3d printers create 3d objects by laying down successive layers of material using additive processes. Charles Hull developed the first 3d printer in 1984 using stereo lithography. Now, methods like selective laser sintering, stereo lithography, and fused deposition modeling are used. 3d printing allows for rapid prototyping, can produce complex shapes with little waste, and reduces design complexity, though printers remain expensive and misuse is a concern. The process involves designing a virtual object, exporting the CAD file to a 3d printer, and having each layer constructed to build the final product. Future 4d printers may allow printing of objects that self-assemble or reshape over time.