Fourth generation warfare (4GW) utilizes asymmetric tactics to undermine an opponent's morale and confidence. It focuses on exploiting weaknesses rather than directly confronting strengths. Key aspects of 4GW include decentralized independent cells, psychological operations like terrorism, and attacking rear areas like infrastructure and society. Victory is achieved through creating mistrust, uncertainty, and threats to human survival instincts in order to destroy an opponent's social cohesion. Emerging technologies, global media, and networked organizations enhance 4GW's effectiveness in the modern era.
Why we have military science and theory of war?
Just because the humanity spent much more time in war then in peace. So the war is quite loyal phenomena escorting the humanity.
What we are waiting from the military science?
Whom future wars will be fought, what they will be about, how they will be fought, what wars will be fought for and why people will participate in it.
The asymmetrical advantage of the non state soldier 1martincatino
This slideshow presents an overview of asymmetrical warfare, using the current war in Afghanistan as a case study. The views expressed in this slideshow do not necessarily represent those of Henley Putnam University and are completely those of the author.
Why we have military science and theory of war?
Just because the humanity spent much more time in war then in peace. So the war is quite loyal phenomena escorting the humanity.
What we are waiting from the military science?
Whom future wars will be fought, what they will be about, how they will be fought, what wars will be fought for and why people will participate in it.
The asymmetrical advantage of the non state soldier 1martincatino
This slideshow presents an overview of asymmetrical warfare, using the current war in Afghanistan as a case study. The views expressed in this slideshow do not necessarily represent those of Henley Putnam University and are completely those of the author.
The Future Of War: U.S. National Security in the 21st CenturyDavid Williams
Essay on warfare in the 21st century; topics examined include: 4G warfare, 5G warfare, weaponization of space. Also includes list of most likely next attacks on United States.
Notes for Terrorism and the Press class taught by Dr. Alvin Plexico at Park University in Millington, TN. The notes are based on the book Terrorism and the Press: An Uneasy Relationship by Brooke Barnett and Amy Reynolds (2008).
presentation report on WAR AND TERRORISM. and yes for better viewing experience, please download the file so that you can get all the info because the slides are animated.
The Future Of War: U.S. National Security in the 21st CenturyDavid Williams
Essay on warfare in the 21st century; topics examined include: 4G warfare, 5G warfare, weaponization of space. Also includes list of most likely next attacks on United States.
Notes for Terrorism and the Press class taught by Dr. Alvin Plexico at Park University in Millington, TN. The notes are based on the book Terrorism and the Press: An Uneasy Relationship by Brooke Barnett and Amy Reynolds (2008).
presentation report on WAR AND TERRORISM. and yes for better viewing experience, please download the file so that you can get all the info because the slides are animated.
An Update on the Royal Australian Air Force's Plan Jericho: March 2016ICSA, LLC
During the Airpower Conference hosted by the Chief of Staff of the Royal Australian Air Force, the co-leaders of the Plan Jericho project, Group Captains Andrew “Jake” Campbell and Peter Mitchell, provided an update on the Plan Jericho effort. And the approach permeated the discussion at the Williams Foundation seminar on new approaches to air-land integration, notably because there has been a significant effort to better align the airlift and support sector with the evolving approach of the Army and its approach to ground maneuver warfare.
But what highlighted in many ways the approach and the way ahead was seen on Friday after the Airpower Conference and the Williams Seminar, namely in a Jericho Dawn exercise which focused on ways to provide better situational awareness for the ground maneuver force.
DOES SFO 2016 - Michael Nygard - Tempo, Maneuverability, InitiativeGene Kim
Tempo. Most people are familiar with it in the musical sense. It’s the speed, cadence, rhythm that the music is played. It drives the music forward - and pulls it back. But there’s more to tempo than a musical beat. In war, like in business, tempo - the speed at which you can transition from one task to the next - is a critical component for victory.
No single person nor department owns tempo. Somebody can’t just shout, “I now control the tempo,” and take charge. If you operate at a faster tempo than your cycle time allows, then you’ll get thrashing. The rate of tempo emerges organically as companies move around that action loop of sensing, deciding and acting.
Tempo emerges from the convergence of architecture, infrastructure, organization, and mindset. All these things have to align to achieve tempo. None of them can be changed in isolation.
In this talk, we will look at different models for transforming an organization to high tempo and high performance. We'll see how that can get derailed and what to do about it.
A set of quotes about strategy I using during strategic planning sessions. Run it as a slideshow in Powerpoint or using Powerpoint Viewer. (Thanks to www.wordle.net for the front slide graphic.)
...Geoff
(www.performancepeople.com.au)
I explore my journey of discovering Visual Storytelling and Data visualization. I look at how social media has provided building blocks to create new and exciting experience.
An immersive workshop at General Assembly, SF. I typically teach this workshop at General Assembly, San Francisco. To see a list of my upcoming classes, visit https://generalassemb.ly/instructors/seth-familian/4813
I also teach this workshop as a private lunch-and-learn or half-day immersive session for corporate clients. To learn more about pricing and availability, please contact me at http://familian1.com
Hello..!! its my first presentation...please keep support me ..i will provide your subjects related meterial..i want to teach or understand each and basic knowledge of our world ..
Discussion Instructions· Due 1110· Please make sure ALL ques.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion Instructions:
· Due 11/10
· Please make sure ALL questions are answered
· Minimum of 2 sources cited for EACH discussion
· APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Discussion 3: Failure of Democracy and the Rise of Totalitarianism
Initial Post Instructions
During the 1930s, much of the world seemed to give up on their hope for a democratic solution to their problems and instead turned to totalitarianism, both in Europe and in Asia.
For the initial post, select and address one of the following:
· Germany/Hitler
· USSR/Stalin
· Japan/Tojo
Address the following questions for your selection:
· What effects did the history, politics, and economies of those areas play in their decisions to turn to totalitarianism?
· What role did the Great Depression in the United States play in their plight?
Discussion 4: World War II
Initial Post Instructions
For the initial post, select and respond to one of the following options:
· Option 1: Examine one or more major battles, including both the Axis and Allies strategies, the outcome of the battles, and the subsequent effects of the victory/defeat. Include an examination of the technologies that were crucial factors in the battle.
· Option 2: Examine the Nazi ideology in wiping out an entire ethnic group.
· How could any modern and so-called advanced and evolved nation like Germany go along so willingly with the mass murder of at least 11 million civilians?
· How were the Germans able to construct the facilities they built for their "Final
Solution
to the Jewish Question" so as to commit genocide on an industrial scale?
Discussion 5: The Cold War
Instructions
Select one of the following smaller nations:
· Korea
· Vietnam
· Cambodia
· Cuba
· Another smaller nation of your choice with instructor approval
For the initial post, address the following in relation to your selection:
· Examine how Cold War policy by the main players affected the smaller nation.
· Examine why democracy was not successful in that nation.
· Describe the loss of personal liberties that were a result of democracy failing.
· Has the nation's political system changed since the Cold War? Explain.
Discussion 6: Epic changes in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
InstructionsFor the initial post, address one of the following:
Option 1: Middle EastExamine the origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict from its beginnings some 4000 years ago and how it has evolved/devolved over the centuries to the current time? Analyze the role of the Balfour Declaration on Israel's rebirth in 1948 and its effectiveness in helping Jewish people in their quest to reclaim their ancient homeland.
Option 2: African Nation State DevelopmentExamine some of the main (internal or external) reasons why the African people were to develop into nation states later than most experts feel was appropriate/normal. Examine the role of European imperial powers and the role of tribal chieftans in the international slave trade and African nation state developme ...
The writer sets out to study excerpted samples of the war speeches made across the world between the World War eras and the present with a view to finding out the linguistic choices favoured by war leaders over time to drum up support for wars. It is argued here that there may be something unique in the linguistic choices made in war speeches which convince people to support the prosecution of wars despite the wanton destruction that follows them. Framed on a descriptive research design, with stylistics as the theoretical framework, the study examines the excerpts chosen by deliberate sampling so as to identify and analyze the features they share. The analysis reveals that the speeches share many linguistic features in common, all of which may be responsible for the control of the minds and actions of the people.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
An alternative to armed defence
Defence, a vital function
Dealing with new threats
Alternative to armed defence
Conventional defence
Armed popular defence
nuclear defence.
This treatise on the recent shortcomings of the Army organizational culture challenges leaders at all levels to evaluate their personal leadership practices and their application of Army policies.
The lecture gives an overview on history and chronology of terrorism from the antiquity to our days. It analyzes the relationship between terror and the given socio-economic circumstances, the different forms of terror as the tool of intimidation and permanent presence in human history.
The lecture outlines the main epochs of modern terrorism, shifts of ideologically motivated terrorism, forms, method of terror, and those effects on international political processes.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
10. 10/26
1. Different classification of war:
Epochs
UNCLASSIFIED
Dr T. Lindsay Moore and Robert J. Bunker :
4 epochs, based on energy sources
human energy
animal-based energy
mechanical energy
post-mechanical energy:
Advanced
technology
warfare
Non-Western
warfare
11. 11/26
Waves
Agricultural war
Industrial-based war (late of 17th century)
Knowledge-based war (from 1980s)
UNCLASSIFIED
Alvin and Heidi Toffler developed a theory of warfare
based on the economic and societal changes of
civilization.
14. 14/26
Symmetric
In symmetric conflicts, the two opposing
adversaries dispose of armed forces that are
similar in all aspects such as force structure,
doctrine and assets and have comparable
tactical, operational and strategic objectives.
UNCLASSIFIED
15. 15/26
A conflict is dissymmetric when one of the
opposing forces is superior by means of force
structure, doctrine and assets, but both
parties are striving for similar political
and military objectives.
Dissymmetric
UNCLASSIFIED
17. 17/26
2. Asymmetric Warfare (AW)
One of the opponents is unable or unwilling to wage
the war with comparable force structure, doctrine
and assets and has different political and military
objectives than his adversary.
18. 18/26
Asymmetric Warfare (AW)
What is it?
David and Goliath warfare
Unsophisticated vs. the sophisticated (technologically)
Poor countries or entities against rich countries or rich entities
Threat can be internal or external (i.e. Israel, Vietnam or
Afghanistan)
Often state sponsored/supported
Attacking opponent via indirect means such as
Terrorism
Critical infrastructures
Avoids combat w/ conventional forces
Tends to have a purpose that focuses on a force, but not always
the case
Misc. unconventional means i.e., poisoning water/food supplies,
exploitation of media by staging scenes to sway public opinion.
19. 19/26
3. Military cultures
Clausewitz: „War is an act of force, and there
is no logical limit to the application of that
force.”
UNCLASSIFIED
The way of application of force depends on the
military culture.
21. 21/26
Strategy of „indirect
approach”
Characteristics:
Daggering wars;
Defence;
Strategic objective:
exhausting of enemy
Indirect warfare- not only
with military means
Main services: air force,
navy
Preferred by: maritime
powersUNCLASSIFIED
Indirect approach
Material-centric
23. 23/26
Guerilla warfare
UNCLASSIFIED
Strategy of „indirect
approach in irregular
form”
Supported by people
Characteristics:
Hit and run actions;
Offence;
Strategic objective:
exhausting of enemy,
provoke a collapse
internally
Media
Indirect warfare- not
only with military
means
Main services: land
24. 24/26
4. Generations of Warfare
UNCLASSIFIED
COL BOYD
Non-linear warfare
Focuses on moral-mental-physical
portions of enemy & as single entity
Focus on the enemy and environment
Knowledge of strategic environment
Interact w/ environment
appropriately
33. 33/26UNCLASSIFIED
States &
non-
states
wage war
States &
non-states
wage war
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
The “generations of war” model
New commo &
transport networks
3 GW
Precursor activities –
going back to Alexander
& Sun Tzu (and before)
New
weapons
&
concepts
Peace of
Westphalia
State-vs-state—
only “legal” form
of war
2 GW
Nonstate armed groups:
partisans, insurgents,
anarchists, criminal
organizations, etc.
Nuclear
Weapons
Proliferate
Fall of
USSR
1
GW
4 GW
state vs.
state
34. 34/26
Definition
Formless and most deadly kind of war
Undermines enemy strengths (this may seem
obvious, but most of modern warfare has involved
direct attacks on enemy strengths -- find the
enemy army and destroy it).
Exploits enemy weaknesses.
Uses asymmetric operations (weapons and
techniques that differ substantially from
opponents).
UNCLASSIFIED
4GW can be defined as a method of warfare that
uses the following to achieve a moral victory:
35. 35/26
Drivers
UNCLASSIFIED
The rise of 4GW is both a product and a driver of the
following:
The loss of the nation-
state's monopoly on
violence.
The rise of cultural,
ethnic, and religious
conflict.
Globalization (via
technological
integration).
36. 36/26
Characteristics
Violent non-state actor (VNSA) fighting the
state.
lacks hierarchal authority
lack of formal structure
patience and flexibility
ability to keep a low profile when needed
small size
VNSA’s forces are decentralized
37. 37/26
Tactics
4GW is fought on the tactical level via:
Rear area operations -- 4GW
warriors do not confront a
nation-state's military but
rather it society.
Psychological operations --
terror.
Ad-hoc innovation -- use of
the enemy's strengths against
itself
Human shields
38. 38/26
Tactics of 4GW
Ethnic cleansing
Attacking C4I networks
Exploitation of rules of engagement (ROEs)
and International laws of war (ILOW)
Exploitation of humanitarian relief
organizations i.e. Red Crescent, CAIR, etc…
Shift in focus from enemy’s front to his
rear;
Use the enemy’s strength against him
39. 39/26
Differences
Global -- modern technologies and economic
integration enable global operations.
Pervasive -- the decline of nation-state warfare has
forced all open conflict into the 4GW mold.
Granularity -- extremely small viable groups and
variety of reasons for conflict.
Vulerability -- open societies and economies.UNCLASSIFIED
Many of the methods used in 4GW aren't new and
have robust historical precedent. However, there are
important differences in how it is applied today.
These include:
40. 40/26
Differences II.
Technology -- new technologies have
dramatically increased the productivity of
small groups of 4GW warriors.
Media -- global media saturation makes
possible an incredible level of manipulation.
Networked -- new organizational types
made possible by improvements in
technology are much better at learning,
surviving, and acting.
UNCLASSIFIED
41. 41/26
4th Generation Warfare (4GW)
Formless and most deadly kind of war
4GW ops are intelligence driven.
Requires constant preparation and
resourcefulness
Distinguishing a combatant from a non-
combatant (civil) can be extremely difficult
Can hit anytime, anywhere, anything and
anyone
42. 42/26
Winning a 4GW conflict
Menace. Attacks that undermine or threaten
basic human survival instincts.
Mistrust. Increases divisions between
groups (ie. conservatives and liberals in the
US).
Uncertainty. Undermine economic activity
by decreasing confidence in the future.
UNCLASSIFIED
Victory in 4GW warfare is won in the moral sphere. The aim
of 4GW is to destroy the moral bonds that allows the organic
whole to exist -- cohesion. This is done by reinforcing the
following (according to Boyd):
43. 43/26
Center of Gravity Is The People
Leverage unconventional capabilities
against insurgents. Become cellular like
“them”. Defeat a networked threat with a
network.
Develop small independent action forces
(SIAF).
Establish disciplined, well trained and
highly mobile, counter guerrilla forces.
UNCLASSIFIED
44. 44/26
Power of Perception & Influence As
“Ammo”
Money is ammunition
Food is ammunition
Medicine is ammunition
Education is ammunition
Fuel is ammunition
Employment is ammunition
Recognition is ammunition
Respect is ammunition
Information and knowledge is ammunition
Why we have military science and theory of war?
Just because the humanıty spent much more time in war then in peace. So the war is quite loyal phenomen escorting the humanity.
What we are waiting from the military science?
Whom future wars will be fought, what they will be about, how they will
be fought, what wars will be fought for and why people will participate in it.
How we will fight the next war?
Lets see a little bit the statistics.
AW IS JUST A FANCY WAY OF SAYING “SUCKER PUNCH”. IF THE ENEMY EXPECTS YOU TO HIT W/ A RIGHT HOOK, HIT W/ THE LEFT HOOK INSTEAD. In Sun Tzu’s terms, AW is a way of maintaining “formlessness”
Hannibal crossed the Alps on elephants
Russia invaded by Napoleon.
Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor.
Vietnamese & United States’ lack of will (as a Nation) to win.
Fourth generation warfare(4GW) is a concept defined by William S. Lind and expanded by Thomas X. Hammes, used to describe the decentralized nature of modern warfare. The simplest definition includes any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent ideological network. Fourth Generation wars are characterized by a blurring of the lines between war and politics, soldier and civilian, conflict and peace, battlefield and safety.
Clausewitzian trinitarian paradigm the western conceptualization of nation-state warfare,
Second Generation Warfare was based on massed firepower. Tactics relied on fire and movement, with heavy reliance on indirect fire from artillery. It was different, but still essentially linear.
Third Generation Warfare was based on maneuver and real time communications. It was best exemplified by World War II&apos;s &quot;Blitzkrieg&quot;.
The attack relied on infiltration to bypass, cut off and collapse the enemy&apos;s main combat forces rather than seeking to close with and destroy them.
Fourth Generation Warfare is based on dispersion and communications that remove the battle front entirely. Attackers rely on cultural/media attack and coordinated violent actions to and paralyze or collapse the enemy&apos;s political will, rather than seeking decisive combat.
Fourth Generation war is the greatest change since the Peace of Westphalia, because it marks the end of the state’s monopoly on war.
Once again, as before 1648, many different entities, not states, are fighting war. They use many different means, including &quot;terrorism&quot; and immigration, not just formal armies. Differences between cultures, not just states, become paramount, and other cultures will not fight the way we fight.
the Western rules and conventions guiding and constraining the conduct of war do not apply at all. There are no fronts, no
campaigns, no bases, no uniforms, no publicly displayed honors, and no respect for the territorial limits of
states.
This chart plays well as a slide show.
As Echevarria rightly notes, 4GW does not lie in the logical sequence of 1/2/3 GW. In fact, the two vertical red lines on the right imply that that sequence has played itself out as state-vs-state warfare fades in significance. 4GW rises from the swamp at the bottom of the figure.
The reason that 4GW is sometimes confused with guerrilla warfare is that violent transnational entities often use terrorism and guerrilla warfare methods - the classical way for militarily weak forces to defeat stronger ones. What defines 4GW is - as Lind and van Creveld insist - who fights and what they’re fighting for. Hammes observed that the transnational nature of 4GW means that networking (as in “social networking”) will be an important tool – see The Sling and the Stone – and so successful 4GW groups may resemble political parties that also have an armed component. Hezbullah fits this model, and the events of July 2006 shows how effective it can be.
In this chart, “insurgents” are fighting the established government of a state, and “partisans” are fighting occupiers. Clearly there is a lot of overlap and both often use terrorism and guerrilla warfare at various stages of their campaigns. States also employ terrorism against their state and nonstate opponents and often against their own citizens (e.g., Reign of Terror, Halabja, the Holocaust, etc.)
Nobody is exactly sure what “anarchists” were fighting for.
While this term is similar to terrorism and asymmetric warfare, it is much narrower. Classical insurgencies and the Indian Wars are examples of Pre-Modern War, not 4GW. Fourth generation warfare usually has the insurgency group or non-state side trying to implement their own government or reestablish an old government over the one currently running the territory. The blurring of lines between state and non-state is further complicated in a democracy by the power of the media.
Fourth generation warfare is normally characterized by a violent non-state actorr (VNSA) fighting a state. This fighting can be physically done, such as by modern examples Hezbollah or the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In this realm the VNSA uses all three levels of fourth generation warfare. These are the physical (actual combat; it is considered the least important), mental (the will to fight, belief in victory, etc.) and moral (the most important, this includes cultural norms, etc.) levels.
Another characteristic of fourth generation warfare is that as with third generation, the VNSA’s forces are decentralized. With fourth generation warfare there may even be no single organisation and that smaller groups organize into impromptu alliances to target a bigger threat (that being the state armed forces or another faction). As a result these alliances are weak and if the state’s military leadership is smart enough they can split their enemy and cause them to fight amongst themselves
22 countries of Arab League 300 – 330 millions 5 % of the world population has the youngest 40% under 14. From this population 60 million people is illiterate.
Number of translated books from foreign language to Arab in the Arab world is 4.4 / 1 million people this figure in western world is around 900.
Poor access to the knowledge!!!