4. cell membrane and transport 7-1-19.pptx
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The document discusses cell membrane structure and function, including the fluid mosaic model. It describes the roles of cell surface membranes and the process of cell signaling. It then covers various mechanisms of movement of substances into and out of cells, such as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis. Specific experiments are outlined to investigate diffusion, osmosis, and the effects of changing surface area to volume ratio on diffusion using plant tissues and agar. Water movement between cells and solutions of different water potentials is also explained.
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1. The document discusses cellular transport, including the structure of the cell membrane and different types of transport processes.
2. There are two main types of cellular transport - passive transport, which doesn't require energy, and active transport, which does. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
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A cell is in similitude with a fenced house that has a gate. The cell membrane serves to a cell what function does to a house. Just like a gate allows for passage to and fro the house, the cell membrane has adaptions that allow communication between the internal environment with the external environment.
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This document provides an overview of transport across cell membranes. It begins with an introduction and defines the key components of the cell membrane. It then describes the main types of transport - passive diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis, and active transport. Specific transport proteins and their roles are explained. The document also covers factors that affect the rate of transport and bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. In summary, the document serves as a guide to the various pathways and mechanisms by which substances move across the selective barrier of the cell membrane.
Cell Transport 1
Cellular transport occurs through the cell membrane and involves both passive and active transport mechanisms. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, and does not require energy. Active transport uses energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins. Bulk transport through endocytosis and exocytosis moves larger particles and molecules in and out of the cell. Osmosis, the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, is important for cellular homeostasis and is affected by the solution's tonicity.
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A cell is in similitude with a fenced house that has a gate. The cell membrane serves to a cell what function does to a house. Just like a gate allows for passage to and fro the house, the cell membrane has adaptions that allow communication between the internal environment with the external environment.
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Transport of molecules across the cell membrane can occur through passive or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration down a gradient. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, and facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to assist molecule movement. Active transport transports molecules against a concentration gradient and uses energy in the form of ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example that maintains ion gradients through active transport.
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1. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing passage of some substances and restricting others based on size, charge, shape, and solubility.
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1. The plasma membrane is a two-layered lipid bilayer structure made of phospholipid molecules with embedded protein molecules.
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Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of phospholipids and proteins that allow selective permeability. The fluid mosaic model proposes that membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within. Membrane proteins carry out critical functions like transport, signaling, and cell recognition through mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and cotransport.
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Transport of molecules across the cell membrane can occur through passive or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration down a gradient. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, and facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to assist molecule movement. Active transport transports molecules against a concentration gradient and uses energy in the form of ATP. The sodium-potassium pump is an example that maintains ion gradients through active transport.
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Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of molecules across a cell membrane using carrier proteins. There are two main types of carrier proteins: carrier proteins that bind to specific molecules and undergo a conformational change to transport them across the membrane, and ion channels that have pores lined with charged groups to transport ions. Facilitated diffusion is saturated at high concentration differences because there are a limited number of carrier proteins.
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The cell membrane forms the boundary of cells and is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. Molecules move across the membrane through diffusion, osmosis, and active or facilitated transport. Transport proteins act as carriers and may require energy to move molecules against concentration gradients or use gradients to transport other molecules.
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The document summarizes various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes. It describes passive transport mechanisms like simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion which do not require energy. Active transport mechanisms like primary active transport using ATP hydrolysis and secondary active transport using ion gradients are also discussed. Specific transport proteins for different mechanisms are outlined, including uniporters, antiporters, and symporters. The mechanism of the glucose transporter GLUT1 is provided as an example of uniporter-mediated transport.
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1. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing passage of some substances and restricting others based on size, charge, shape, and solubility.
2. Transport across the membrane can be passive via diffusion or filtration, requiring no ATP, or active via carrier-mediated transport or vesicular transport, requiring ATP to move against gradients.
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1. The plasma membrane is a two-layered lipid bilayer structure made of phospholipid molecules with embedded protein molecules.
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2. The key components of cell membranes are phospholipids, cholesterol, and integral and peripheral proteins. Transport proteins like channel and carrier proteins allow selective permeability across the membrane.
3. Membrane proteins have a variety of important roles including cell-cell recognition, transport, enzymatic activity, and attachment to intracellular structures. The fluid mosaic structure and selective permeability of membranes allows them to regulate cellular traffic.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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9
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