The document is a comprehensive whitepaper discussing various 3D display technologies including active, passive, autostereoscopic, and volumetric displays. It covers the basics of stereoscopic systems, their quality criteria, and the latest trends in 3D visualization technologies. The paper emphasizes the importance of depth perception and interaction in spatial environments, providing insights into projection systems and advancements in display technologies.

1. Whitepaper
3D Display Technology
Active-, Passive-, Autostereo, Volumetric Displays
© Competence Centre for Virtual Reality and Cooperative Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Kfm. Christoph Runde
Virtual Dimension Center (VDC) Fellbach
Auberlenstr. 13
70736 Fellbach
www.vdc-fellbach.de
Active-, Passive-, Autostereo, Volumetric Displays

2. VDC-technology screening: 3D display technology
Basics
Stereoscopic Displays
Autostereoscopic Systems
Volumetric Displays
Further Trends
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends

3. Basics: Terms and motivation
3D visualization = spatial vision
Providing two, slightly offset perspectives
for the viewer
Possibly head tracking
Thereby:
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
Thereby:
Brain assigns spatialities better
Better feeling for the near and far
Building a mental, spatial environment
model is easier
Support for 3D interaction (space must
be known for this)

4. Whitepaper
3D Display Technology
Source: Runde, C.: Konzeption und Einführung von
Virtueller Realität als Komponente der Digitalen
Fabrik in Industrieunternehmen. Zugl.: Stuttgart,
Univ., Diss., 2007, IPA-IAO Forschung und Praxis,
455. Heimsheim: Jost-Jetter Verlag, 2007
Graphical depth criteria
What does the brain calculate/
work with?
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© Kompetenzzentrum Virtuelle Realität und Kooperatives Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center VDC 4
Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Types of construction
projection systems
Display systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetr. displays
Further trends

5. Basics: Stereo solutions
Two views are generated
These two views have to be transported separately to the two eyes
Note: natural eye distance (about 6.5cm) allows reasonable
stereoscopic vision at a distance of up to 15m
Greater distance: increase parallax
Quality criteria, amongst others:
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
Quality criteria, amongst others:
oOptical crosstalk (eye receives false signal): ghosting
oOverall brightness
oUniformity of brightness distribution (hot spots)
oFocus (tinting)
oContrast, dynamics

6. Stereoscopic Displays
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends

7. Passive-stereo displays
Polarization filter glasses
Basic technologies
Polarizing filter screens (light wave
polarization, passive stereo)
Image columns or lines alternately
polarized
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
JVC GD-463D10 3D monitor screen
⊕ Light glasses
⊕ No sync necessary
⊕ No flickering
Θ Half resolution

8. Planar® display
Uses two screens
Pane lets through front display and
mirrors upper
Resolution 1920 x 1200x
⊕ No reduction of resolution because of
Polarization filter glasses
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
⊕ No reduction of resolution because of
stereoscopy
⊕ However steady image
Θ Space requirement
Θ Price
Planar SD2620W-351
Possibility to test at:

9. Active-stereo displays
Basic technologies
Shutter technology (LCD, active-
stereo)
Display: at least 120Hz refresh rate
⊕ Depending on the system, very low
crosstalk
Shutter glasses Nvidia IR emitter
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
crosstalk
Θ Heavier glasses
Θ Active glasses: power supply
Θ Polarized glasses
Θ Mostly an emitter for the
synchronization of image-glasses is
necessary
Θ Loss of brightness
Θ Possibly flickering today: DLP, LCD
example: Samsung SyncMaster 2233RZ LCD
In the past: tube monitor

10. Active-stereo: Plasm screens
Light generation by
phosphors encouraged by
UV radiation from plasm
discharges
The discharge takes place
in cells located between
two panes of glass, which
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Comparison technology tube, LCD, plasm (source: FZ Jülich)
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
two panes of glass, which
are filled with neon,
xenon and possibly helium, after
electrical ignition of the gas for
changing the state of aggregation in
plasma
Different levels of brightness are
achieved by the number of ignitions
Increase in brightness with active stereo Schematic illustration of the structure of a plasm screen
(source: Wikipedia)
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11. Active-stereo: Plasm screens
Panasonic:
85 inches and 103 inches
3D plasma screens on offer,
150 inches as a prototype
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
Possibility to test at:

12. Separated displays for each eye
⊕ Full channel separation right-left
⊕ Includes sense of orientation in case
of using head tracking (supports
mental spatial image)
Θ Resolution is usually lower NVIS Virtual Binokular SV
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
Θ Resolution is usually lower
Θ High weight
Θ Isolation available
Θ Viewing angle usually small
NVIS nVisor SX111
NVIS Virtual Binokular SV

13. Autostereoscopic Systems
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends

14. Autostereo: Lenticular
Basic technologies
Direction multiplex method:
lenticular systems
⊕ No glasses necessary
⊕ No calibration or similar
Tridelity screen
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
⊕ No calibration or similar
⊕ Multi-user capable
Θ Fixed, optimal field of vision
Θ Optimal viewing distance determined
Θ Special software
Θ Decreased resolution
Schematic illustration of the procedure
(source: www.3d-forums.com)

15. Autostereo: Parallax barrier
Basic technologies
Direction multiplex method:
parallax barrier systems
⊕ No glasses necessary
⊕ Optimal viewing position is adjusted
See-real screen
Samsung SCH B710
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
⊕ Optimal viewing position is adjusted
dynamically (face recognition)
Θ Single-user system
Θ Decreased resolution
Schematic illustration of the procedure
(source: www.3d-forums.com)

16. Autostereo: Holography
Basic technology
Direction multiplex method:
electric holography
The signal wave of the object
is superimposed with a
coherent reference wave. The
Reading a hologram (Source:
Holographie in Wissenschaft und
Technik Karsten Buse, Elisabeth
Soergel)
Writing a hologram (Source:
Holographie in Wissenschaft und
Technik
Karsten Buse, Elisabeth Soergel)
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
coherent reference wave. The
resulting interference pattern
is recorded.
Illumination with the reference
wave reconstructs the signal
wave by diffraction
Source: Slinger, C.;
Cameron, C.; Stanley, M.:
Computer-Generated
Holography as a Generic
Display Technology. In:
IEEE Computer 38 (2005),
Nr. 8, S. 46-53
HoloVizio 720RC (Source:
http://www.holografika.com)

17. Technologies
Toshiba: use of digital lens raster from the company AU Optronics
Additional monochrome TN () panel
Additional convex shaped layer of so-called reactive mesogens (RM)
(UV light-cured liquid crystal: refractive index varies with polarization of
incident light)
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
GRIN or ELC lenses (LG displays)
- see ct 2011
Projection on fog, steam
⊕ Scalable
Θ No stereo-3D

18. Volumetric Displays
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends

19. Volumetric displays
Presentation of computer graphics in 3D
space, not on the surface
⊕ No glasses necessary
⊕ Depth criterion motion parallax without
tracking
Pure Depth 12.1 RGB BLU
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
tracking
⊕ Depth criterion accommodation
⊕ Multi-user capable
⊕ Partly scalable
Θ Almost always partially transparent
Θ Limited color reproduction
Θ Low resolution
Θ Further disadvantages depending on the
system type

20. Volumetric displays
General technologies
Laser projection on rotating surface
⊕ Compact, mobile
Θ Elaborate, color reproduction
LED voxel
Image: project
group„Felix3D-
Display“
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
LED voxel
⊕ Compact, cheap
Θ Resolution, image quality
Fluorescence excitation in the solid
(in research)
Scheme SolidFelix
Source: Project group
„Felix3D-Display“
LED Voxel Display
(Source: David
Wyatt)

21. Volumetric displays
General technologies
Multi-layer
⊕ Compact
Θ Partially transparent
Θ Low resolution in z-axis
Scheme multi-layer display (Source: Lightspace Technologies)
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
Projection on fog, steam
⊕ Scalable
Θ No stereo-3D
Scheme multi-layer display (Source: Lightspace Technologies)
Projection in steam (Source: Fogscreen)

22. Further Trends
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends

23. Transparent OLEDs
Organic LED displays
Development by Samsung
Prototype status
Use is interesting for
Augmented Reality
(AR) and Head Mounted
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
(AR) and Head Mounted
Displays (HMD)
Transparent OLED display by Samsung

24. HDR displays
Uniform background lighting:
brightest white and darkest black
brighter
Only shifting, not improving the
dynamics
HDR (High Dynamic Range):
Very strong effect, especially
with monochrome images
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Basics
Stereoscopic systems
Autostereosc. systems
Volumetric displays
Further trends
HDR (High Dynamic Range):
prototypes since 2004
HDR displays increase brightness
values by backlighting
Thereby, the display is not
illuminated surface-wide with the
same brightness from behind, but
is partially illuminated brighter and
darker
Contrast range of up to 200.000:1 Sim2 HDR 47
Background with
color support

25. Thank you very much for your interest!
You are interested in this topic and you are looking for contact persons/ implementation
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© Competence Centre for Virtual Reality and Cooperative Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Virtual Dimension Center (VDC) Fellbach
Auberlenstraße 13
70736 Fellbach
www.vdc-fellbach.de