The document discusses several types of low-lift irrigation pumps that can be used in rural communities, including the rower pump, rope-and-washer pump, and treadle pump. The rower pump uses a rowing action for efficiency and can lift water up to 7 meters. The rope-and-washer pump is made from local materials like car tires and can lift water up to 20 meters. The treadle pump uses the strongest leg muscles to operate and can pressurize water lifted up to 20 meters from sources like wells or streams.

1. 35. Low-lift irrigation pumps
Small-scale irrigation is a key factor in the development of many rural communities in
developing countries. A variety of water-lifting devices have been used in the past and this
Technical Brief describes some of the most practical and efficient pumps in use today.
An irrigation pump needs to be able to deliver a large volume of water over a long period of time, and
in order to achieve this the available human power needs to be used efficiently. Arms and shoulders are
normally used to operate machinery, but higher power outputs can be achieved by using the whole body.
A pedalling action gives the most power, as it uses the leg muscles, the largest in the body.
The water being pumped can come from a variety of sources – wells, boreholes, streams, rivers, and
ponds.
The rower pump
Stainless-steel shaft
Buried in earth for
stability and
protection
Rowing action - a
Surge chamber better use of energy
improves efficiency
Plastic tube
Piston • rubber seal
• rubber diaphragm valve
Foot valve with
rubber diaphragm Irrigation channel
Plastic riser
Alternative arrangement
Maximum lift 7m
Water source
(well, stream, or pond)
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2. Low-lift irrigation pumps
The rope-and-washer pump
Based on a principle developed in ancient
China, the recent design is a VLOM pump that
can be built from materials that are available in
most communities.
The main pulley is an old car-tyre rim and this
is used to turn a rope knotted to hold a series
of rubber washers, made from car tyres. The
riser pipe can be either plastic or bored-out
bamboo.
Water can be lifted from up to 20m below the
pump and delivered 5m above it, with output
rates of up to 50 litres per minute depending on
lift.
Sources can be wells, large diameter bore-
holes, ponds, and streams.
Alternative arrangements
Traditional
arrangement
Well
Overhead
pumping Ponds or streams
Well
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3. Low-lift irrigation pumps
The treadle pump
Handle
Frame
Pulley
Pulley rope
Treadles
Twin cylinders
A
Inlet pipe from tubewell
Because the treadle pump is operated by the
most powerful muscles of the human body, it Pumphead detail
can be operated for longer than other human- viewed from A Pulley
powered pumps.
The pump originally developed in Bangladesh
has since been modified so that the discharge Pulley rope
is pressurized. In this form it is capable of
Downward Upward (pumping
lifting water up to 20m above the pump, but (return stroke) stroke)
because it works on a suction principle it can
only be a maximum of 6m above the source.
Water can be pumped from wells, boreholes, Treadles
streams, and ponds, and discharge rates of
50 litres per minute can be achieved. This is a
VLOM (Village Level Operation and Mainte-
nance) pump but welding facilities are re- Plunger
quired for its manufacture. rods Water outflow to
irrigation channel
Twin cylinders
Check valve
(closed) Check valve
(open)
Water flow from tubewell
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4. Low-lift irrigation pumps
Suction pumps
Suction pumps exist in a great variety
of designs. They can be used for low-
lift irrigation purposes, but they have
several disadvantages:
n lower discharge rates
n need to be fixed in a stable
position over a well or borehole Piston and check valve
n less efficient for prolonged use Check valve
as arm and shoulder muscles 7m maximum
used
n more sophisticated manufacture
required
Alternative methods
There are other ways of lifting water for irrigation that have been in use for many generations. These
include the Egyptian shadoof, the dhone and various water wheels and devices such as the mohte,
which use animal power. Wind power can also be used to power irrigation devices.
Further reading
Barnes, G., The development of a manual irrigation device - the twin treadle pump, The International Conference on Agricultural
Equipment for Developing Countries, 1985.
Brelenburg, C. and Allen, H., How to Make and Use the Treadle Irrigation Pump, IT Publications, 1995.
Fraenkel, P., Water Pumping Devices, IT Publications, London, 1997
Lambert, R.A., How to Make a Rope and Washer Pump, IT Publications, London, 1990.
Lambert, R.A. and Faulkner, R.D., Manually operated irrigation pumps, 4th African Water Technology Conference, 1989.
Kennedy, W.K. and Rogers T.A., Human and Animal-Powered Water-Lifting Devices, IT Publications, London, 1985.
Stern, P., Small-Scale Irrigation, IT Publications/IIIC, London, 1979.
World Bank/UNDP, Community water supply - the handpump option, World Bank, 1986.
Prepared by Bob Elson and Rod Shaw
WEDC Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/cv/wedc/ wedc@lboro.ac.uk
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