working of four stroke engine and two stroke engine . details about cycles and process. advantages and disadvantages. compression between 2 stroke and for stroke engine
1. INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINE
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF IC ENGINE
3. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES & FUNCTIONS OF IC ENGINE
4. MATERIALS USED
5.IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY
6.SEQUENCE OF OPERATION(A. Four Stroke Engine/B. Two Stroke Engine)
7. COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES
8.Otto Cycle,Diesel Cycle,Dual Cycle & their Comparison
9.VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
10.ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS RELATED TO IC ENGINE
11. CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF VARIOUS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
12. FUEL-AIR CYCLE & THEIR ANALYSIS ( 1.Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Size 2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Speed 3. Performance Maps )
13. ACTUAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM
14. V.C.R ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS & ITS DESCRIPTION
15. FUTURE WORKS & DISCUSSION
16. CONCLUSION
It contains Working, Construction of 4 stroke petrol engine with PV Diagram and Advantages & Disadvantages.Very useful & all info compiled at same place.
working of four stroke engine and two stroke engine . details about cycles and process. advantages and disadvantages. compression between 2 stroke and for stroke engine
1. INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINE
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF IC ENGINE
3. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES & FUNCTIONS OF IC ENGINE
4. MATERIALS USED
5.IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY
6.SEQUENCE OF OPERATION(A. Four Stroke Engine/B. Two Stroke Engine)
7. COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES
8.Otto Cycle,Diesel Cycle,Dual Cycle & their Comparison
9.VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
10.ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS RELATED TO IC ENGINE
11. CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF VARIOUS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
12. FUEL-AIR CYCLE & THEIR ANALYSIS ( 1.Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Size 2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Speed 3. Performance Maps )
13. ACTUAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM
14. V.C.R ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS & ITS DESCRIPTION
15. FUTURE WORKS & DISCUSSION
16. CONCLUSION
It contains Working, Construction of 4 stroke petrol engine with PV Diagram and Advantages & Disadvantages.Very useful & all info compiled at same place.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Introduction to IC Engine.pptx
1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST
BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL
FME-202, I.C. Engine
Course Credit Hours: 3(2-1)
Course Contact Hours: 5(2-3)
2. Introduction to Heat Engine
• Heat Engine:
A machine which converts heat energy into mechanical energy (work) as a result of
combustion
• Combstion:
A process in which fuel combines with oxygen or air and liberates heat. As a
result of combustion of hydrocarbons (of which the fuel consists of), CO2 and H2O are
produced. These types of reactions are exothermic and significant amount of heat is evolved
which increases temperature and pressure.
• For Petrol:
2C8H18 +25O2 = 16CO2 + 18H2O + Heat
• For Diesel:
2C16H34 +49O2 = 32CO2 + 34H2O + Heat
• For Natural Gas:
CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + Heat
• General case:
Hydrocarbons (Fuel) + O2 = C02 + H2O + Heat
3. Types Heat Engine
• External Combustion Engine:
In steam engine the combustion of fuel takes
place outside the engine and the steam thus
formed is used to run the engine. Thus it is
known external combustion engine.
• Internal Combustion Engine:
In case of internal combustion engine the
combustion of fuel takes place inside the
engine cylinder
4. Heat Engines
External combustion Engines
Boiler+
Piston type engine
Boiler +
Steam turbine
(Power Plants)
Internal Combustion engines
Reciprocating
Rotary
Gas Turbine Wankel
(some
prime-
movers)
Reciprocating Rotary
C.I.Engines S.I.Engines
Four Stroke cycle,
Tractors, Cars, buses, etc
Two Stroke cycle
(Very rare)
Four Stroke cycle
Cars, tractors etc
Two Stroke cycle
(Very rare)
(Locomotive+
old tractors)
5. Classification of IC Engine
IC engine can be further classified as:
• Stationary or mobile
• Horizontal and vertical
• Low, Medium or high speed
Two distinct types of the IC Engines used for
either mobile or stationary operations are
• Diesel type IC Engine
• Carburetor type IC Engine
7. Internal combustion engines
It is a machine/prime mover
which converts the
reciprocating motion into
rotary motion as a result of
thermal expanion caused by
combustible gases
As the combustion takes place
inside the engine cylinder, so
the engine is called internal
combustion engine
8. Components of Internal combustion Engines
Cylinder:
The nucleus of all activity but principally for
receiving and burning the fuel
Piston:
Receives power generated in the cylinder
Connecting Rod:
Transmits power to crankshaft and assists in
changing to and fro motion to rotary motion of
crankshaft
Crankshaft:
Receives power from the piston through connecting
rod and converts the reciprocating motion into
rotary motion
9. Components of Internal combustion Engines
Cylinder head:
Covers the top of the cylinder and
houses other components
Crankcase:
Covers the bottom of the cylinder and
holds engine lubricating oil and other
components
Inlet and Exhaust valves:
Inlet receives fuel (petrol engine) or air
(diesel engine) while exhaust releases
burnt gases.
10. Components of Internal combustion Engines
Camshaft:
Operates the valves
Fly wheel:
Helps keep engine running, by its inertia
during idle strokes (inlet, compression,
exhaust)
Engine block
Foudation block to which all the above
components are directly or indirectly attached
11. Engine Terminology
Bore (d):
The internal diameter of the cylinder
Stroke (l):
The maximum length of travel of piston from one
extreme position to other extreme position in one
direction
Top dead cenre(TDC):
The position of the piston at the end of its travel when
moving towards the cylinder head
Bottom Dead Centre (BDC):
The position of the pistonat the end of its travel when
movingtowards the crankcase
Piston displacement (PD):
The volume displaced or covered by the piston when it
moves from TDC to BDC
𝑃𝐷 = 𝜋
4 𝑑2
𝑙
CV
d
l P.D
Connecting rod
crankshaft
Cylinder
Piston
12. Engine Terminology
Clearance volume (CV)
The space or volume between the top of the
piston and the engine cylinder when the piston is
at TDC. It is also called “combustion chamber“
Total cylinder volume (TCV)
The volume designated by the sum of the piston
displacement and the clearance volume
TCV = P.D + C.V
Compression ratio (CR)
The ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance
volume
C.R = TCV/CV
Engine Size
It is the product of diameter of piston and stroke
of the engine
CV
d
l P.D
Connecting rod
crankshaft
Cylinder
Piston
TDC
BDC
14. Example 1: An engine has bore of 100 mm and stroke of 124 mm. If the
compression ratio is 6. Calculate:
a- Piston Displacement (PD), b- Clearance volume (CV )
c- Total Cylinder Volume (TCV)
Solution:
Given data
cylinder bore = diameter of piston(d) = 100 mm
Stroke length (l) = 124 mm
Compression Ration (CR) = 6
(a) Piston Displacement(PD) =??
We know that
PD = (πd2/4)*l
= [(3.14)(100)2/4]*124 = 973,400 mm3
(b) Clearance volume (CV) = ??
TCV = PD + CV (dividing by CV)
CR = PD/CV + 1
PD = (CR-1)CV
CV = PD/(CR -1)
= 973,400 / (6-1) = 194680 mm3
Cylinder Volume (TCV) = ??
TCV = PD + CV
= 973400 + 194680 =1168080 mm3
CV
d
l P.D
Connecting rod
crankshaft
Cylinder
Piston
15. Example2: An engine has a bore of 91.44 mm and a stroke of
127 mm. Find the clearance volume (CV) when the
compression ratio (CR) is 18.5
Solution
Given data
Cylinder bore (d) = 91.44 mm
Stroke(l) = 127 mm
Compression ration (CR) = 18.5
Clearance volume (CV) =??
For PD
PD =( πd2/4)*l
= (3.14 (91.44)2/4 )*(127)
= 833,577 mm3
We know that
P.D = (CR- 1)CV
CV = PD/(CR-1)
CV = 833,577/17.5
CV = 50,490 mm3
CV
d
l P.D
Connecting rod
crankshaft
Cylinder
Piston
91.44 mm
127 mm
16. Example 3
An engine has clearance volume 53.763 cm3 and
compression ratio 16.5 and stroke length 127 mm.
Calculate
(a) Piston displacement
(b) Bore
Solution
Given data
Clearance volume (CV) = 53. 763 cm3
= 53,763 mm3
Compression ratio (CR) = 16.5
Stroke (l) = 127mm
(a)
We know that
PD =(CR-1)CV
PD = 15.5 * 53763
PD = 833,326 mm3
(b)
PD = (πd2 /4).l
d2 = (4*PD)/(π*l)
= (4*833326)/(3.14*127)
= 8358 mm2
d = 91.42 mm
CV
d
l P.D
Connecting rod
crankshaft
Cylinder
Piston
17. Example 4: Calculate CV, CR and engine capacity of a 4-cylinder
tractor engine when total volume of one cylinder is 1027.33 cm3.
Bore and stroke are 98.4 and 127 mm respectivily.
Solution:
Given data
Total cylinder volume(TCV) = 1027.33 cm3
= 1027330 mm3
Bore (d) = 98.4 mm
Stroke (l) = 127 mm
(a) We know that
PD = πd2 / 4 *(l)
= (3.14* (98.4)2/4)(127)
= 965,303 mm3
Clearanve volime (CV) = =??
CV = TCV –PD
= 1027.33 -965.303 = 62.027 cm3
Compression ratio (CR) = ??
(CR-1)CV = PD
CR -1 = 965303/62028
CR = 15.56 +1 = 16.56
Engine capacity = ??
= PD *No. Of cylinders
= 965302*4
= 3861,208 mm3
=3861.208 CC
CV
d
l P.D
Connecting rod
crankshaft
Cylinder
Piston
One cylinder
Other cylinder
are identical
18. Four Stroke( cycle) SI Engine
A four stroke cycle engine one which completes its cycle (suction, compression, power, exhaust)
in four stroke of the piston resulting two complete revolution (360*2 = 720) of crankshaft
Suction stroke
The piston moves from TDC to BDC. The inlet valve is opened to allow the fuel mixture to enter
and fill the partial vacuum created by the movement of the piston. The exhaust valve remaim
closed.
Compression stroke
The inlet valve is closed. The exhaust valve also remain closed. The piston moves from BDC to
TDC compressing the fuel mixture into the clearance volume; thereby raising the temperature
and pressure
Power Stroke
When the piston approaches TDC during the compression stroke, a spark ignites the fuel mixture
and expanding gases, drive the piston from TDC to BDC
Exhaust Stroke
The piston returns from BDC to TDC, sweeping the the burnt fuel/gases through the exhaust valve
which has been opened, while the intake valve remain closed
20. Four stroke cycle-SI Engine
For two stroke animation, browse the link
http://www.keveney.com/otto.html
21. Four stroke cycle-CI engines
In case of diesel engine, the same number of piston events take place as in 4-
troke petrol engine but the method of igniting of the fuel is different. The
following sequence of operation occurs
Intake /suction stroke
Only air is drawn into the cylinder
Compression Stroke
The air is compressed into the cylinder which raised its temperature and
pressure very high
Power stroke
Just at the end of compression stroke, a fine spay of diesel is injected into the
hot compessed air which ignites the fuel instantly and expanding gases, drive
the piston for the power stroke.
Exhaust Stroke
Similar to that of petrol engine
22. Two stroke Engine
• This type of engines completes one cycle in only two strokes of the piston.
• There are no definite intake and exhaust valves but instead, there are
openings or ports located in the cylinder wall which get covered and
uncovered as the piston moves up and down the cylinder.
• When the piston moves from TDC to BDC, a fresh fuel mixture enters the
intake port, at the same time the burnt fuel escapes though the exhaust port
which is also uncovered.Due to scavenging, some of the unburnt fuels also
escapes with exhaust gases, which not only reduce the thermal efficieny but
also cause environmental pollution. Now a days, these engines are rarely used
• The compression and power stroke are similar to those for four stroke
engines.
• However to complete one revolution of the crankshaft, revolution of the
piston, makes only two strokes which is equivalent to 2*180 = 360° or one
revolution of the crankshaft.
23. For two stroke animation, browse the link
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8G4is0-ZFZs&feature=related
Two stroke cycle engine
24. Two stroke cycle engine
For two stroke animation, browse the link
http://www.keveney.com/twostroke.html