The document outlines the gradual expansion of British control in India through the East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries, detailing key events such as the Battle of Plassey and the Anglo-Mysore Wars. It discusses economic motivations under mercantilism and the various administrative changes implemented by British officials like Cornwallis. Additionally, it highlights the impact of policies like the Doctrine of Lapse and the Subsidiary Alliance on Indian rulers and territories.

1. Trade to territory
NAZIMA MAZHAR HUSSAIN . K
HOD : Dept of Social Science
VELAMMAL BODHI CAMPUS
POSTED –14 /6/19

2. Preface
The lesson throws light on how India
gradually went into the hands of the
East India Company. The various
methods used by East India company
are highlighted.

3. Contents
• East India Company comes East
• Mercantilism
• Europeans attracted to India
• Jahangir
• East India Company – Bengal
• The Battle of Plassey (1757)
• The Battle of Buxar (1764)

4. • Carnatic wars - First Carnatic war:( 1746 –
1748 )
• Second Carnatic war:( 1749 – 1754 ) –
• Third Carnatic War: (1757-1763)
• Anglo Carnatic wars
• Dual administration-(1765-1772)
• Anglo Maratha Conflict(1775-1818) : -

5. • Anglo Mysore wars: -
• Doctrine of Lapse
• Subsidiary Alliance- Lord Wellesley
• Direct Annexation –
• British administration reorganized by
Cornwallis
• Estimate : Cornwallis

6. East India Company comes East: -
• The English east India
company was granted the right
to trade exclusively in the east
through the charter issued by
Queen Elizabeth in 1600.

7. Mercantilism –
• *In the seventeenth and the eighteenth
centuries, the European rulers started
protecting their countries trade from
foreign competition to increase trade
profits.
• This policy is known as mercantilism.

8. • *Mercantilism means business enterprise
that mainly makes profit by buying goods
at a cheap rate and selling them at a
higher rate.
• *The European rulers sought for colonies
where raw material could be bought
cheap and finished products could be
sold at a high price.

9. Routes to India in the eighteenth century

10. • Europeans attracted to India –
• The English developed markets in Europe for a
variety of Indian produce, including indigo and
saltpeter
• *European found a big demand for fine
quality handloomed Indian textiles.
• *The demand for Indian fabric, such as chintz,
calico and muslin also increased rapidly.

11. Local boats bring goods from ships in Madras,
painted by William Simpson, 1867

12. • Jahangir –
*In 1612 Jahangir issued a farman to the English
and they established a trading factory at surat
in 1613.
*Sir Thomas Roe came to India as an
ambassador of James I, the king of England to
the Mughal court in 1615.

13. Jahangir Sir Thomas Roe

14. *He obtained permission from
Jahangir to establish English trading
factories in different parts of India
and they established their factories
at Agra, Ahmedabad, Baroda and
Broach by 1619.

15. • *The English developed markets
in Europe for a variety of Indian
produce and consumer economy
prospered in Britian.

16. • East India Company –
• Bengal:-
*In 1690 Aurangzeb’s Farman had
granted the English the rights to
duty-free trade in Bengal for an
annual payment of Rs. 3000.

17. Aurangzeb

18. • *This right to trade by Aurangzeb
was abused by the British.
• *This free trade passes were sold to
Indian favorites.
• *In 1756 the company in order to
deter the French attack, began to
fortify Calcutta.

19. • *Siraj-ud- Daula who became the Nawab, In
June 1756 marched to Calcutta imprisoned
those who were unable to flee.

20. • The dual system which was
introduced by Robert Clive was
abolished by Warren Hastings
and Bengal completely came
under the direct control of the
company administration.

21. Robert
Clive

22. Lord Hastings

23. •
Gradual expansion of British Empire from
18th century to mid 19th century

24. The Battle of Plassey (1757)

25. • In 1756, the company in order to deter
the French attack, began to fortify
Calcutta.
• Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of
Bengal.
• He marched to Calcutta and defeated
the English.

26. • The defeat of the English at the hands
of Siraj-ud-daula triggered the British
to conspire to replace the young
nawab.
• *The company officials led by Robert
clive along with Mir Jafar the
commander in chief of Siraj-ud-daula
and other factions of the court
colluded in this plan.

28. • This resulted in the Battle of
Plassey in 1757, in which the
nawab was defeated and put to
death.
• Mir Jafar was appointed as the
new Puppet Nawab, power
remained in the hands of British.

29. The Battle of Buxar (1764)

30. • After the defeat at Plassey,
Sirajuddaulah was assassinated
and Mir Jafar was made the
Nawab.
• *Mir Jafar was just a puppet in
the hands of Britishers.

31. • In 1764, the battle of Buxar was
fought between Britishers and Mir
Qasim, when Mir Qasim denied the
privileges given to Britishers.
• * Mir Qasim abolished the trade duty
for everyone and transfered his
capital from Murshidabad to
Mungair.

32. • But this was against the interest of British and
they declared war.

33. • In this battle Mir Qasim,the nawab of
Bengal; Shujauddaula, the nawab of
Awadh and Shah Alam the Mughal
King fought against British and British
forces were led by Hector Munro.

34. Nawab
Shujauddaulah
of Awadh, with
his sons and
the British
Resident.

35. • In this battle British become
victorious and they decided to
control the territory by there own.
• In 1765, the Mughal emperor
appointed the company as the Diwan
of the provinces of Bengal and they
also got the diwani rights of Bihar
and Odisha.

36. Carnatic wars - First Carnatic war:( 1746 – 1748 )
• British captured French ships &
Pondicherry was at threat
• French led by Dupliex attacked Fort
St George in Madras
• Nawab of Carnatic supported British

37. Dupliex Fort St George

38. Second Carnatic war:( 1749 – 1754 )
• Nizam of Hyderabad died in
1748, war of succession broke.
• Chanda Sahib wanted to
become the Nawab.

39. • French and British supported
Hyderabad and Carnatic.
• French were defeated .
• Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah
was favoured by the British
and he became the Nawab.

40. • War ended with Treaty of Trichinapally in
1755.
• All territories were returned to British.
Chanda Sahib Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah

41. Third Carnatic War: (1757-1763)
• In 1756 – 7 years war started in
Europe, resulted in conflict between
French and British in India.
• British captured Chandrenagore
French settlement in 1757.

42. • British commander Sir Eyre Coote
defeated French under Count de
Lally, at Battle of Wandiwash in 1760.
• Pondicherry fell into the hands of
British in 1761.

43. • Treaty of Paris was signed in 1753 –
returned Chandranagore and
Pondicherry to French, allowed
French to have factories but the
administration fell to British.

44. Sir Eyre Coote

45. • Anglo Carnatic Wars –
• One of the first trading centres set
up by the French was in Pondicherry.
• *It is situated in Tamil Nadu.
• *A lot of wars were fought between
the British, the French and
independent rulers.

46. • These wars were confined to the
areas dominated by the Nizam of
Hyderabad.
• So, these wars are known as
carnatic wars.

47. • There were 3 wars : -
First carnatic war (1746-1748)
Second carnatic (1749-1754)
Third carnatic war (1750-1763)

48. • Dual administration-(1765-1772) –
The administration was divided
between the company and the
Nawab of Bengal and Bihar.

49. • For Nizamat functions which are the
police and judiciary the British gave the
additional responsibility of deputy Nazim
to Mohammad Raza Khan.
• Although the responsibility for
administration-Diwani as well as
Nizamat-was exercised through Indian
agencies, the company wielded all real
power.

50. Anglo Maratha Conflict(1775-
1818) : -
• In third battle of Panipat ,
Marathas were defeated.
• Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died on 23
June, 1761.

51. • His son Madhav Rao became the
Peshwa.
• He recovered the power and
prestige of Marathas which was
lost in third battle of Panipat.

52. • He passed away in1772.
British fought three wars and
crushed their power.

53. Madhav Rao

54. Anglo Mysore wars: -
• Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan rulers
of Mysore defended British.

55. • Four wars were fought between
Britishers and Mysore and were
known as the Anglo-Mysore
wars(1767-1769, 1780-84, 1790-92
and 1799).

56. • *In 1799 in the fourth Anglo-
Mysore war, Tipu sultan was
defeated by the British.
• Tipu died defending his capital
at Seringapatam.

58. Cornwallis receiving the sons of Tipu Sultan as hostages

59. Tipu’s toy tiger- You can see a tiger pouncing on a European
soldier. When its handle was turned the toy tiger roared and the
soldier shrieked. This toy tiger is now kept in the Victoria and
Albert Museum in London. The British took it away when Tipu
Sultan died.

60. Doctrine of Lapse:-
• Under the reign of Lord Dalhousie
(1848-56), they adopted the policy of
Lapse.
• According to this policy, the rulers
who does not have any legal heir
could not pass on their property to
the adopted son and it would be
taken over by British.

61. • Satara (1848), Sambhalpur (1850), Jhansi
(1854) were annexed by this policy.

62. Subsidiary Alliance- Lord Wellesley –
• Ruler was provided with Military
security.
• A British company’s resident was
kept in the court.

63. •Indian King should pay
amount towards cost of
resident.
•The ruler should not
negotiate with other ruler
for any thing.

64. • Hyderabad , Mysore, Peshwa , Bhosle ,
• Scindia , Udaipur , Jodhpur , Jaipur.

65. • Direct Annexation –
• Nawab of Oudh had many heirs and
could not be brought under Doctrine
of Lapse.
• Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was accused
of misgoverning his state. Oudh was
annexed in 1856.

66. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah

67. • British administration reorganized by
Cornwallis

68. • Cornwallis persuaded the
Directors of the company to pay
hand some salaries to the
company servants in order to free
the corrupting activities.

69. • Appointments were mainly on
the basis of merit.
• His major reform was the
separation on the three branches
of services commercial, judicial
and revenue.

70. •The reorganization of the
civil and criminal courts.
• District judges were
appointed.

71. Estimate – Cornwallis-
• Cornwallis, blue-blooded aristocrat, was
an ardent patriot.
• He discharged his duties fearlessly, and
his life was an embodiment of ‘duty and
sacrifice’.
• He perceived the danger of Tipu’s
growing power and curtailed it by boldly
discarding the policy of non-intervention.

72. • As an administrator, he consolidated the
company’s position in India and started
the tradition of efficient and pure
administration.
• Although there were defects in his
permanent settlement of land revenue,
his administrative and judicial reforms
were tangible achievements.

73. Presented by
Nazima Hussain K
Mcom.,Mphil.,B.Ed.,GNIIT.,PGDCA.,
MA(Eng).,MA(His).,BA(Hin)