy and morphology of the maxillary first, second, and third molars. It provides details on the crown and root structures, measurements, developmental chronology, and distinguishing features of each tooth. The maxillary first molar is the largest with 4 well-developed cusps, 3 roots, and variable features like the cusp of Carabelli. The second molar is smaller with a less prominent distolingual cusp. The third molar is the smallest and most variable in shape, often missing.
This document summarizes the prenatal development and postnatal growth of the mandible. It begins with an overview of the formation of pharyngeal arches during embryonic development, including the mandibular arch which gives rise to the lower jaw. Meckel's cartilage provides a template for mandibular growth. Ossification begins in the mandible through intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. After birth, various regions such as the ramus, body, angle, and condyle continue growing through bone deposition and resorption to accommodate the erupting teeth and enlarging muscles. Growth generally ceases around age 20.
Dentin is the mineralized hard tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth beneath enamel and cementum. It is sensitive and continues to form throughout life at the expense of the pulp. Dentinogenesis begins when the dental papilla differentiates into odontoblasts. There are three stages of odontoblast development: differentiation, secretory formation of predentin and dentin, and a resting stage. Dentin is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals embedded in a collagen matrix. It has tubules that house odontoblast processes and dentinal fluid. The structure and composition of dentin provides strength and protection for the pulp.
The document describes the anatomical features of the mandibular first and second premolars. It notes that the mandibular first premolar has a large buccal cusp, shorter mesiobuccal ridge, tapered lingual crown, and single-rooted tooth. The mandibular second premolar resembles the first premolar buccally but has variable lingual cusp morphology and wider dimensions mesiodistally and buccolingually with broader contact areas.
This document provides information about the mandibular first premolar tooth, including its location and function in shearing and masticating food. It describes the tooth's development timeline, characteristics resembling the mandibular canine and second premolar, distinctive features like its single root and lingual inclination, and variations that can occur. Measurements, aspects of the tooth like its buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal sides are examined in detail.
The alveolar process forms and supports the tooth sockets. It is composed of cortical plates and cancellous bone that develop during tooth formation and undergo remodeling throughout life. The alveolar bone supports the teeth, adapts to forces, and maintains calcium homeostasis through the coordinated activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Loss of bone support can occur through various patterns of resorption, such as horizontal, vertical, or crater-shaped defects that compromise tooth retention over time.
Caries activity-tests.ppt by malik ashim 3rd yearMalikAshim
This document discusses dental caries and tests used to measure caries activity. It defines dental caries as a progressive, multifactorial disease affecting tooth structure. Tests that measure microorganism numbers like lactobacillus colony count and streptococcus mutans levels in saliva have been developed to relate to caries activity and help clinicians educate patients. Effective caries activity tests should be reproducible, valid, correlate with actual caries development, be simple, fast, inexpensive, non-invasive, and measure caries mechanisms. Examples of caries activity and susceptibility tests mentioned include lactobacillus colony count, streptococcus mutans screening methods, Alban test, and salivary buffer capacity test.
1. The document describes the features of the permanent mandibular first and second premolars.
2. The mandibular first premolar resembles the canine in having a single sharp buccal cusp and sloping occlusal surface, and resembles the second premolar in its mesial and distal contact areas and root length.
3. The mandibular second premolar is larger with equal-sized cusps, and usually has three cusps or two cusps with a broader root than the first premolar.
This document outlines dental anatomy terminology. It describes the primary and permanent teeth, including their typical numbers, development periods, and clinical designation. The crown and root are defined, along with their component structures like dentin, pulp chamber, and surfaces. Characteristics of different tooth types such as incisors, canines, premolars and molars are provided, including features like cusps, ridges, and fossae.
This document provides an introduction to dental anatomy. It defines dental anatomy as the study of tooth development, morphology, function and identification. It outlines the objectives of being able to define dental anatomy, describe dentition types, identify tooth layers, and describe dental anatomy terms and tooth surfaces. It then covers the different types of dentition including deciduous and permanent teeth. It describes the layers of the tooth including enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Finally, it identifies and defines important tooth surfaces and terms used in dental anatomy.
The document discusses mineralization, the process by which mineral salts are deposited in and around organic matrices to form calcified structures. It describes the key events and theories of mineralization. Mineralization involves cells producing an organic matrix, followed by fibrillogenesis, matrix maturation, and matrix calcification. Several theories attempt to explain the mechanism, including the phosphatase theory, seeding theory, and matrix vesicle theory. For mineralization to occur, conditions must allow for nucleation of mineral salts within the organic matrix.
THEORIES OF MINERALIZATION final powerpointUmaDatar
1. Boosting mechanism theory proposes that increased concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions due to enzymatic activity leads to precipitation and mineralization.
2. Seeding mechanism theory suggests that substances like collagen, chondroitin sulfate, and phosphoproteins act as nucleation sites that seeds the formation of apatite crystals.
3. Matrix vesicle theory, the most accepted view, proposes that matrix vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase and calcium-binding lipids provide microenvironments for hydroxyapatite formation, initiating mineralization.
This document discusses minerals and their functions in the human body. It begins by defining minerals as inorganic elements essential for human nutrition and health. Minerals are categorized as either major minerals, which are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg per day, or trace minerals, which are needed in smaller amounts. The document then examines the specific roles and food sources of various major minerals like calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride, as well as trace minerals like iron, zinc, and iodine. It explores how the body maintains mineral balance and the key functions minerals serve, such as in fluid balance, blood formation, bone health, and cellular processes.
This document summarizes the hormonal control of calcium metabolism. Key hormones involved include 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (active form of vitamin D), parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone related protein. These hormones work to maintain normal calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones through absorption, excretion, and bone remodeling processes. Imbalances can lead to conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis.
This document summarizes calcium and phosphate metabolism. Calcium is mainly stored in bones and is important for blood coagulation, muscle contraction, and nerve impulse transmission. Calcium is absorbed in the small intestine and reabsorbed in the kidneys. Hypocalcemia can cause tetany while hypercalcemia is associated with hyperparathyroidism. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium release from bones and its reabsorption in the kidneys.
This document discusses calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone physiology. It begins by describing the functions and importance of calcium and phosphate in the body. The majority of calcium is stored in the bones, while calcium levels in blood and extracellular fluid are tightly regulated. Several hormones, including PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin help regulate calcium levels. PTH and vitamin D work to increase calcium levels by promoting bone resorption and intestinal absorption, while calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. The kidneys also play an important role in calcium regulation through hormone-modulated reabsorption and excretion.
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D3 in regulating calcium levels. It describes how calcium is important for bone structure, muscle function, blood clotting, and enzyme regulation. Calcium levels are tightly controlled by these hormones and regulated in the bones, kidneys, and intestines. PTH increases calcium resorption from bones and reabsorption in the kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and resorption from bones. Calcitonin reduces calcium levels by inhibiting resorption from bones.
This document discusses minerals required by the human body, focusing on calcium and iron. It begins by classifying minerals as either major or trace elements based on daily requirements. Calcium and iron are then examined in more depth. For calcium, sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, and factors regulating blood levels such as vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are summarized. For iron, distribution in the body, absorption factors, mucosal block theory of regulation, transport in blood, storage, and excretion are outlined. Homeostatic control of serum calcium through the interplay of various hormones is depicted in a diagram.
This document discusses the physiologic and biochemical functions of various minerals in the human body. It covers major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. It describes their roles, absorption, transport in the blood, homeostasis, and impact on various diseases when levels are too high or too low. The minerals are essential for many metabolic processes and helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and more.
The document discusses calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling. It describes how calcium is stored in bones and regulated by the small intestine, kidneys and parathyroid hormone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts maintain bone structure and calcium levels. The hormonal regulation of calcium by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin controls calcium absorption, resorption and excretion to keep blood calcium levels stable.
Procalcitonin Assays and Their Roles in Sepsis and Other Diseases-1 (1).pptDr. majid farooq
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D3. PTH increases calcium absorption in the intestine and calcium release from bone by stimulating vitamin D conversion to its active form. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption and bone calcium resorption. Calcium levels directly regulate PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands. Together this hormonal system tightly controls extracellular calcium levels.
The document discusses different theories of mineralization in tissues. The three main theories are: 1) the alkaline phosphatase theory where this enzyme increases phosphate ion concentration to initiate hydroxyapatite crystal formation, 2) the nucleation theory where collagen acts as a nucleating template for crystal formation, and 3) the matrix vesicle theory where vesicles bud from cells and initiate crystal formation within their membranes before releasing the crystals into the extracellular matrix. Together these mechanisms involve alkaline phosphatase providing ions, collagen facilitating intrafibrillar crystallization, and matrix vesicles enabling extrafibrillar crystallization to drive the overall mineralization process in tissues.
calcium metabolism and trace elements in cariologyMilind Rajan
This document discusses calcium metabolism and regulation. It covers the distribution of calcium in the body, daily requirements, dietary sources, and functions of calcium. The key roles of calcium are in bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol (vitamin D), and calcitonin which act on bone, kidneys, and intestines. Absorption of calcium depends on factors like vitamin D, acidity, proteins and absorption can be decreased by things like phytic acid, oxalates, and high phosphate levels.
this matter useful for B.V.Sc student . Minerals ,their deficiency and their roles also available in this matter it is also useful for Animal nutritionist .
Overall description of bone metabolism.
Introduction
Types of bone tissue
Composition of bone
Cells of bone
Regulators of bone metabolism
Calcium and phosphate balance
Calcium and phosphate
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
Fibroblast growth factor
Growth hormone and IGF-1
Thyroid hormone
Estrogens, progesterone and androgens
Cortisol and related glucocorticoids
Disorders of bone metabolism
Orthodontic considerations
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is primarily stored in bones and teeth. It performs many important biochemical functions including bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve transmission. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium homeostasis by impacting absorption in the intestine and kidneys and mobilization from bones.
Describe the normal values of Calcium in plasma
Describe the bone remodeling and its significance
Discuss the role of Pyrophosphate, NPP1 , ANK & TNAP
Explain the mechanism of bone resorption
Describe the actions of Vitamin D
Describe Rickets and Osteomalacia
SOURCES ,BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF CALCIUM AND PH...Aqsa Mushtaq
This document discusses calcium and phosphorus, two important minerals in the human body. It provides information on their sources, functions, and relationship to other minerals and hormones like vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Specifically, it explains that calcium and phosphorus are required for bone strength, cell functions, muscle contractions, and other metabolic processes. It also outlines how calcium levels in the blood are regulated through homeostasis and what can cause hypocalcemia or low calcium levels in the blood.
Minerals play essential roles in the human body. This document discusses several important minerals, including calcium and iron. Calcium is critical for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and blood coagulation. Homeostasis of calcium levels is regulated by calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin. Disorders can result in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Iron is essential for tissue respiration, oxygen transport, and immune function. Iron absorption is regulated by stores in the body and occurs primarily in the duodenum. Iron deficiency is a concern, especially in women, and dietary sources and requirements are discussed.
This document discusses various developmental cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It provides details on the location, cause, clinical features, radiographic features, histological features, treatment and prognosis for different cysts such as palatal cyst of newborn, nasolabial cyst, globullomaxillary cyst, nasopalatine duct cyst, median palatal cyst, median mandibular cyst, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cleft cyst, and oral lymphoepithelial cyst.
This document provides an overview of the oral mucosa. It begins by defining oral mucosa as the moist lining of the oral cavity consisting of epithelium and connective tissue lamina propria. It then classifies oral mucosa based on function, keratinization, and location. The document describes the structure and functions of the oral epithelium and lamina propria. It provides details on the junction between epithelium and lamina propria, including the basement membrane and basal lamina. It also discusses the basic components of connective tissue including cells, fibers, and ground substance.
this ppt describes about tumours of nerve tissue origin. all the tumours are discussed in details. the clinical and histological features of tumors are discussed with pictures.
this ppt is about malignant tumours of connective tissue origin. classifications, clinical features, radiological features and histological features of all tumors are discussed with pictures.
this ppt describes about benign connective tissue tumors arising from fibroblasts, fat cells, nerves, bone and cartilage. clinical & histological features of all tumors are discussed with pictures.
this ppt is about different types of candidiasis. it describes about predisposing factors, classification and types of candidiasis. clinical & histological features of all types of candidiasis with pictures is discussed along with differential diagnosis, investigations and treatment.
6. Diff bw primary and permanent dentition.pptxLubna Nazneen
Primary teeth are smaller, lighter in color, and more prominent than permanent teeth. There are 20 primary teeth total, with 10 in each jaw and 5 in each quadrant. Primary teeth are eventually replaced by 32 permanent teeth that are larger, darker in color, and less prominent. Primary teeth are shed naturally through resorption between ages 6 months and 6 years, while permanent teeth erupt around age 12 and remain for life.
The tongue is a muscular organ located in the oral cavity that is involved in tasting, swallowing, and speech. It has both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that allow it to move and perform its functions. The tongue contains various papillae and taste buds that contribute to the sense of taste. It is supplied by nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes.
The document discusses various types of cell junctions. It describes tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, focal adhesions, and hemidesmosomes. Tight junctions form a selective barrier and establish cell polarity. Adherens junctions provide strong adhesion between cells through proteins like E-cadherin. Desmosomes link intermediate filaments of adjacent cells to provide stability. Gap junctions allow communication between cells through connexin protein channels. Focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes attach the cell to the extracellular matrix through integrin proteins.
This document outlines the key stages of mammalian embryonic development from formation of the germ layers through early organ development. It describes how the morula forms three germ layers - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. It then discusses formation of structures like the notochord, neural tube, neural crest cells, and subdivision of mesoderm. It details how the embryo folds, how branchial arches form and their fate, and early development of structures like the face and palate.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. Content
• Minerals
• Mineralization
• Theories of mineralization
Booster theory
nucleation theory
matrix vesicle theory
• Clinical consideration
• References
3. MINERALS
• Chemical elements required by living
organisms other than C, H, O, N
• Naturally occurring in foods and must be
taken in the diet
• Comprise of 4% of the body weight
• Classified according to the amount needed
by the body
4. • Macrominerals- required in large
proportions by the body (≥100mg)
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
• Magnesium
5. • Microminerals (Trace elements)- required
in relatively small amount by the body
• Iron
• zinc
• cobalt
• manganese
6. calcium
• Total body Ca content in
adults is about 1-1.5 kg, of
which 99% exists as the
hydroxyapatite
[Ca10(PO4)6 (OH)2]
crystal in the mineral
phase of bone.
• The remaining 1% of total
body Ca is in soft tissue
and the extracellular fluid
(ECF) space including
blood.
Murray J. Favus, David A. Bushinsky, and Jacob Lemann Jr. Regulation of Calcium, Magnesium, and
Phosphate Metabolism. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;76-83.
7. Dietary requirements
• Adult men and women-
800mg/day
• Children(1-18yrs) – 800-
1200mg/day
• Infants(<1yr) – 300-
500mg/day
• Sources
• Milk and milk products
• Beans
• Leafy vegetables
• Fish
• Cabbage
• Egg yolk
8. • Functions:
Development of bones and teeth
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Nerve transmission
Membrane intigrity and permeability
Activation of enzymes – lipase, ATPase,
succinate dehydrogenase
Release of harmones
10. • Importance of Ca:P ratio
• For calcification of bones
• Ca:P ratio in
Children – 50%
Adults - 40%
11. • Inadequate intake, impaired absorption
and increased loss include:
–Incomplete calcification of teeth
–Tooth and bone malformations
–Increased susceptibility to dental caries
–Increased tooth mobility and premature
tooth loss
–Decreased bone mineral density
(cementum and dentin)
12. PHOSPHOROUS
• Adult body contains
about 1kg phosphate.
• 85% - bones
• 15% - muscle, blood and
chemical compounds
• 0.1% - ECF
Murray J. Favus, David A. Bushinsky, and Jacob Lemann Jr. Regulation of Calcium, Magnesium, and
Phosphate Metabolism. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2006;76-83.
14. • Functions
essential for development of bones and teeth
formation of phospholipids, phosphoproteins
and nucleic acids
activate several enzymes by phosphorylation
Maintaince PH in blood
15. MINERALIZATION
• DEFINITION:
• It is the process of deposition of minerals
in the organic matrix, which is capable of
accepting the minerals.
• Important step in formation of hard tissue
of the body.
17. • Calcium and phosphates have a strong affinity
for each other and therefore form stable
compounds which have structural and
physiological importance in many living
organisms. Collectively they are referred to as
biological apatites.
• Name derived from the Greek "apatite" to
deceive.
18. • It is a very hard salt and almost insoluble
in water.
• Crystals of apatite form the bulk of the
mineralised part of hard tissues like bones
and teeth.
19. • The crystals are not pure apatite; they include
carbonate,
citrate,
sodium, and
magnesium,
in amounts of about 1% each.
• There are small amounts of fluoride and traces
of heavy metals.
20. • Most common form
hydroxyapatite
(Ca10(PO4)6OH2), but
there are other apatites in
which the calcium and
phosphate parts are in
different ratios.
• Ratio of Ca : PO4 - 1.67,
the highest of all the
apatites and the most
insoluble
23. • Firstly,
Ca + and PO4 - must accumulate in such
concentration as to exceed the solubility of an
apatite salt and to precipitate.
• Secondly,
the ions must precipitate in a specific pattern
which will allow other ions to spontaneously
arrange themselves in the proper orientation
• third stage, crystal growth .
24. • The [Ca] x [HPO4] product in tissue fluid
is around 1.76 mmol2.
• This means that hydroxyapatite cannot
precipitate without a local catalyst or
template, but once nucleation has
occurred crystals can grow rapidly in body
fluids.
25. • Mineralization can occur at following
circumstnces:
• Homogenous nucleation
• Heterogenous mineralization
26. • Homogenous nucleation
local increase in concentration of minerals
Formation of sufficient ionic crystallites
required for mineralization
27. • Heterogenous mineralization
o In the presence of a nucleating substance
that can act as a template for crystal
formation therefore decreasing the energy
required for mineralization.
o Nucleating substance can initiate
mineralization even in the absence of
increase in ionic concentration
28. • Two types of mineralization
• By organic component
• By cells
29. By organic components
• The matrix in which mineralisation takes place contains
collagen,
proteoglycans,
citrates,
lipids and
plasma constituents.
• The cells concerned all contain large quantities of the
enzyme alkaline phosphatase.
30. • There have been two principal mechanism
involving the organic matrix.
1. Booster mechanism
2. Seeding mechanism
31. Booster mechanism
• Due to the concentration/action of the
enzymes, the concentration of the calcium
and phosphate ion which are building
stones of mineralization increases to such
a level that would lead to their
precipitation.
34. • Theory based on experiment on
alkaline phosphatase.
1. Calcifying cartilage contains more alkaline
phosphatase than non calcifying cartilage
2. When slices of cartilage removed from bone of
rachitic animals were incubated with calcium
and organic phosphates, hydroxyapetite
crystals were formed.
35. • Drawbacks:
1. Rachitic bone is an abnormal tissue
2. Alkaline phosphatase is observed in different
tissues which donot calcify
3. Inhibitors of certain other enzymes which
donot inhibit alkaline phosphatase activity are
found to be preventing mineralization
36. 4. Presence of inorganic phosphate and
calcium is not sufficient to induce
mineralization. Requires action of some
other enzymes.
5. The organic phosphate present in tissue
fluid is insufficient to induce
mineralization.
37. Alkaline phosphatase
• Is a group of enzymes that can cleave
phsphate ions from the organic phosphates
at an alkaline ph.
• It is found in cell membrane of hard tissue
forming cells and inorganic matrix of
calcifying tissues.
38. • Functions:
1. Hydrolizing organic phosphates to
provide inorganic phosphate ions
required for mineralization.
2. When associated with cell membranes,
play some role in ion transport.
Hideo Orimo. The mechanism of mineralization and the role of alkaline phosphatase in
health and disease. J Nippon Med Sch. 2010;77(1):4-12.
39. 3. Extracellular
activity;
help in crystal
growth by
hydrolyzing
pyrophosphate
(crystal poison)
The role of alkaline phosphatase in mineralization.Ellis E. Golub and
Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia. Basic science; 444-448
40. Cartier’s teory
• There are 2 substances which inhibit and
one which induce the process
• So, with proper control of their
concentration the mineralization takes
place
42. Seeding mechanism
• It refers to a presence of seeding or
nucleating substance which acts as a
mould/template on which the crystals are
deposited.
• Seeding substances
collagen
lipids
phosphoprotein
Protein polysaccharides
43. Collagen seeding theory/ nucleation
theory/collagen template theory
• Collagen- most important
seed in mineralization.
• Aminoacid residue with
charged side chains
provide a specific, spatial
arrangement that
constitute a template
matching for
hydroxyapetite.
44. • The growth of crystals round a nucleus or
seeding site is known as epitaxy .
45. Bind to template to form
hydroxyapetite crystals
Further growth of hydroxy apatite
crystals
46. • Specific ion binding sites:
1. For calcium - carboxyl associated with
asparatic and glutamic acid
residue
2. For phosphate – lysine and hydroxylysine
47. • Only the collagen with
64nm periodic
binding with three
dimensional
organization of
collagen
macromolecule has
the capability of
functioning as a seed.
48. • It is also suggested
that for seeding to
occurs within the
fibre, the phosphate
and calcium ions
must pass through the
gaps between the
tropocollagen
molecules.
49. Gaps filled with proteoglycans which bind
to calcium.
Calcium released by enzymatic
degradation of proteoglycans.
Removal of proteoglycans
attachment of phosphoproteins to collagen
50. break down by alkaline phosphatase
phosphate ion calcium ion
apetite crystals
51.
52. • This theory is unable to explain
mineralization in all tissues.
Ex. Enamel is a mineralized tissue, but does
not contain collagen.
mineralization of cartilage begins in
ground substance and not in association of
collagen.
53. • Why doesnot initiate mineralization in all
connective tissue?
54. • Collagen in C.T that does not calcify, may
have spatial arrangement of charges
therefore unable to act as a suitable
template.
55. • In collagen of soft tissues, the charged site
could be protected by some ground
substance components which prevent the
attachment of the ions to initiate
mineralization.
• These substances are called crystal
poison.
56. • Collagen exhibits intrafibrillar pores
through which the calcium and phosphate
ion should pass through to reach the
nucleating sites located inside the fibrils.
• The gap between tropocollagen molecules
in calcified tissues – 0.6nm
in soft tissues – o.3nm
57. Other nucleating substances
• Lipids
Phospholipids can act as a seed or a template
Also capable of stabilizing amorphous calcium
phosphate which will later be transformed into
hydroxyapatite crystals.
Also found in matrix vesicle
58. • Protein polysaccharides:
proteoglycans and glycoseaminoglycans have
the capability of binding to calcium ions.
Probably regulate the rate of mineralization
rather than initiation.
59. Control of mineralization by
cells
• All the components of supportive connective tissue,
including the matrix of fibres and ground substance and
its mineralisation with apatite, are the result of cell
activity.
• This activity of bone forming and bone removing cells is
clearly influenced by
hormones such a parathyroid, calcitonin and growth
hormone.
local chemical mediators --- growth factors and
interleukins.
60. Adele L. Boskey. Mineralization of bone and teeth. Elements. Vol 3;387-393.
61. Matrix vesicle theory
• Matrix vesicle:
extracellular, membrane-invested vesicle,
50-200nm in diameter,
formed by polarized budding from the
surface membrane of chondrocytes,
osteoblasts and odontoblasts.
62.
63. • Induces precipitation of hydroxyapatite
crystals in vitro from solution containing
calcium and phosphate ions
• Also capable of crystal formation
• Suggest that the matrix vesicles have a
capacity to initiate mineralization.
64. • Found in:
hypertropic cartilage
bone
mantle dentin
fish scales
• Not found in:
enamel
circumpulpal dentin
65. • Two types:
• Type I:
round or ovoid in shape resembling
lysosomes
contain enzymes- acid phosphatase and
aryl phosphatase
can break down proteoglycans and
glycoseaminoglycans (inhibitors)
66. • Type II:
irregular membrane bound structures
enzymes – ATPase, alkaline phosphatase,
pyrophosphate, proteoglycan,
metalloproteinases, annexins
A2(II), A5 (V) and A6 (VI)
and calbindin
67. • Relatively less acid phosphatase
• Are also rich in phospholipids with great
affinity for calcium
68. Role of matrix vesicle
• Mineralization occurs in two steps.
1. Formation of hydroxyapatite crystals
within matrix vesicles
2. Propagation of hydroxyapatite through
the membrane into the extracellular
matrix
69. • By being extremely rich in alkaline
phosphatase activity,
vesicles hydrolyze organic phosphate substrates,
increases local availability of free phosphate ions
Bind to calcium ions
initiate apatite crystallization
70. • Such enzymatic
activity may also
remove putative
inhibitors of
mineralization,
including
pyrophosphate.
71. • phosphatidylserine, not only binds calcium, but
inorganic phosphate as well;
• hence an acidic phospho-lipid-calcium-
phosphate ( APL-Ca-P ) complex is formed.
• APL-Ca-P complexes appear to be unique to
mineralising tissues.
72. • The Ca+ are drawn into
the vesicle by a
membrane protein,
Annexin-V.
• It enables intraluminal
crystal growth.
• Binds directly to type II
and type X collagen
which may be important
for anchoring the vesicles
to the fibrous
components of the
matrix.
Balcerkaz et al. The roles of annexins and alkaline phosphatase in mineralization
process. Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2003;50(4):1019-1038.
73. Hideo Orimo. The mechanism of mineralization and the role of alkaline
phosphatase in health and disease. J Nippon Med Sch. 2010;77(1):4-12.
74. • Thus first crystal is
formed in the matrix
vesicle.
• Crystal growth
continues by further
addition of ions
• Rupture of vesicle
membrane
75. • Crystals released into
organic matrix
• Grow by using ions in
tissue fluids and
• mineralization spread
to surrounding matrix
76. • Mineralization progresses in the form of
spherical or calcospheric masses
• Which fuses with each other forming
uniformly mineralized matrix.
77. Enamel
• Calcification of enamel differs from the
above mentioned
• Mineralization and matrix formation occur
alongside enamel development
• Mineral content of enamel is 95-97% with
only a trace of organic matrix
78. • Enamel development begins with the
differentiation of cells of the oral epithelium
• Thickens to form a protruded inner enamel
epithelium
• Results in formation of ameloblasts which
secretes enamel proteins such as amelogenin
• Also involved in transport of calcium and
phosphate in enamel matrix
79. • Enamel proteins such as amelogenin
mediate the formation of hydroxyapatite
crystals from calcium and phosphate
through enamel biomineralization
80. • It occurs in two stages
1. Immediate partial mineralization
occurs in the matrix segments and
interprismatic substances
2. Maturation
MINERALIZATION OF
ENAMEL
81. • No matrix vesicles
• Nucleating substance– apetite crystals of dentin
• Tuftelin an acidic enamel protein localized to the
DEJ - participate in the nucleation of enamel
crystals.
• Other enamel proteins regulate enamel
mineralization by binding to specific surfaces of
the crystal and inhibiting further deposition.
82.
83. 2. The second stage, or maturation, is characterized
by the gradual completion of mineralization .
• The process of maturation starts from the height
of the crown and progresses cervically. However,
at each level, maturation seems to begin at the
dentinal end of the rods.
• Thus there is an integration of two processes:
each rod matures from the depth to the surface,
and the sequence of maturing rods is from cusps
or incisal edge toward the cervical line
84. • Maturation begins before
the matrix has reached
its full thickness.
• The advancing front is at
first parallel to the
dentinoenamel junction
and later to the outer
enamel surface.
• The incisal and occlusal
regions reach maturity
ahead of the cervical
regions .
85. • The rate of formation of enamel is 4um/day, therefore to
form a layer of enamel of 1 mm thickness it would take
about 40 days.
• The crystal sizes increase further after tooth eruption due
to ionic exchange with saliva:
• Concomitantly the organic matrix gradually becomes
thinned and more widely spaced to make room for the
growing crystals.
86. • Amelogenesis is unique in many ways.
1. The secretory cell is an epithelial cell whereas all other
secretory cells of hard tissues are ectomesenchymal.
2. Noncollagenous proteins are involved in mineralization
of enamel whereas in all other hard tissues collagen
plays an important role.
3. The matrix of enamel does not contain collagen; in
other hard tissues collagen is the major protein.
87. 4. The matrix of enamel is partially mineralized; in other
hard tissues the matrix is nonmineralized. Enamel
therefore lacks distinct organic phase like osteoid,
predentin or cementoid.
5. There is no absorption of secreted matrix in other hard
tissues but in enamel formation 90% of secreted matrix
is absorbed and this activity is done by ameloblasts
itself.
6. After formation of enamel, ameloblasts undergo
apoptosis; hence enamel formation does not occur later
on. In other hard tissues formation occurs throughout
life.
88. • MINERALIZATION Begins once matrix is about
5µ thick.
• initiated by small crystallites within MatrixVesicles,
budded from odontoblasts.
Mineralization of dentin
89. Various Matrix Proteins Influence Mineralization:
• Gla-proteins, Phospholipids- Act as nucleators to
concentrate calcium.
• DPP- Binds to Ca, Controls Growth of H.A Crystals
• Osteonectin- Inhibits growth of H.A crystals,
promotes their Binding to Collagen
• Proteoglycans- inhibit premature mineralization seen
in predentin.
90. • MATRIX VESICLES contain Alkaline Phosphatase -↑
concentration of phosphates → combine with Calcium
→Hydroxyapatite Crystals.
• Crystals- grow rapidly, rupture the matrix vesicles
• Spread -clusters of crystallites → fuse with adjacent
clusters to form a continuous layer of mineralized matrix
• Initially- on the surface of the collagen fibrils and ground
substance, later within the fibrils- aligned with collagen.
91. • GLOBULAR(CALCOSPHERIC) :Deposition of HA
crystals in several discrete areas of matrix at any one time.
• Continued crystal growth → globular masses → enlarge
→ fuse → single layer of calcified mass.
• MANTLE DENTIN- matrix vesicles.
• LINEAR : When the rate of Dentin formation occurs Slowly -
Mineralization front appears more Uniform –
CIRCUMPULPAL DENTIN
Pattern of mineralization
94. • Insulin like growth factor- present in
developing matured cementum
• Monitor mineralization
• Controls cell growth
95. • Uncalcified matrix – cementoid
• Proteoglycan located in unmineralized
cementum keratan sulfates-
lumican and fibromodulin.
• Calcium and phosphate ions present in
tissue fluids are deposited into the matrix
and are arranged as unit cell of
hydroxyapetite.
96. Adele L. Boskey. Mineralization of bone and teeth. Elements. Vol 3;387-393.
97. References
• Tencate’s oral histology. Antoni Nanci; 3rd edition.
• Orban’s oral histology. 5th edition.
• Essentials of oral biology. Maji Jose; 1st edition.
• Applied oral physiology.
• Biochemistry. U Satyanarayana; 1st edition.
• Text book of physiology. A.P.Krishna; 4th edition.
• The role of alkaline phosphatase in mineralization.Ellis E. Golub
and Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia. Basic science; 444-448
• Hideo Orimo. The mechanism of mineralization and the role of
alkaline phosphatase in health and disease. J Nippon Med Sch.
2010;77(1):4-12.