This is another type of war, new in its intensity, ancient in its origin—war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins, war by ambush instead of by combat; by infiltration, instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him. It preys on economic unrest and ethnic conflicts. It requires in those situations where we must counter it, and these are the kinds of challenges that will be before us in the next decade if freedom is to be saved, a whole new kind of strategy, a wholly different kind of force, and therefore a new and wholly different kind of military training
War and Peace in the 21st century, or Will the World Collapse in the Next 10-...Azamat Abdoullaev
the World Government for the World of Tomorrow
Science, Art, and Practice of War and Peace
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) PhilosophyWorld Peace and World Government Post-Information Age > Post-Nuclear Epoch > Post-Human Era
Rise and Dominance of Peace-Making Intelligent Machinery
Homo Sapiens or Homo Barbarus: “all men are always at war with on another”
This presentation is first in the series of lectures for a programme on International Humanitarian Law in the curriculum of law degree.However ,it will also be useful to the students of Law of Armed Conflict in military, para- military forces and other security elements.
This is another type of war, new in its intensity, ancient in its origin—war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins, war by ambush instead of by combat; by infiltration, instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him. It preys on economic unrest and ethnic conflicts. It requires in those situations where we must counter it, and these are the kinds of challenges that will be before us in the next decade if freedom is to be saved, a whole new kind of strategy, a wholly different kind of force, and therefore a new and wholly different kind of military training
War and Peace in the 21st century, or Will the World Collapse in the Next 10-...Azamat Abdoullaev
the World Government for the World of Tomorrow
Science, Art, and Practice of War and Peace
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) PhilosophyWorld Peace and World Government Post-Information Age > Post-Nuclear Epoch > Post-Human Era
Rise and Dominance of Peace-Making Intelligent Machinery
Homo Sapiens or Homo Barbarus: “all men are always at war with on another”
This presentation is first in the series of lectures for a programme on International Humanitarian Law in the curriculum of law degree.However ,it will also be useful to the students of Law of Armed Conflict in military, para- military forces and other security elements.
presentation report on WAR AND TERRORISM. and yes for better viewing experience, please download the file so that you can get all the info because the slides are animated.
The difference between natural and man-made disasters is the element of human intent or negligence that leads to human suffering and environmental damage; many mirror natural disasters, yet man has a direct hand in their occurrence.Another man-made disaster that seems to be happening more frequently is explosions. One of the most stunningly visual ones was in Puerto Rico in 2009. It was so intense, it even set off a natural disaster - an earthquake. The actual explosion was caused by a large gasoline tank at the Caribbean Petroleum Corporation oil refinery and oil depot. The smoke plume reached as high as 30,000 feet.
A disastrous event caused directly and principally by one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent human actions. Also called human-made disaster. Compare with natural disaster.
Another man-made disaster that seems to be happening more frequently is explosions. One of the most stunningly visual ones was in Puerto Rico in 2009. It was so intense, it even set off a natural disaster - an earthquake. The actual explosion was caused by a large gasoline tank at the Caribbean Petroleum Corporation oil refinery and oil depot. The smoke plume reached as high as 30,000 feet.
The Army War College annual Strategy conferences are generally a decade or more ahead of what the generals can handle. This is a summary of the 2008 conference.
The Bush era has seen remarkable change in the US foreign policy. After 9/ 11 attacks, President Bush (the son) initiated the Bush Doctrine and started his war on terror which had such implications as the invasion of Afghanistan in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
By the end of this lecture students should be able to:
Understand the elements of deterrence and military coercion
Determine appropriate tools of statecraft for implementing coercive strategies
Assess the complexity of coercion via military means
By the end of this lecture we should have some understanding of:
what war’s nature is
what forms war takes
what strategy is and who creates it
what constrains it
presentation report on WAR AND TERRORISM. and yes for better viewing experience, please download the file so that you can get all the info because the slides are animated.
The difference between natural and man-made disasters is the element of human intent or negligence that leads to human suffering and environmental damage; many mirror natural disasters, yet man has a direct hand in their occurrence.Another man-made disaster that seems to be happening more frequently is explosions. One of the most stunningly visual ones was in Puerto Rico in 2009. It was so intense, it even set off a natural disaster - an earthquake. The actual explosion was caused by a large gasoline tank at the Caribbean Petroleum Corporation oil refinery and oil depot. The smoke plume reached as high as 30,000 feet.
A disastrous event caused directly and principally by one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent human actions. Also called human-made disaster. Compare with natural disaster.
Another man-made disaster that seems to be happening more frequently is explosions. One of the most stunningly visual ones was in Puerto Rico in 2009. It was so intense, it even set off a natural disaster - an earthquake. The actual explosion was caused by a large gasoline tank at the Caribbean Petroleum Corporation oil refinery and oil depot. The smoke plume reached as high as 30,000 feet.
The Army War College annual Strategy conferences are generally a decade or more ahead of what the generals can handle. This is a summary of the 2008 conference.
The Bush era has seen remarkable change in the US foreign policy. After 9/ 11 attacks, President Bush (the son) initiated the Bush Doctrine and started his war on terror which had such implications as the invasion of Afghanistan in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
By the end of this lecture students should be able to:
Understand the elements of deterrence and military coercion
Determine appropriate tools of statecraft for implementing coercive strategies
Assess the complexity of coercion via military means
By the end of this lecture we should have some understanding of:
what war’s nature is
what forms war takes
what strategy is and who creates it
what constrains it
This was one of my most recent powerpoint presentation. I worked in a small group with 2 other partners. The presentation lasted 1 hour followed by a group discussion.
Case studies are used as a tool to facilitate learning on the part of the participants by the trainer in the session. Case studies portray real life situations involving decision making by participants on either a set of questions or through an open-ended discussion in the classroom.
Communication and Conflict- Last We.docxclarebernice
Communication and Conflict
*
-
Last Week… Social Movements
SM arise in response to outrage and humiliation – justice being sought
Issues defined and understood in a particular settings, symbols, sides
Level of engagement determines success
Strategic tools vs. luck
Full of paradoxes (leadership, level of organization, goals, online vs. physical presence)
*
Today’s class…
What is International Conflict?
- Role of identity
Characteristics
Importance of third parties
Examples from abroad
Dialogue in International conflict resolution
Types
Challenges
Hope
Steps
*
What is Int’l Conflict?Go to the Global Conflict Tracker site and find three interesting/ surprising/ distressing things…
Syria
Started as social movement protest against President Assad’s regime; escalated to full scale war between Syria government (backed by Russia, Iran, Lebanese Shia Muslims and Hezballah) and anti-government rebel groups.
Spilled over to neighboring states; international interventions began when the Islamic State came in from Iraq; shocking violence was perpetrated against Shiites, Christiana and Sunnis (American beheaded); 25,000 foreign fighters got involved
US, France, UK conducted airstrikes against Islamic regime
Russian Airstrikes began in Sept ’15; directed against rebel groups opposed to Assad
Mass exodus of Syrian civilians
Sectarian violence and/or sectarian strife is a form of communal violence inspired by sectarianism, that is, between different sects of one particular mode of ideology or religion within a nation/community. Religious segregation often plays a role in sectarian violence.
*
What is Int’l Conflict?“Implicit or explicit emotional struggle between people of different cultural communities over perceived or actual incompatibilities based on
Cultural ideologies and values
Situational norms
Scarce resources
Socio-historical context
Stella Ting-Toomey and John G. Oetzel (2013) “Introduction to Intercultural/ International Conflict” in The Sage Handbook of Conflict Communication. Sage, Los Angeles.
** stress and strain on intercultural relationships – range of impacts (we will look at0
Prestige, power, prosperity, rivalries, resources
Complex – globalization means world is more interconnected,
E.g. Syria video
*Cultural values and ideologies – democracy and human rights
*Situational Norms – standards around lifetyles and access to consumer goods and services
*Scarce resources – food and medical supplies shut off
* Socio – historical context – fights between moderate and extremist Muslims
*
Int’l Conflict and IdentityWay in which our sense of belonging occurs– “In-group” and “othering” (us against them) on a grand scale Linked through a common identity through historical, legal, economic, locational factorsSocial group categories can be negotiated, accommodated and changed over time through extensive and cumulative intercultural experiences.Also moderated through personal experiences and relationships, immigrati ...
Overview of preventing and countering violent extremismRichard Ali
This slide gives an overview of preventing and countering violent extremism (PCVE) for a Nigerian audience of senior government officals. A historical background is given as well as an exploration of state response and other factors that gave rise to PCVE as a specialism and a practice.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
2. A Brief Disclaimer
This session will include
footage of a violent video
game, some bad language
and a cartoon television
featuring Barney the
Dinosaur!
4. This Week
• Feedback Week: Everyone to complete the
survey form please!
• Security: A Quick Recap
• The Changing Nature of War
1. Old Wars:
2. New Wars:
The War on Terrorism!
What Are We Afraid of? Terrorism in Culture
6. Security
• There is no single notion of security
• Conflict between individual, regional, national,
international and global objectives – unclear if
these are compatible.
• Clear threats that are not other states: substate actors, terrorism, breakdown of global
monetary system, global warming, nuclear
warfare/accidents. All are security issues!
7. Neo-Realism and Security
• States as the highest authority
• Security as the priority obligation of
government
• Self-help to secure state survival
• Permanent peace unlikely: war necessary to
prevent other from achieving hegemony – any
co-operation likely marred by cheating or
unfavourable relative gains
8. Neo-Liberalism and Security
• Institutions help achieve stability
– Information
– Reduce costs
– Bolster credibility
– Unlikely to eradicate war; but worthwhile to try
9. Constructivism and Security
• International politics shaped by ideas, as well
as power
• Shares many realist assumptions: anarchy, the
centrality of the state, and so on
• State structured by social relations; interests
other than self-preservation
• Importance of the rule of law
• Optimistic: States can pursue peaceful ends
10. Others and Security
• Critical Theory: States are diverse and should
be considered a part of the problem, not the
solution.
• Feminism: Rejects the masculinisation of IR
theory, arguing that women are often more
affected by war than men (p.239)
12. The Changing Nature of Warfare
‘For nearly 200 years, the tools and tactics of
how we fight have evolved with military
technologies. Now, fundamental changes are
affecting the very character of war. Who can
make war is changing as a result of weapons
proliferation and the fact that the tools of war
increasingly are marketplace commodities. By
extension, these affect the where, the when and
the how of war’ (Cebrowski & Garstka, 1998)
13. The Changing Nature of Warfare
• No single, straightforward definition of warfare
• There are different models, which represent
warfare at different stages
• One basic distinction is between ‘Old War’ and
‘New Wars’ – this provides a good way to
contextualise the inherrent challenges of the
War on Terror.
So We Begin With Old War!
15. Old War
So when you think of warfare, what images
come to mind?
Anything like this?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCEFOx5Hc2
Y&noredirect=1
16. Old War
• Classic image of warfare
State vs. State (Organised armies)
Defined Battlefield
Hegelian Social Contract between people and
state
• Commonly linked to Carl von Clausewitz
One extreme: war as a continuation of ‘Politik’
Other extreme: war as unconstrained violence
‘Real War’ exists on a scale between these points
17. Old War
Real War ‘occurs along a spectrum from the
mere threat of force, through wars tightly
limited in their scope by constraints of motives
of resources, to conflicts which are unlimited in
the sense that at least one of the antagonists is
unwilling to accept any outcome than the
complete overthrow of this adversary’ (Bassford,
1994, p. 324)
19. New War
Critics argue that Clausewitz: • Is a bloodthirsty dilatant, who advocated
wholesale slaughter…
• Overly accepting of the longevity and centrality of
the phenomenon of warfare…
• Is overly focused upon the state and neglects the
effect of legislative control…
And those ‘critics’ are Keegan (1993, p.6), Kaldor
(2010, p.271) and Van Creveld (191, p.50)
20. New War
‘It follows that, where there are no states, the
threefold division into government, army and
people does not exist in the same form. Nor
would it be correct to say that, in such societies,
war is made by governments using armies for
making war at the expense of, or on the behalf
of, their people’ (van Creveld, 1991, p. 50)
21. New Wars
• Shift in nature following the end of the Cold
War: end of the polarising threat of war.
• A conceptually ‘new’ form of warfare referring
to ‘a conflict between politically organised
groups involving large scale violence. This
definition excludes acts of violence in which
only one side is socially organised, for example
government repression or organised crime’
(Kaldor, 1997, pp. 7-8).
22. New War
Characteristics include: • Disregard for humanitarian law
• Breakdown of state monopoly over force
• Blurring of lines between combatant and noncombatant groups (targeting of civilians is now
common)
• Unclear ‘battlefield’ – fluidity of conflict
In summary: -
23. New War
‘First, the main protagonists and units of analysis of war, such
as state or non-state actors, public or private actors, terrorist
groups and warlords. Second, the primary motives of
protagonists, such as ideology, territorial secession or material
aggrandisement. Third, the spatial context: interstate, ‘civil’,
regional or global. Fourth, the technological means of violence
– the weapons and strategies of war. Fifth, the social, material
and human impact of conflict… Sixth, the political economy
and social structure of conflict… The term ‘new wars’ is
applied to a wide body of literature that argues or implies that
clear changes have occurred in the patterns of violent conflict
with reference to some or all of these variables’ (Newman,
2004, p. 174)
24. New War
• No longer distinctive in time and space’
(Kaldor, 2000): no specific times of war and
peace
• Asymmetrical: state vs. non-state
• Space-less: Spills across borders
• Violence often target civilians directly
– 80% of casualties/wounded are non-combatants
– Prevalence of sexual violence as a war-weapon
It is within this ‘new wars’ framework that we view
the phenomenon of terrorism!
26. Terrorism and Fear
Terrorism plays upon something primal; the need to
face ‘the threat’. Fear is most fearful when we
cannot see the full picture, and must respond
without full knowledge of what we are responding
to: ‘…if a power grid goes down we must respond
without knowing if it was the result of terrorist
attacks, a lightening strike or the act of a precious
California teenager’ (Bobbit, p.4)
27. The September 11th Attacks
Consider 9/11… It was initially unclear that the
U.S. was under attack: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtZKEjrSfg&noredirect=1
28. So What is ‘Terrorism’?
• Undermines the state by undermining its ability
to protect its citizens – its raison d’etre: supplants
the state of consent with a state of fear (Bobbit,
p.13)
‘…the use of violence by sub-state groups to inspire
fears, by attacking civilians and/or symbolic targets,
for purposes such as drawing widespread attention
to a grievance, provoking a severe response or
wearing down an opponent’s moral resolve, to
effect political change’ (p.367)
29. So What is ‘Terrorism’?
Balancing act: enough to remain visible, but not
enough to diminish support – terrorist seem willing
to use chemical weapons, however (2004: Ricin in
London raid; 2004/2007 Al Qaeda plan use of
Chlorine gas in Jordan and Iraq)
State-less: Although states such as North Korean
and Iran may fund terrorist action, any overt action
would be tantamount to suicide. The terrorist may
even be able to attack without state help –
parts/weapons available on the market
30. The Growth of International Terrorism
• Initially rare for terrorist activity to spread
beyond international boundaries, this begun
to change in 1968. Why?
The commercialisation
of air travel: Easy and
cheap to cross
boundaries; minimal
security; states freely
gave into to demands
posed by hijackers.
31. The Growth of International Terrorism
There were 5 terrorist hijacking in 1966, this
number rose to 94 in 1969. What other
development aided terrorist activity?
Television: This
provided an audience
for the attacks;
although as with all
programming this
audience appears to
tire of ‘repeats’.
32. The Growth of International Terrorism
Other notable influences have included: The Internet: Many terrorist organisation have
their own websites. The virtual presence of key
terrorist figures will often out-live their physical
presence. Exchange of information…
Computer and Printers: Low-cost manufacture
of leaflets and posters, reaching even web-free
areas.
Video: Campaign videos and recording of
attacks can be easily collated/disseminated.
33. Causes
• Culture: Defence of culture/traditions from the
threat Western materialism
• Economic: Strike against Western economic
imperialism that disadvantages the global South.
Also migrants, unable to achieve the aspirations
promised by the Western image.
• Religion: Attacks against spiritual bankruptcy of
the West – rebellion as spiritual purity (hard to
threaten this materially!), divine mandate for
violent acts…
35. Winning the War on Terror
• States must win a war of ideas: killing the
opponent and capturing territory will not end the
war
• Terrorism will often be provocative: state
responses must be proportion and, ideally, within
legal framework, retaining the moral high ground
(Guantanamo Bay as a terrorist recruitment tool!)
• Conspiracy theory that war on terror is a
governmental aim to establish Orwellian state
37. Is the US more secure?
Our conceptualisation of warfare and what it
means to be ‘at war’ require adjustment, as the
ongoing ‘War on Terror’ lacks many of the
characteristics of conventional warfare: No defined enemy that can be beaten
No specific battlefield
No realistic prospects for negotiation/peace
Lack of clear beginning and end
38. Winning the War on Terror
Bobbit (pp.17-19) notes that the objective of the
war on terror is not to conquer territory or to
silence an ideology, but to secure an
environment for states of consent and make it
impossible for enemies to impose states of
fear… To preclude a world in which fear, rather
than the consent of the governed, legitimises
the state
But how can we, as individual process the
terror threat?
41. Facts
Are bathtubs more or
less dangerous than
terrorists?
Since 9/11, worldwide
deaths from terrorism
equal the number of
people who drowned in
bathtubs in the US!
43. Participation
Creation of global military culture through the
military-industrial-media-entertainment-network…
There is a synergistic relationship with the forces of
production… 9/11 became a part of the ‘spectacle
of warfare’ – as you saw from Der Derian… Video
games, in particular, allow the player to be both
terrorist and ‘insurgency-hunter’
No Russian:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NMnnMRWJ0&noredirect=1
45. Next Week
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Howlett, Darryl, ‘Nuclear proliferation’ in John
Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens (eds.)
The Globalization of World Politics. An
Introduction to International Relations. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 382-97.
Exam Revision Strategies