The Islamic State (IS) grew out of al-Qaeda in Iraq in the 2000s, declaring a caliphate in 2014 across Iraq and Syria. Led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, IS seized territory through military offensives and governed via Sharia law, notable for extreme brutality. IS established an economy from oil/gas, taxation, antiquities trafficking and slavery to become financially self-sufficient. An international coalition conducted airstrikes against IS while local forces retook cities like Ramadi and Mosul. Al-Baghdadi was killed in 2019 but IS affiliates remain active as imprisoned fighters may radicalize others in the future.
the ppt is about the rise of islamic state and the current situation of coalition forces... the economy of the group and the measures to curbe the group
the ppt is about the rise of islamic state and the current situation of coalition forces... the economy of the group and the measures to curbe the group
This ppt tends to describe what happened in Paris, and what can be its outcomes. it further goes on to discuss a topic that people shy out while in public, though it is a heated topic with varied opinions in private- the connection of terrorism with muslim youth.
IAI seminar on "The Fight against ISIS and the US Policy in the Middle East", with Daniel Serwer, Middle East Institute and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University
Rome, 19 March 2015
This analysis has been made on what Media and individual say about ISIS on open platform like- Twitter, Blog, News & Forum. This is a Social Media monitoring and analysis report, not a Intelligence report. For creating the analysis report I have used historical data of the last one Year of Twitter, News, Blog, Forum & video conversations.
If you have any further question you can comment below.
There are a variety of reasons that people decide to join the Islamic State. Through its propaganda and recruitment process, IS targets those who are outcasts in their community or minorities in their country or who have been discriminated against in a Western context. This presentation is built to combat the kind of misinformation that IS uses to gain recruits.
In this presentation you will be able to find the truth about the origin of ISIS and it illustrates that ISIS are actually not true Muslims due to the evidence provided in this power point.
ISIS EXPORT GATEWAY TO GLOBAL CRUDE OIL MARKETS GE 94
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) began to take over oil fields in late spring 2014.
Since then, ISIS has expanded its operations by creating a loosely integrated and thriving
black economy, consisting of approximately sixty percent of Syria's oil assets and seven
oil producing assets in Iraq. The terrorist organisation has also managed to set up an
extensive network of middlemen in neighbouring territories and countries, with the aim of
trading crude oil for cash and in kind. Upon extraction, the commodity is first lightly
refined on site and then a shadow supply-chain network takes over, to bring it to the
market.
Al Qaeda is the terrorist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988. The group’s ideology is founded on the premise that Muslims who follow secular leaders are treating these leaders as gods, and therefore, are apostates because they are disobeying the first principle in Islam, the assertion that “There is no deity but Allah.” Adherents to this ideology claim to be defending Islam when they kill these Muslims and Westerners who advocate or support this form of apostasy. Al Qaeda’s goal is to liberate Muslim lands of “apostate” governments and establish an Islamic state, a caliphate, in their stead.
Osama bin Laden envisioned al Qaeda as a global network that led the jihad against the United States, the West, and allied Muslim governments. The group known today as al Qaeda core serves as the center of the al Qaeda network, which now also includes groups recognized by the al Qaeda emir, or leader, as affiliates. These are al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, al Shabaab, al Qaeda in Iraq, Jabhat al Nusra, al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and the Islamic Emirate of the Caucasus. Recovered al Qaeda correspondence, especially from the Abbottabad raid, reveals continued communications about ongoing developments and operations between senior leaders in Pakistan and leaders of affiliated groups.
Read more at www.criticalthreats.org/al-qaeda/al-qaeda-affiliates
Islamic State
David Jones
American Military University
HLSS320
Professor Justin Novak
10/29/2016
Terrorism is a global threat that continues to grow despite efforts by many countries to finish terrorist organizations. The United States is always faced with the threat of terror within its boundaries. Americans all over the world are always at risks of being kidnapped and killed by terrorists. Currently, Al-Qaeda and ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) is the most dangerous terrorist organizations in the world (BBC, 2014). The paper examines ISIS with the aim of developing a comprehensive profile to assess the threat it poses to the US and the rest of the world. The paper will also discuss the most qualified members of the IC team to collect the data on the terror group as well as the most effective analytical strategies that will be used to analyze the information collected. As shall be seen from the discussion below, the most appropriate data collection programs on this particular organization are HUMINT programs and active military specialists as well as specialists from the Department of Defense will be the most appropriate data collectors and gatherers.
Background Information
ISIS is a jihadist group that was formed as a branch of Al-Qaeda in Iraq in April 2013. Formerly it was known as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant. The formation of an Al-Qaeda branch in Iraq is attributed to the late Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (BBC, 2015). Abu Musab al-Zarqawi swore allegiance to Osama Bin Laden and formed an Al-Qaeda branch in Iraq in 2004 (BBC, 2014). It was a significant force in Iraq for a while. The death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 2006 prompted Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) to create an umbrella organization called Islamic State in Iraq. The growth of ISIS has been characterized by excessive violence to both Muslims and non-Muslims. It is pertinent to note that ISIS remains one of the most dangerous jihadist group even after being disavowed by Al-Qaeda (BBC, 2014). The separation came after ISIS succeeded in taking over vast territories in Syria and Iraq. The exact size of ISIS is not clear even though there is the belief that the group has many fighters spread in Iraq and Syria. They also have loyal followers in different parts of the world.
The group is under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (BBC, 2014). There is very little known about the leader of ISIS. Many security officials believe that he is a native of Samarra, north of Baghdad. He was born in 1971 and joined the insurgency that formed after the United States of America invaded Iraq in 2003. In 2010, he was the leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. The group is the one that grew to become an independent organization called ISIS (BBC, 2015). The leadership of ISIS is one of the things that makes it attractive to young jihadists. Baghdadi is a skilled tactician and battlefield commander, which is the opposite of Al-Qaeda leadership. The level of violence meted out by ISIS is.
Isis What is ISIS It was first formed as Al Qaeda in .docxchristiandean12115
Isis
What is ISIS?
It was first formed as Al Qaeda in 2003 when the U.S. invaded Iraq.
ISIS ( the Islamic state in Iraq and Syria) is one of the most successful military group, by taking control of parts of Iraq and Syria, for many years it has governed over this territory and has even declared itself a state.
The group started in 2004 as the well known Al Qaeda then two years later broke away and named itself ISIS, although they are still an ally of Al Qaeda.
ISIS is one of the most effective and brutal radical anti-western groups.
2
How did ISIS become so powerful?
disenfranchisement: Communities within Syria and Iraq were feeling alienated by Shite- and Alawite- led governments. Using this to their advantage ISIS encouraged the feeling of disenchantment which lead to these communities feeling empowered through violence.
Racketeering and extortion: Before ISIS legitimately controlled Mosul, it ran a racketeering business (very similar to what the mafia does in the U.S.). People and businesses had to pay a fee so that ISIS would keep them safe.
Taxation: Just as any government would ISIS uses the countries it controls to earn a profit.
Oil: Within many of the territories it controls oil fields are abundant. Since they are not allowed to sell in the international markets, they took to the black markets to earn income.
ISIS’s goal
They are aimed at creating an Islamic state (caliphate) across the territories of Iraq and Syria.
What is a Caliphate? It’s an Islamic state that has a strict enforcement of the Sharia Law. The areas under this rule would then be ruled by a caliph which is Baghdadi. Those under the rule would have to follow the Sharia Law which is based on Islam teachings of the Quran.
Who is targeted?
They are targeting the Islamic states mostly but have went after other religions as well. They have beheaded those they have taken, tortured, and stoned them.
Women are another target. They have very often captured and raped women. Then took them and sold them as slaves.
Just within the beginning of 2014 more than 10,000 lives were taken by the group.
They are also the first terroristic group to take pride in their doings on social media, by making videos.
Some of the major crimes of ISIS
They burn pilots in cages: Early in January ISIS had captured a Jordanian pilot and locked him in a cage. Then they proceeded to pour a inflammable liquid over him and lighting him on fire and videoed it for the world to see.
They execute their own soldiers: between the months of June 2014 and December 2014 ISIS killed around 200 of its members. They had become uncertain when it came to if they wanted to join the group or not and had attempted to return home. They have also killed those who they thought would be “ineffective” in battle.
They use child soldiers: By either recruitment or kidnapping ISIS uses child soldiers as a means to spy, human shields, and to donate their blood for their injured soldiers. The.
This ppt tends to describe what happened in Paris, and what can be its outcomes. it further goes on to discuss a topic that people shy out while in public, though it is a heated topic with varied opinions in private- the connection of terrorism with muslim youth.
IAI seminar on "The Fight against ISIS and the US Policy in the Middle East", with Daniel Serwer, Middle East Institute and School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University
Rome, 19 March 2015
This analysis has been made on what Media and individual say about ISIS on open platform like- Twitter, Blog, News & Forum. This is a Social Media monitoring and analysis report, not a Intelligence report. For creating the analysis report I have used historical data of the last one Year of Twitter, News, Blog, Forum & video conversations.
If you have any further question you can comment below.
There are a variety of reasons that people decide to join the Islamic State. Through its propaganda and recruitment process, IS targets those who are outcasts in their community or minorities in their country or who have been discriminated against in a Western context. This presentation is built to combat the kind of misinformation that IS uses to gain recruits.
In this presentation you will be able to find the truth about the origin of ISIS and it illustrates that ISIS are actually not true Muslims due to the evidence provided in this power point.
ISIS EXPORT GATEWAY TO GLOBAL CRUDE OIL MARKETS GE 94
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) began to take over oil fields in late spring 2014.
Since then, ISIS has expanded its operations by creating a loosely integrated and thriving
black economy, consisting of approximately sixty percent of Syria's oil assets and seven
oil producing assets in Iraq. The terrorist organisation has also managed to set up an
extensive network of middlemen in neighbouring territories and countries, with the aim of
trading crude oil for cash and in kind. Upon extraction, the commodity is first lightly
refined on site and then a shadow supply-chain network takes over, to bring it to the
market.
Al Qaeda is the terrorist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988. The group’s ideology is founded on the premise that Muslims who follow secular leaders are treating these leaders as gods, and therefore, are apostates because they are disobeying the first principle in Islam, the assertion that “There is no deity but Allah.” Adherents to this ideology claim to be defending Islam when they kill these Muslims and Westerners who advocate or support this form of apostasy. Al Qaeda’s goal is to liberate Muslim lands of “apostate” governments and establish an Islamic state, a caliphate, in their stead.
Osama bin Laden envisioned al Qaeda as a global network that led the jihad against the United States, the West, and allied Muslim governments. The group known today as al Qaeda core serves as the center of the al Qaeda network, which now also includes groups recognized by the al Qaeda emir, or leader, as affiliates. These are al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, al Shabaab, al Qaeda in Iraq, Jabhat al Nusra, al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and the Islamic Emirate of the Caucasus. Recovered al Qaeda correspondence, especially from the Abbottabad raid, reveals continued communications about ongoing developments and operations between senior leaders in Pakistan and leaders of affiliated groups.
Read more at www.criticalthreats.org/al-qaeda/al-qaeda-affiliates
Islamic State
David Jones
American Military University
HLSS320
Professor Justin Novak
10/29/2016
Terrorism is a global threat that continues to grow despite efforts by many countries to finish terrorist organizations. The United States is always faced with the threat of terror within its boundaries. Americans all over the world are always at risks of being kidnapped and killed by terrorists. Currently, Al-Qaeda and ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) is the most dangerous terrorist organizations in the world (BBC, 2014). The paper examines ISIS with the aim of developing a comprehensive profile to assess the threat it poses to the US and the rest of the world. The paper will also discuss the most qualified members of the IC team to collect the data on the terror group as well as the most effective analytical strategies that will be used to analyze the information collected. As shall be seen from the discussion below, the most appropriate data collection programs on this particular organization are HUMINT programs and active military specialists as well as specialists from the Department of Defense will be the most appropriate data collectors and gatherers.
Background Information
ISIS is a jihadist group that was formed as a branch of Al-Qaeda in Iraq in April 2013. Formerly it was known as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant. The formation of an Al-Qaeda branch in Iraq is attributed to the late Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (BBC, 2015). Abu Musab al-Zarqawi swore allegiance to Osama Bin Laden and formed an Al-Qaeda branch in Iraq in 2004 (BBC, 2014). It was a significant force in Iraq for a while. The death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 2006 prompted Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) to create an umbrella organization called Islamic State in Iraq. The growth of ISIS has been characterized by excessive violence to both Muslims and non-Muslims. It is pertinent to note that ISIS remains one of the most dangerous jihadist group even after being disavowed by Al-Qaeda (BBC, 2014). The separation came after ISIS succeeded in taking over vast territories in Syria and Iraq. The exact size of ISIS is not clear even though there is the belief that the group has many fighters spread in Iraq and Syria. They also have loyal followers in different parts of the world.
The group is under the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (BBC, 2014). There is very little known about the leader of ISIS. Many security officials believe that he is a native of Samarra, north of Baghdad. He was born in 1971 and joined the insurgency that formed after the United States of America invaded Iraq in 2003. In 2010, he was the leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. The group is the one that grew to become an independent organization called ISIS (BBC, 2015). The leadership of ISIS is one of the things that makes it attractive to young jihadists. Baghdadi is a skilled tactician and battlefield commander, which is the opposite of Al-Qaeda leadership. The level of violence meted out by ISIS is.
Isis What is ISIS It was first formed as Al Qaeda in .docxchristiandean12115
Isis
What is ISIS?
It was first formed as Al Qaeda in 2003 when the U.S. invaded Iraq.
ISIS ( the Islamic state in Iraq and Syria) is one of the most successful military group, by taking control of parts of Iraq and Syria, for many years it has governed over this territory and has even declared itself a state.
The group started in 2004 as the well known Al Qaeda then two years later broke away and named itself ISIS, although they are still an ally of Al Qaeda.
ISIS is one of the most effective and brutal radical anti-western groups.
2
How did ISIS become so powerful?
disenfranchisement: Communities within Syria and Iraq were feeling alienated by Shite- and Alawite- led governments. Using this to their advantage ISIS encouraged the feeling of disenchantment which lead to these communities feeling empowered through violence.
Racketeering and extortion: Before ISIS legitimately controlled Mosul, it ran a racketeering business (very similar to what the mafia does in the U.S.). People and businesses had to pay a fee so that ISIS would keep them safe.
Taxation: Just as any government would ISIS uses the countries it controls to earn a profit.
Oil: Within many of the territories it controls oil fields are abundant. Since they are not allowed to sell in the international markets, they took to the black markets to earn income.
ISIS’s goal
They are aimed at creating an Islamic state (caliphate) across the territories of Iraq and Syria.
What is a Caliphate? It’s an Islamic state that has a strict enforcement of the Sharia Law. The areas under this rule would then be ruled by a caliph which is Baghdadi. Those under the rule would have to follow the Sharia Law which is based on Islam teachings of the Quran.
Who is targeted?
They are targeting the Islamic states mostly but have went after other religions as well. They have beheaded those they have taken, tortured, and stoned them.
Women are another target. They have very often captured and raped women. Then took them and sold them as slaves.
Just within the beginning of 2014 more than 10,000 lives were taken by the group.
They are also the first terroristic group to take pride in their doings on social media, by making videos.
Some of the major crimes of ISIS
They burn pilots in cages: Early in January ISIS had captured a Jordanian pilot and locked him in a cage. Then they proceeded to pour a inflammable liquid over him and lighting him on fire and videoed it for the world to see.
They execute their own soldiers: between the months of June 2014 and December 2014 ISIS killed around 200 of its members. They had become uncertain when it came to if they wanted to join the group or not and had attempted to return home. They have also killed those who they thought would be “ineffective” in battle.
They use child soldiers: By either recruitment or kidnapping ISIS uses child soldiers as a means to spy, human shields, and to donate their blood for their injured soldiers. The.
Why we have military science and theory of war?
Just because the humanity spent much more time in war then in peace. So the war is quite loyal phenomena escorting the humanity.
What we are waiting from the military science?
Whom future wars will be fought, what they will be about, how they will be fought, what wars will be fought for and why people will participate in it.
The lecture gives an overview on history and chronology of terrorism from the antiquity to our days. It analyzes the relationship between terror and the given socio-economic circumstances, the different forms of terror as the tool of intimidation and permanent presence in human history.
The lecture outlines the main epochs of modern terrorism, shifts of ideologically motivated terrorism, forms, method of terror, and those effects on international political processes.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
3. OUTLINE
Roots of Islamic State (IS)
Characteristic of IS
Economics of IS
Reaction of World and Latest
development
Conclusions and Q/A session
4. 1. Roots of Islamic State
Al-Zarqawi, al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI);
The tactics of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi were
considered too extreme by al-Qaida leaders;
Death 2006
AQI
Islamic State
in Iraq (ISI)
5. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
2010: Leader of ISI
2012: Creation of al-Nusra Front in Syria
April 2013: split of al-Nusra Front and creation of Islamic
State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
June 2013: ISIL more frequantly named as
The Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (ISIS)
„Caliph Ibrahim”
8. ISIS
December 2013: alliance with former Saddam’s
military and Sunni militias, tribesmen
Occupation of FALLUDJA
Avril 2014: break with al-Qaeda
June 2014: overran MOSUL, advance towards
Baghdad
July 2014: ISIS Declares the Caliphate
10. What is Islamic State?
Islamic State (IS) is a Islamist terrorist group
that has seized large swathes of territory in
eastern Syria and across northern and
western Iraq.
11. The “Black Banner” or “Black
Standard.”
Mohammed: “the banner of the eagle”
18. Islamic State in numbers
Controlled area: 35,000 square miles
(roughly size of Jordan or Belgium*);
Troops: tripled in 2014, 100 000 – 130 000**;
In 2014: around 20 000 executed by IS;
Value of IS’s: 2 – 5 billion USD
Daily revenue: around $3,000,000 (oil, gas,
taxes, etc.)
* Just inhabited areas
**However, by November 2014, the Chief of Staff of Iraqi Kurdistan
estimated that ISIL had a total of 200,000 fighters in Iraq and Syria
28. Tribes and Major Confederation in Iraq
Basic unit: Khams
(extended family)
Second level: Biet /house/
(vast extended family)
Number of houses: clan or
fakhdh
Group of clans:
Ashira or tribe
Group of tribes:
Qabila
(confederation)
41. 2nd leg: Iraq
2011: US withdrawal from Iraq;
2012: series of attacks, situation is worsening
2013: permanent Sunni protest and upheaval,
brutal governmental reactions (Hawija)
42. ISIS used the security gap
the protest movement went into insurgency,
explosion on 10th of June, request for
autonomy Sunni regions
Marriage with ISIS
76. More than 2000 airstrikes
• More than 3000 targets (58 tanks, 900 vehicles,
52 bunkers, 673 combat position, around 1000
other buildings)
• Around 5000 bombs
• 15 000 combat sorties
F/A-18F Super Hornet
107. Motto
„To wage war, you need first of all money;
second, you need money, and third, you
also need money”
/Prince Raimondo Montecuccoli/
108. The ISIS Business Model
8 million people are living under IS control
ISIS has created a number of revenue streams
“half-mafia-style commercial enterprise, half
pious international charity”
significant difference between ISIS and other
terrorist organizations is that ISIS has managed
to establish its own economy that is mostly
cash-based
113. Taxation and extortion
Islamic State generates up to $360 million
per year though taxation and extortion
Customs tax and passage fees (Drivers have
reported paying anywhere from $200 to $1,000
in fees and bribes to move goods into IS
territory in Iraq)
Business tax: 10-35%
Utilities tax: 20 USD/month
Religious tax: Christians: half an ounce of
pure gold (to secure their protection)
132. The ISIS Economy
No female-run businesses;
IS decide on prices and people have to accept
that and deal with it;
ISIS controls every detail of the economy;
„Good Life” is just propaganda – reality: heavy
taxation and high unemployment
Meat and chicken are only for ISIS
ISIS’s economic persecution is a deliberate
tactic to force people to capitulate and
support the extremists
138. Coalition against IS
62 countries
against IS
(although most play no direct role in the air
strikes) US, UK, France, Bahrain, Jordan,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
Emirates /Iran, the BACKER
142. Operation Inherent Resolve
U.S. and coalition have conducted a total of 8,125 strikes
(5,321 Iraq / 2,804 Syria).
U.S. has conducted 6,353 strikes in Iraq and Syria (3,695 Iraq /
2,658 Syria)
The countries that have participated in the strikes include:
*In Iraq: (1) Australia, (2) Belgium, (3) Canada, (4) Denmark,
(5) France, (6) Jordan, (7) The Netherlands, and (8) UK
*In Syria: (1) Australia, (2) Bahrain, (3) Canada, (4) France, (5)
Jordan, (6) Saudi Arabia, (7) Turkey and (8) UAE
147. Cost of Operation
As of Jan. 31, 2016, the total cost of
operations related to ISIL since kinetic
operations started on Aug. 8, 2014, is $9,5
billion and the average daily cost is $11
million for 540 days of operations
169. Lesson learnds
Lot of IEDs, car bombs, snipers
Too many KIAs
Need for Combat Engineers
Military Capabilities of IS are underestimated
5 days 5 weeks
171. Recapture Ramadi
7 month of fight
600 US-led coalition airstrikes
F-16 fighter jets flown by Iraqi pilots
the composition of the Iraqi military forces
– Counter-Terrorism Service (CTS)
– formations from the 8th Iraqi Army Division
– local police, and tribal fighters from the Anbar
province.
– Shia militia just secondary role
182. New leader
Amir Mohammed Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-
Salbi;
one of the terror group’s founding members and
has led the enslavement of Iraq’s Yazidi
minority
184. Conclusion
Many of its militants are now in
prison, but that doesn’t mean the
battle is over. In 2020, conflict
could rise anew.
each party is fighting its own war
185. Conclusion
With so many ex-Islamic State
foreign fighters in prisons in
different countries now, their
recruitment base has only
grown.
America’s conflict with Iran is
making the fight against it more
complicated