This document discusses compound sentences formed through subordination. It defines subordinate clauses and subordinators, which introduce subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses can be nominal/noun clauses, adjectival/adjective clauses, or adverbial/adverb clauses depending on their function. Noun clauses function similar to nouns, performing roles like subject, direct object, etc. Adjective clauses modify or identify nouns, and can be restrictive/defining or non-restrictive/non-defining. Adverb clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other clauses. The document provides examples and explanations of these clause types.

1. COMPOUND
SENTENCES BY
SUBORDINATION

3. Compound sentence by subordination
Subordinators are words and phrases that signal
dependent (subordinate) clauses,introduce
dependent /subordinate clauses and signal the
relationship between the dependent clause and a word,
phrase, or other clause.
A subordinator is a word that introduces a subordinate
clause and it is part of that clause
THAT you love me
BECAUSE he is here
WHOSE friend is Ted
Subordinators introduce subordinate clauses and these
sentences are compound sentences by subordination

4. Subordinate clauses
A subordinate clause is a group of words that looks like a
sentence (it has a subject and a predicate) but cannot stand
alone as it is dependent on another structure: an independent
clause.
A subordinate clause is a group of words that becomes
subordinate by preceding it with a subordinator
The man that I love does not live there anymore(an adjective
clause)
I am happy because I love him (adverb clause indicating
reason)
They don’t know whom I love (nominal clause, function as a
direct object)

5. Classification of subordinate clauses
A subordinate clause can be classified into three
different ones: nominal, adjectival and adverbial.
A nominal / noun clause is a clause that functions
as a noun.
An adjectival/adjective clause is a clause that
functions as an adjective.
An adverbial / adverb clause is a clause that
functions as an adverb.

6. Classification of subordinate clauses
He studies what I would like to study
(subordinate clause, function as a direct object)
Give me the book that is on the table (Adjective
clause because is modifying book)
He studies here at Uqroo.
(Adverb of place modifying the sentence)
He studies where I live (Adverb clause modifying
the sentence)

7. Nominal clauses/ Noun clauses
A noun is a word that names something.
Nouns perform different functions in a
sentence:
They can be:
The subject, the direct object, the indirect
object, the object of the preposition or the
subjective complement (predicate nominative).

8. Nominal or Noun clauses: functions
Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences
that nouns do:
A noun has different functions in a sentence. It may be:
Subject
What I heard surprised me.
What Billy did shocked his friends
Direct Object
I love what you are having.
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

9. Noun clauses: functions
Subjective complement / Predicate Nominative
 He is what I want to be.
 Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take
lessons.
Object of the preposition
 I am tired of how you treat me.
 Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

10. Noun clauses: functions
Indirect object
 Give whoever wins the race a present.
 Give whoever needs it the results of the test.

11. Subordinators used in noun clauses:
that
If
Wh-words: whether, how, what, when, where,
which, who, whom,whose, why
Wh-ever words: however, whatever,
whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever,
whomever

12. Subordinators used in noun clauses (cont.)
In noun clauses except for that, subordinators
cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but
it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a
sentence:
 Billy’s friends didn’t know (that) he couldn’t
swim.
 Billy’s mistake was (that) he refused to take
lessons.
 That Billy jumped off the pier surprised
everyone.

13. Noun clauses: word order
Statement word order is always used in a noun
clause, even if the main clause is a question:
We didn’t know (that) Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here? (Statement word
order: Fred is
Do you know what time it is? (Statement word
order: it is)
Everybody wondered where Billy went.
(Statement word order: Billy went)
He thinks that the exam next week will be hard. .

14. Noun clauses: word order
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
What Mary said confused her parents.
The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said. He wants
to learn about whatever is interesting.

15. Adjective ClausesAdjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a group of words that modifies/ describes/singles out a
noun.
Imagine that I have invited you to my home for Thanksgiving. You look around
the room, and you ask me about the different people. Since there are several
men and women in the room, I use adjective clauses to identify the different
people.
The woman who is pushing the baby stroller is my
sister Kim.
The turkey which my father cooked was delicious.
The man who is wearing glasses is my Uncle Kenneth.
The woman whose blouse is red is my cousin Gina.
The man whom Uncle Kenneth is talking to is my
brother
Robert.

16. Restrictive / Nonrestrictive
Defining / Non defining
Adjective clauses are used to provide
information
about a noun. This information can
either define
something (defining /restrictive
clause), or provide
unnecessary, but interesting, added
information
(non-defining / non restrictive
clause).
Adjective clauses are used to identify
(modify,
specify, single out, describe, explain)
a word or a
phrase in a sentence.
Restrictive / Nonrestrictive
Defining / Non defining (cont.)
I have a friend who lives in Cancún.
Of course, this means that you have other
friends who do
not live in Cancún.
The information provided in a defining /
restrictive relative
clause is crucial in understanding the
meaning of the
sentence.
The woman who lives in the apartment
next to mine has been arrested.
The document that I need has been
misplaced.
NOTE: In defining relative clauses there are no
commas as the information cannot be omitted as
the antecedent (noun that is modified by the
clause) is identified by the clause.

17. Non defining adjective clauses
Sometimes we want to give additional
information about a person, a place or a
thing
and then an adjective clause is also used.
In
this case the adjective clause does not
specify
but gives additional information.
Non-defining / non restrictive relative
clauses
provide interesting additional information
which
is not essential to understanding the
meaning
of the sentence.
•Mrs. Jackson, who is very intelligent,
lives on the corner.
Non defining adjective clauses
Correct punctuation is essential in non-
defining
relative clauses. If the non-defining relative
clause occurs in the middle of a sentence,
a
comma is put before the relative pronoun
and at
the end of the clause. If the non-defining
relative
clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a
comma
is put before the relative pronoun.
•I love to go to Mexico City, where there
are many places to visit.
•The perfume that my boyfriend gave
me is very sweet.
•The perfume W by Perry Ellis, which
my friend gave me, is very sweet.