Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are designed to assure that the foods are produced under hygienic conditions, and that microbiological, chemical and physical hazards were prevented (Gardner, 1999; Sheridan, 2000). Establishing procedures for pest control is an important component of GMPs. Pests are harmful organisms and can cost the food industry billions of dollars each year (Marriott, 1991). The pests of primary concern are insects and rodents and they are responsible to spread disease through foods. Rodents and insects carry pathogenic bacteria both internally and on their bodies. Birds sometimes may become a problem in food processing area and pose a potential public health hazard also (FAO, 1997).
CONTROL
Pests should be destroyed without chemicals, if feasible, because of the potential danger of pesticides. But these techniques are not always as effective as it should be. Therefore it is necessary to use pesticides. The best method for the control of insect infestation centres on good sanitation or housekeeping with the use of pesticides under the supervision of a licensed operator. An integrated chemical control and sanitary practices can be more effective and more economical.
Top management should identify a responsible competent person to develop a pest prevention and control program and give them the necessary support to carry out the program. The pesticides should be used in accordance with label instructions. Persons who apply pesticides in the plant have a responsibility to use the right and approved pesticide, to apply it correctly (according to label instructions), and to be certain there is no hazard to man or the environment (Schuler et al. 1999).
Anolyte and Catholyte as disinfectants in a poultry processing plant_Prof. Cl...Trevor William Sievert
This document summarizes information about disinfectants used in a poultry processing plant. It discusses the microbiology of poultry processing and some of the main pathogens and spoilage organisms found, including Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes. It also describes how bacteria are introduced and spread during different stages of poultry processing like scalding, defeathering, and evisceration.
This document discusses insect pest monitoring and surveillance. It provides 14 reasons for the economic importance of insects, including for medicine, scientific research, pollination, biological control, and as a food source. It then discusses pest monitoring, the importance of monitoring pest populations to inform integrated pest management, and different monitoring approaches like direct counts and traps. The document also covers pest surveillance, its objectives to track pest levels and distributions over time, and components like pest identification, weather assessment, and natural enemy monitoring. The goals of surveillance are outlined as detecting pest presence, monitoring population levels, studying weather impacts, and informing timely control measures.
Abstract— There are numerous threats that affect bee populations worldwide such as exposure to pesticides; genetic diversity, poor nutrition and the impact of pathogens. Between them, Ascosphaera apis is the etiological agent of chalkbrood disease that affects honeybees brood. To understand the biology of this pathogen, we revised the phylogeny, morphology, and sexual reproduction. The pathogenesis, closely related to the factors that affect the virulence the A. apis and their interactions with the host, are determinant at moment of developing chalkbood. The honeybee develops several strategies to defend themselves from these pathogens. First, the individual immunity mechanisms such us perithrophic membrane, the microbiota of midgut larvae and the humoral and cellular immunity are the first defense barriers against A. apis. Later, other mechanisms would appear, related to the social immunity, such as their social organization, the polyandry, the hygienic behavior and the social fever, that change the environmental conditions in the bee colony reducing A. apis viability. However, other pathogens such as Nosema spp, Varroa destructor, several viruses, and the presence of pesticides affect the sanitary status of the honeybee allowing the fungus to develop easily. Finally, we describe to our knowledge, the best three natural alternatives that could be studied in order to employ them in field trails.
Insect & disease management inside green houseRakesh Pattnaik
The document discusses integrated pest management for greenhouse crops. It emphasizes using a combination of preventative measures like maintaining hygiene, controlling access, using disease-resistant varieties, and monitoring environmental conditions and crops. If diseases are present, actions like removing infected plants, applying fungicides appropriately, and properly disposing of waste are recommended. Common insect and mite pests found in Indian greenhouses include aphids, caterpillars, leafminers, mites, thrips, and whiteflies.
This document discusses different species of cockroaches that can become pests, including the German cockroach. It provides information on identifying features and preferred locations of indoor and outdoor cockroach species. Cockroaches can transmit diseases and allergens and contaminate food. The document outlines an integrated pest management approach including sanitation, monitoring with traps, using baits, and eliminating cockroach hiding places and food/water sources.
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector for diseases like dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever. It is small with white markings and can be found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. Only female Ae. aegypti bite to obtain blood meals required for egg production. They are attracted to chemicals emitted by mammals and certain molecules of octenol. Mosquito control methods aim to reduce larval habitats and use insecticides to control adult populations.
Fungi are a diverse kingdom that can be classified into four main phyla: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. They are heterotrophic and can absorb nutrients, break down dead organic matter as saprophytes, or obtain nutrients from living hosts as parasites. Fungi reproduce both sexually through plasmogamy and karyogamy and asexually through spores. The largest known organism is a honey mushroom fungus in Oregon whose underground mycelial network spans over 2,200 acres.
Anolyte and Catholyte as disinfectants in a poultry processing plant_Prof. Cl...Trevor William Sievert
This document summarizes information about disinfectants used in a poultry processing plant. It discusses the microbiology of poultry processing and some of the main pathogens and spoilage organisms found, including Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes. It also describes how bacteria are introduced and spread during different stages of poultry processing like scalding, defeathering, and evisceration.
This document discusses insect pest monitoring and surveillance. It provides 14 reasons for the economic importance of insects, including for medicine, scientific research, pollination, biological control, and as a food source. It then discusses pest monitoring, the importance of monitoring pest populations to inform integrated pest management, and different monitoring approaches like direct counts and traps. The document also covers pest surveillance, its objectives to track pest levels and distributions over time, and components like pest identification, weather assessment, and natural enemy monitoring. The goals of surveillance are outlined as detecting pest presence, monitoring population levels, studying weather impacts, and informing timely control measures.
Abstract— There are numerous threats that affect bee populations worldwide such as exposure to pesticides; genetic diversity, poor nutrition and the impact of pathogens. Between them, Ascosphaera apis is the etiological agent of chalkbrood disease that affects honeybees brood. To understand the biology of this pathogen, we revised the phylogeny, morphology, and sexual reproduction. The pathogenesis, closely related to the factors that affect the virulence the A. apis and their interactions with the host, are determinant at moment of developing chalkbood. The honeybee develops several strategies to defend themselves from these pathogens. First, the individual immunity mechanisms such us perithrophic membrane, the microbiota of midgut larvae and the humoral and cellular immunity are the first defense barriers against A. apis. Later, other mechanisms would appear, related to the social immunity, such as their social organization, the polyandry, the hygienic behavior and the social fever, that change the environmental conditions in the bee colony reducing A. apis viability. However, other pathogens such as Nosema spp, Varroa destructor, several viruses, and the presence of pesticides affect the sanitary status of the honeybee allowing the fungus to develop easily. Finally, we describe to our knowledge, the best three natural alternatives that could be studied in order to employ them in field trails.
Insect & disease management inside green houseRakesh Pattnaik
The document discusses integrated pest management for greenhouse crops. It emphasizes using a combination of preventative measures like maintaining hygiene, controlling access, using disease-resistant varieties, and monitoring environmental conditions and crops. If diseases are present, actions like removing infected plants, applying fungicides appropriately, and properly disposing of waste are recommended. Common insect and mite pests found in Indian greenhouses include aphids, caterpillars, leafminers, mites, thrips, and whiteflies.
This document discusses different species of cockroaches that can become pests, including the German cockroach. It provides information on identifying features and preferred locations of indoor and outdoor cockroach species. Cockroaches can transmit diseases and allergens and contaminate food. The document outlines an integrated pest management approach including sanitation, monitoring with traps, using baits, and eliminating cockroach hiding places and food/water sources.
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector for diseases like dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever. It is small with white markings and can be found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. Only female Ae. aegypti bite to obtain blood meals required for egg production. They are attracted to chemicals emitted by mammals and certain molecules of octenol. Mosquito control methods aim to reduce larval habitats and use insecticides to control adult populations.
Fungi are a diverse kingdom that can be classified into four main phyla: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. They are heterotrophic and can absorb nutrients, break down dead organic matter as saprophytes, or obtain nutrients from living hosts as parasites. Fungi reproduce both sexually through plasmogamy and karyogamy and asexually through spores. The largest known organism is a honey mushroom fungus in Oregon whose underground mycelial network spans over 2,200 acres.
Entomopathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes have potential as biological control agents against insect pests. They are safe for the environment and non-target organisms as their toxins are often specific to certain insect species. Entomopathogens can help manage pest resistance, provide alternatives to chemical pesticides, and are seen as promising for the future of commercial biopesticides. However, their use also faces constraints like short shelf life, lack of awareness, and dependence on proper application timing and techniques.
The document summarizes the history and development of medical entomology, which is the study of insects and other arthropods that impact human health. It discusses how early scientists in the 1660s began the scientific study of insects like fleas and mosquitoes. In the late 19th century, Ronald Ross discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites between humans. This established the field of medical entomology and led to the understanding of how diseases are transmitted. Later scientists like William Horsfall and Marilyn O'Hara Ruiz advanced the field through studies of mosquito morphology and computational modeling of disease transmission patterns.
The Senegalese grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) is a serious agricultural pest in Senegal. The use of chemical pesticides on a large scale has raised concerns because of side effects on health and the environment. As an alternative to chemical control, a fungal strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, Sorokin) was isolated from the Senegalese grasshopper, and grown in agar culture medium. The effect on O. senegalensis was studied with an oil fungus formulation of 340 × 105 conidia/ml. Spraying took place in the field, and both nymphs and adults were infected with the fungus oil formulation. A total of 1.5 liter oil formulation of fungus was used for 1500 m2. Two methods were used to assess effectiveness: 1) we captured infected insects and fed them fresh grass daily in the laboratory and recorded time to death; 2) we counted insects in the field before and after application. In the field, the number of insects decreased significantly after the fungus treatment. In the laboratory, the lethal time at which 50% of the insects died varied between 8 to 9 days. The effectiveness of M. anisopliae in natural environment decreased with time.
Five basic methods of control include physical, chemical, biological, environmental, and educational approaches. Physical control uses mechanical devices or forces. Chemical control uses pesticides. Biological control considers limiting growth factors. Environmental control focuses on cleanliness and building maintenance. Educational control provides health information to change behaviors promoting pest survival.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM), including its history and key concepts. IPM is defined as a system that uses all suitable techniques to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing environmental impacts. The history of IPM is discussed from ancient practices using natural materials to modern applications of genetic engineering and transgenic crops. Some advantages of IPM are lower costs, environmental benefits, reduced pesticide residues, delaying pest resistance, and public health protections. Core IPM concepts include reducing pests below economic thresholds, preventing pest feeding and reproduction, using eco-friendly methods, maximizing natural controls, and applying controls only when needed.
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
This document provides an introduction to insects, including their classification and life cycles. It describes the two main types of insect life cycles: simple metamorphosis (egg to nymph to adult) and complete metamorphosis (egg to larva to pupa to adult). Many agricultural pests go through one of these two life cycles. The document then surveys the major orders of insects that contain agricultural pests or beneficial species, such as predators, parasites, and pollinators. It concludes with an overview of management strategies for insect pests, including biological control, host plant resistance, and cultural practices.
This study tested the effects of two commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes used for biological pest control on bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Both nematode products caused high mortality rates (≥80%) in bees within 96 hours of exposure to soil containing nematodes at the recommended field concentration. Of particular concern, one product containing a mixture of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema nematodes was able to proliferate in the carcasses of dead bees, potentially allowing infection of an entire bee colony or spread into the wider environment. The results suggest entomopathogenic nematodes sold for biological pest control pose a threat to bee populations.
Household pests in association with human beings and their managementVinodkumar Patil
This document provides information on various household pests that are associated with human dwellings and their management. It discusses insects like mosquitoes, flies, bed bugs, fleas, cockroaches, lice, silverfish and their role in transmitting diseases. It also covers social insects like termites and ants that damage household materials. For each insect, details are given on identification, disease transmission, and control methods like use of insecticides, repellents and biological control agents. The document thus serves as a useful reference for understanding common household pests and their management.
Introduction: The use of microbes or its products against to control insects/pets is called Microbial Insecticides.
Microbes & microbial products used as insecticides.
Less harmful, fewer environmental effects.
Microbial insecticides are biological preparations that are often delivered in ways similar to conventional chemical insecticides.
Can be applied as sprays, dusts, liquid, wet-table powders, or granules
Insects and non-insect pests like mites, nematodes, snails, slugs, rats, and rabbits can damage crops. Insects are the most common pests and damage crops from germination through harvest by feeding on plant tissues or sucking sap. They can damage stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots. Non-insect pests also negatively impact agriculture, with mites sucking plant sap and nematodes infecting roots. Snails and slugs feed on leaves, stems, and fruits of many plants.
The document discusses various arthropods of medical importance including mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, tsetse flies, black flies, lice, and fleas. It describes the identifying characteristics, life cycles, diseases transmitted, and control measures for each type. Mosquitoes can transmit malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and other diseases. House flies can mechanically transmit typhoid, diarrhea, and other diseases. Sand flies transmit kala-azar and sandfly fevers. Tsetse flies cause sleeping sickness in Africa. Lice can transmit epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Rat fleas transmit bubonic plague and endemic typhus.
1) Biological control uses natural enemies like predators, parasites, and pathogens to control pests. This is an important tactic in integrated pest management.
2) The main types of natural enemies are pathogens, parasites, and predators. Pathogens are microorganisms that infect and kill hosts, parasites live in or on a host and feed on it, and predators directly eat other organisms.
3) Conserving and augmenting natural enemies through tactics like reducing pesticide use and providing habitat is an important part of biological control and integrated pest management programs.
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
Arthropods play an important role economically in several key ways:
1. Insects such as bees, silkworms, and lac insects produce honey, silk, and lac which are used commercially.
2. Crustaceans like shrimp, lobsters, and crabs are consumed worldwide as a nutritious food source and industries.
3. Spiders produce venom and webs that can be used medically and for fishing/sutures, while ticks and mites can transmit diseases.
The document discusses the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for controlling insect pest populations. It provides background on the history and development of SIT, including its initiation in the 1930s to control screwworm fly. SIT involves mass rearing insects, sterilizing males via radiation or chemicals, and releasing the sterile males to mate with wild females. This results in no offspring and population decline over time. Current SIT targets include various fly and mosquito species. Requirements for effective SIT implementation include methods for mass rearing, sterilization without affecting male competitiveness, and overwhelming the native population ratio with sterile insects. The technique has successfully eradicated several pests and provides a species-specific
Insect predators attack, kill, and consume many other insects as prey over their lifetime. Insect parasites have larval stages that parasitize other insects, killing the host when mature. The document then provides examples of specific predators and parasites used to control common agricultural pests like aphids, mites, leafminers, and whiteflies on various crops. These natural enemies, when properly applied, can prevent outbreaks of major insect pests and reduce the need for pesticides.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces crystal proteins called Bt toxins or Cry proteins that are toxic to certain insects. Different Bt strains produce different toxins that target specific orders of insects. The toxins work by damaging the gut epithelium of insect larvae when ingested, causing swelling and lysis of cells. This allows Bt bacteria to enter the hemolymph and multiply, ultimately killing the larvae. Bt has been used as a biological insecticide since 1901 and was an alternative to chemical insecticides. It is now used in genetically engineered crops through expression of cry genes, which has provided insect resistance since the 1980s. However, resistance development in
This document discusses the economic importance of insect pests. It notes that insect pests can have a serious impact on agricultural output by directly or indirectly contaminating and causing spoilage of food grains, resulting in estimated 15.7% food grain loss and Rs. 2,37,600 crore in losses in India. It lists the different ways insect pests can destroy crops, including chewing, boring, gall making, root eating, injury from egg laying and nest making, and injury due to mutualism. Insect pests can also annoy and injure humans and animals by producing sounds and odors, biting and stinging skin, injecting venoms, making homes on the body, and spreading diseases.
The document provides details about the student's media coursework project creating a magazine. Some key points:
- The student looked at professional music magazines like Vibe and Billboard for inspiration on layout, features, and conventions to develop their own magazine.
- Elements like different fonts, artist photos and cover lines on the front page were included to attract audiences based on research.
- The content and style aimed to represent younger social groups interested in music and trends, with less text for easy reading.
- Brands featured in ads and photos would appeal to the target demographic and social influences.
- A reasonable price point and existing major publisher like IPC Media make the magazine accessible and likely to be distributed
La energía es responsable de todos los cambios que ocurren a nuestro alrededor y aunque no siempre podemos verla, podemos apreciar sus efectos. Existen diferentes tipos de energía como la energía cinética de los cuerpos en movimiento, la energía lumínica que emiten algunos cuerpos de forma natural o artificial, la energía térmica transmitida por los cuerpos en forma de calor, y la energía química almacenada en sustancias como el petróleo, alimentos o dinamita.
Entomopathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes have potential as biological control agents against insect pests. They are safe for the environment and non-target organisms as their toxins are often specific to certain insect species. Entomopathogens can help manage pest resistance, provide alternatives to chemical pesticides, and are seen as promising for the future of commercial biopesticides. However, their use also faces constraints like short shelf life, lack of awareness, and dependence on proper application timing and techniques.
The document summarizes the history and development of medical entomology, which is the study of insects and other arthropods that impact human health. It discusses how early scientists in the 1660s began the scientific study of insects like fleas and mosquitoes. In the late 19th century, Ronald Ross discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites between humans. This established the field of medical entomology and led to the understanding of how diseases are transmitted. Later scientists like William Horsfall and Marilyn O'Hara Ruiz advanced the field through studies of mosquito morphology and computational modeling of disease transmission patterns.
The Senegalese grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) is a serious agricultural pest in Senegal. The use of chemical pesticides on a large scale has raised concerns because of side effects on health and the environment. As an alternative to chemical control, a fungal strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, Sorokin) was isolated from the Senegalese grasshopper, and grown in agar culture medium. The effect on O. senegalensis was studied with an oil fungus formulation of 340 × 105 conidia/ml. Spraying took place in the field, and both nymphs and adults were infected with the fungus oil formulation. A total of 1.5 liter oil formulation of fungus was used for 1500 m2. Two methods were used to assess effectiveness: 1) we captured infected insects and fed them fresh grass daily in the laboratory and recorded time to death; 2) we counted insects in the field before and after application. In the field, the number of insects decreased significantly after the fungus treatment. In the laboratory, the lethal time at which 50% of the insects died varied between 8 to 9 days. The effectiveness of M. anisopliae in natural environment decreased with time.
Five basic methods of control include physical, chemical, biological, environmental, and educational approaches. Physical control uses mechanical devices or forces. Chemical control uses pesticides. Biological control considers limiting growth factors. Environmental control focuses on cleanliness and building maintenance. Educational control provides health information to change behaviors promoting pest survival.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM), including its history and key concepts. IPM is defined as a system that uses all suitable techniques to maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing environmental impacts. The history of IPM is discussed from ancient practices using natural materials to modern applications of genetic engineering and transgenic crops. Some advantages of IPM are lower costs, environmental benefits, reduced pesticide residues, delaying pest resistance, and public health protections. Core IPM concepts include reducing pests below economic thresholds, preventing pest feeding and reproduction, using eco-friendly methods, maximizing natural controls, and applying controls only when needed.
Commonly used European and western country used that predatory mite.
In especially green house crops to manage phytophagous mite along with thrips.
Predatory mites deserve special mention in an agricultural country like India, where agriculture is always under threat of constant pest attack.
Predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae constitute a highly significant beneficial group on account of their vital role in the maintenance of pest population below EIL.
Predatory mites are now valued with growers worldwide as natural enemies that provide effective pest control in green house and on agricultural crops
Phytoseiid mites have received global attention since the 1950’s.
The species of Phytoseiidae are potentially important as a biotic factor in the control of phytophagous mites particularly Tetranychid and Eriophid mites.
Mass multiplication
This document provides an introduction to insects, including their classification and life cycles. It describes the two main types of insect life cycles: simple metamorphosis (egg to nymph to adult) and complete metamorphosis (egg to larva to pupa to adult). Many agricultural pests go through one of these two life cycles. The document then surveys the major orders of insects that contain agricultural pests or beneficial species, such as predators, parasites, and pollinators. It concludes with an overview of management strategies for insect pests, including biological control, host plant resistance, and cultural practices.
This study tested the effects of two commercially available entomopathogenic nematodes used for biological pest control on bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Both nematode products caused high mortality rates (≥80%) in bees within 96 hours of exposure to soil containing nematodes at the recommended field concentration. Of particular concern, one product containing a mixture of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema nematodes was able to proliferate in the carcasses of dead bees, potentially allowing infection of an entire bee colony or spread into the wider environment. The results suggest entomopathogenic nematodes sold for biological pest control pose a threat to bee populations.
Household pests in association with human beings and their managementVinodkumar Patil
This document provides information on various household pests that are associated with human dwellings and their management. It discusses insects like mosquitoes, flies, bed bugs, fleas, cockroaches, lice, silverfish and their role in transmitting diseases. It also covers social insects like termites and ants that damage household materials. For each insect, details are given on identification, disease transmission, and control methods like use of insecticides, repellents and biological control agents. The document thus serves as a useful reference for understanding common household pests and their management.
Introduction: The use of microbes or its products against to control insects/pets is called Microbial Insecticides.
Microbes & microbial products used as insecticides.
Less harmful, fewer environmental effects.
Microbial insecticides are biological preparations that are often delivered in ways similar to conventional chemical insecticides.
Can be applied as sprays, dusts, liquid, wet-table powders, or granules
Insects and non-insect pests like mites, nematodes, snails, slugs, rats, and rabbits can damage crops. Insects are the most common pests and damage crops from germination through harvest by feeding on plant tissues or sucking sap. They can damage stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots. Non-insect pests also negatively impact agriculture, with mites sucking plant sap and nematodes infecting roots. Snails and slugs feed on leaves, stems, and fruits of many plants.
The document discusses various arthropods of medical importance including mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, tsetse flies, black flies, lice, and fleas. It describes the identifying characteristics, life cycles, diseases transmitted, and control measures for each type. Mosquitoes can transmit malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and other diseases. House flies can mechanically transmit typhoid, diarrhea, and other diseases. Sand flies transmit kala-azar and sandfly fevers. Tsetse flies cause sleeping sickness in Africa. Lice can transmit epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Rat fleas transmit bubonic plague and endemic typhus.
1) Biological control uses natural enemies like predators, parasites, and pathogens to control pests. This is an important tactic in integrated pest management.
2) The main types of natural enemies are pathogens, parasites, and predators. Pathogens are microorganisms that infect and kill hosts, parasites live in or on a host and feed on it, and predators directly eat other organisms.
3) Conserving and augmenting natural enemies through tactics like reducing pesticide use and providing habitat is an important part of biological control and integrated pest management programs.
This document discusses beneficial and injurious insects. It begins by describing several commercially beneficial insects that produce honey, wax, lac, dyes and silk. It then discusses different categories of beneficial insects including those used for pollination, as predators of other insects, as parasites of harmful insects, and as decomposers. The document also notes several crops that depend on insect pollination. It concludes by describing several categories of injurious insects including disease transmitters, household pests, and those that damage domestic animals and crops.
Arthropods play an important role economically in several key ways:
1. Insects such as bees, silkworms, and lac insects produce honey, silk, and lac which are used commercially.
2. Crustaceans like shrimp, lobsters, and crabs are consumed worldwide as a nutritious food source and industries.
3. Spiders produce venom and webs that can be used medically and for fishing/sutures, while ticks and mites can transmit diseases.
The document discusses the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for controlling insect pest populations. It provides background on the history and development of SIT, including its initiation in the 1930s to control screwworm fly. SIT involves mass rearing insects, sterilizing males via radiation or chemicals, and releasing the sterile males to mate with wild females. This results in no offspring and population decline over time. Current SIT targets include various fly and mosquito species. Requirements for effective SIT implementation include methods for mass rearing, sterilization without affecting male competitiveness, and overwhelming the native population ratio with sterile insects. The technique has successfully eradicated several pests and provides a species-specific
Insect predators attack, kill, and consume many other insects as prey over their lifetime. Insect parasites have larval stages that parasitize other insects, killing the host when mature. The document then provides examples of specific predators and parasites used to control common agricultural pests like aphids, mites, leafminers, and whiteflies on various crops. These natural enemies, when properly applied, can prevent outbreaks of major insect pests and reduce the need for pesticides.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces crystal proteins called Bt toxins or Cry proteins that are toxic to certain insects. Different Bt strains produce different toxins that target specific orders of insects. The toxins work by damaging the gut epithelium of insect larvae when ingested, causing swelling and lysis of cells. This allows Bt bacteria to enter the hemolymph and multiply, ultimately killing the larvae. Bt has been used as a biological insecticide since 1901 and was an alternative to chemical insecticides. It is now used in genetically engineered crops through expression of cry genes, which has provided insect resistance since the 1980s. However, resistance development in
This document discusses the economic importance of insect pests. It notes that insect pests can have a serious impact on agricultural output by directly or indirectly contaminating and causing spoilage of food grains, resulting in estimated 15.7% food grain loss and Rs. 2,37,600 crore in losses in India. It lists the different ways insect pests can destroy crops, including chewing, boring, gall making, root eating, injury from egg laying and nest making, and injury due to mutualism. Insect pests can also annoy and injure humans and animals by producing sounds and odors, biting and stinging skin, injecting venoms, making homes on the body, and spreading diseases.
The document provides details about the student's media coursework project creating a magazine. Some key points:
- The student looked at professional music magazines like Vibe and Billboard for inspiration on layout, features, and conventions to develop their own magazine.
- Elements like different fonts, artist photos and cover lines on the front page were included to attract audiences based on research.
- The content and style aimed to represent younger social groups interested in music and trends, with less text for easy reading.
- Brands featured in ads and photos would appeal to the target demographic and social influences.
- A reasonable price point and existing major publisher like IPC Media make the magazine accessible and likely to be distributed
La energía es responsable de todos los cambios que ocurren a nuestro alrededor y aunque no siempre podemos verla, podemos apreciar sus efectos. Existen diferentes tipos de energía como la energía cinética de los cuerpos en movimiento, la energía lumínica que emiten algunos cuerpos de forma natural o artificial, la energía térmica transmitida por los cuerpos en forma de calor, y la energía química almacenada en sustancias como el petróleo, alimentos o dinamita.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas proses pembuatan kerupuk dari bunga kol dengan berbagai variasi kadar bunga kol.
2. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa kerupuk dengan kadar 1000 gram bunga kol memberikan rasa dan aroma bunga kol yang paling kuat.
3. Survei kepuasan konsumen menunjukkan tingkat kepuasan yang tinggi terhadap rasa kerupuk, namun aspek warna, bentuk, aroma, dan kemas
La energía es responsable de todos los cambios que ocurren a nuestro alrededor y aunque no siempre podemos verla, podemos apreciar sus efectos. Existen diferentes tipos de energía como la energía cinética de los cuerpos en movimiento, la energía lumínica que emiten algunos cuerpos de forma natural o artificial, la energía térmica transmitida por los cuerpos en forma de calor, y la energía química almacenada en sustancias como el petróleo, alimentos o dinamita.
La energía es responsable de todos los cambios que ocurren a nuestro alrededor y aunque no siempre podemos verla, podemos apreciar sus efectos. Existen diferentes tipos de energía como la energía cinética de los cuerpos en movimiento, la energía lumínica que emiten algunos cuerpos de forma natural o artificial, la energía térmica transmitida por los cuerpos en forma de calor, y la energía química almacenada en sustancias como el petróleo, alimentos o dinamita.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pengendalian kualitas proses pemasukan data asuransi ke dalam komputer oleh operator di PT Asurindo. Data kesalahan pemasukan selama 20 hari menunjukkan presentase kesalahan berada di bawah kontrol statistik. Untuk menurunkan presentase kesalahan diperlukan pelatihan operator dan evaluasi berkala atas hasil pemasukan data.
PEST CONTROL Good Operating Practies for the food industry
Pests inside your building can create issues in a number of ways;
i) The pests themselves, or their droppings, feathers or body parts could
get into the product and cause contamination.
ii) Pests carry pathogens and if they touch your equipment, materials or
people the pathogens could transfer to your products and make them unsafe to eat.
This document discusses diseases that affect harmful insect pests. It outlines several major causative agents of insect diseases including entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Entomopathogenic fungi include genera such as Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Nomuraea which infect a wide range of insect pests. Important entomopathogenic bacteria belong to the genus Bacillus, including B. thuringiensis which produces toxins toxic to insects. Viruses that can infect and kill pest insects include baculoviruses, granulosis viruses, and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. Entomopathogenic nematodes from the orders Mermithidae and Senecentia also infect insects and
(1) Medical entomology is the study of arthropods of medical importance and is an important branch of preventive medicine.
(2) Arthropods of medical importance include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans such as mosquitoes, ticks, mites, lice, fleas, and cyclops that can transmit diseases mechanically or biologically.
(3) Diseases can be transmitted through direct contact with the arthropod, mechanical transmission of pathogens without replication in the vector, or biological transmission where the pathogen replicates or undergoes development in the vector before transmission.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally sensitive approach to pest control that uses common sense practices. It involves monitoring pests and setting thresholds to determine when control is needed. IPM uses cultural, mechanical, physical and chemical methods, preferring natural ones. Pesticides are a last resort under IPM. The approach aims to manage pests in the most economical and environmentally friendly way.
Pests like insects, rodents and birds can contaminate food and spread diseases if not properly controlled. Effective pest control requires maintaining good sanitation practices, using chemical treatments appropriately, and preventing pest entry and breeding. Key pests in catering establishments include houseflies, cockroaches, rats and mice. Controlling these pests involves removing their food and shelter sources, using baits and traps, sealing cracks and openings, and applying approved insecticides in problem areas. Ongoing pest prevention through sanitation is crucial to avoid contamination and legal issues.
NEMATOLOGY-DEFINITION, HISTORY AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.pptxnaseeruddinshah2
Nematology is the study of nematodes, which are roundworms that exist worldwide in all environments. Nematodes constitute the largest group of animals and are mostly found in soil. Many nematode species are important parasites of plants and animals, causing significant economic losses. It is estimated that plant parasitic nematodes cause over $78 billion in annual crop losses worldwide through reduced growth, stunting, and yield reductions in major crops like wheat, rice, and potatoes. The root-knot nematode, cyst nematodes, and lesion nematodes are among the most economically important and damaging plant parasitic nematodes globally and in India.
Tick Borne Diseases of Public Significance and Integrated Vector ManagementDr Shifa Ul Haq
This document discusses tick-borne diseases of public significance in Pakistan and integrated vector management strategies. It provides information on tick biology, classification, and life cycles. Several important tick-borne diseases are described, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and Q fever. The document outlines an integrated approach to vector management, including minimizing exposure to ticks, sanitation and exclusion methods, selective chemical control, and biological control using ants, birds, and parasitic wasps.
The document discusses common household pests such as cockroaches, ants, termites, bed bugs, rodents, flies and their characteristics. It provides details on the health risks and property damage caused by these pests and emphasizes the importance of effective pest control. Some methods discussed include sanitation, sealing entry points, traps, baits and professional pest control. Mothballs are also mentioned as a pest deterrent but require cautious use. The conclusion stresses understanding pest biology to implement pest prevention and management practices.
Ant infestations are serious because they are destructive within a commercial, industrial, health care, or academic setting. They are very challenging to deal with, but Texoma Pest Management has the expertise to eliminate ant infestations
The document discusses various common pests including insects, arthropods, microbes, weeds, and vertebrates. It outlines the goals of pest control as prevention, suppression, and eradication. Several specific pests are described in detail such as bed bugs, beetles, silverfish, fleas, lice, moths, termites, cockroaches, ants, flies, and mosquitoes. The document also discusses natural pest control methods like climate and natural enemies as well as applied control methods including host resistance, biological control, cultural control, mechanical/physical control, sanitation, and chemical control.
The Biological Control of Pests Research Unit (BCPRU) conducts research on developing biological and environmentally-friendly pest management methods. It works on mass production and delivery of beneficial organisms, as well as classical biocontrol of invasive pests. Current research includes rearing economically important insect species, identifying compounds for invasive ant control, and using pathogens to manage invasive plants. The BCPRU is working to improve mass production methods for predatory mites and ladybird beetles to control spider mites and aphids. It is also studying the social immunity of fire ants to identify better biological control agents, and developing methods to microencapsulate the fungus Trichoderma for controlling insect pests.
This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified internationally. They are found in soils worldwide and can colonize plant materials and roots. Trichoderma was first described in the late 18th century and its potential as a biocontrol agent was recognized in the early 20th century.
-
This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens for over 70 years.
- Trichoderma has many advantages as a biocontrol agent, including high reproduction rates, ability to survive harsh conditions, and promotion of plant defenses. However, some species can also be plant pathogens in certain situations.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified
An Insect-less Earth: Gauging The PossibilitiesYespestpros
1) An entomology professor believes that if insects were to disappear, the world would "fall apart" as insects pollinate about 80% of the world's plants and are essential for food chains.
2) Without insect pollinators, there would be little plant life and a collapse of food supplies for animals and humans, who get 50-90% of their diet from plants.
3) Insects also break down decaying material, so their absence would lead to piles of rotting waste degrading soils and making the world uninhabitable for plants. The global ecosystem would cease to function without insects.
This document discusses medical entomology, which deals with arthropods that affect human and animal health. It describes how insects can transmit diseases, inject venom, and cause irritation. Mosquitoes and ticks are responsible for transmitting many vector-borne diseases. Malaria, in particular, has had huge impacts on human history. The document outlines the life cycles of important disease vectors like mosquitoes, sand flies, black flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, and tsetse flies. It also discusses the diseases they transmit, including malaria, dengue, plague, Chagas disease, sleeping sickness, and river blindness. Vector control methods like larviciding and using larvivorous fish are also mentioned.
Effects of pest and insects on various food, use of
pesticides in agriculture, pesticide cycle, organophosphorus and
organochlorine pesticides analysis, determination of pesticide residues in grain, fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products.
Citrobacter frendii infections in ReptilesCelise Taylor
This document summarizes information about Citrobacter frendii infections in humans and reptiles. It discusses the bacterium's history, associated diseases like pneumonia and meningitis, modes of transmission including person-to-person and through animal hosts like turtles, current treatment approaches using antimicrobial agents, and prevalence based on various studies showing it has infected many humans and captive reptiles. Personal experience is also shared treating infected sliders with topical antimicrobial treatments.
The document discusses factors that contribute to post-harvest grain losses. It identifies 5 categories of factors: 1) biological and microbiological, 2) biochemical and chemical, 3) environmental and climatic, 4) mechanical and technical, and 5) socio-economic. Insects, molds, rodents and birds are discussed as major biological factors. Temperature, moisture levels, and initial grain quality are key environmental factors. Harvesting and processing methods can damage grains and introduce mechanical losses.
Response of potential stored grain insect pests to bfl 225 multi attractant l...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
Course Roof Rats What You Need To Know.pptxNanetteLaunius
This document provides information on roof rat inspections and control strategies. It describes signs of roof rat infestation to look for, including droppings, gnawing damage, runways, and grease marks. Common areas where roof rats may nest or be active are attics, walls, storage areas, and trees/shrubbery near buildings. Thorough inspections of interiors and exteriors are important to locate entry points, food/water sources, and areas of high activity to focus control efforts. Control options depend on inspection findings and safety considerations for people and non-target animals.
This document provides information about meat balls, including their ingredients, production process, packaging, storage, and quality control. Key points include:
- Meat balls are made by emulsifying ground or minced meat with starches, eggs, breadcrumbs, and herbs. Common additives include salt, nitrites, phosphates, and MSG.
- Production involves grinding meat, mixing in ingredients, molding into balls, freezing, packaging, and storing at frozen temperatures.
- Quality is ensured through following GMP and implementing HACCP plans which identify hazards at each process step and establish critical limits and corrective actions.
- Packaging aims to control moisture and prevent spoilage through use of materials like PET
Handbookofmeatprocessing 130306012404-phpapp02 haccpKhoirul Anam
GMP outlines the measures to be taken to ensure that premises, equipment, transport and employees do not contribute to or become food safety hazards.
Gmp are not factory specific.
HACCP takes into consideration the possible hazards during the production process of a particular product.
HACCP is factory specific.
Key raw material: Standardised meat compositions are consistent raw material solutions that can be immediately processed, requiring no further refining processes.
Tesco lotus Food Manufacturing StandardKhoirul Anam
Food Manufacturing Standard
HACCP
Finished Product Specifications
Raw Material and Secondary Site Management
Packaging
External Areas and Site Security
Design and Construction of Premises
7 Design and Construction of Equipment
8 Employee Facilities and Personal Protective Equipment
9 Factory Hygiene
10 Personal Hygiene
11 Process Controls
12 Traceability
13 Allergen Contro
14 Foreign Body Controls
15 Foreign Body Detection
16 Inspection and Analysis
17 Water and Waste Water Management
18 Product Labelling and Coding
19 Weight, Volume and Count Checks
20 Training
21 Quality Management System
22 Product Development
23 Product Recall/Incident Management
24 Internal Audits
25 Customer Complaints
26 Pest Control
27 Maintenance
28 Calibration
29 Cleaning Programme
30 Transport
31 Medical Screening
32 Employment Agencies
33 Environment
34 Ethical Trading
35 Management Controls
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)
Program
PLAN - D Raw, Ground Meat and Poultry
Principle 2 - CCP Determination
Product: A critical control point is defined as a point, step or procedure at which control can be applied and
a food safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated or reduced to acceptable levels.
Microorganisms are capable of growing on a wide range of substrates and can produce a remarkable spectrum of products. The relatively recent advent of in vitro genetic manipulation has extended the range of products that may be produced by microorganisms and has provided new methods for increasing the yields of existing ones. The commercial exploitation of the biochemical diversity of microorganisms has resulted in the development of the fermentation industry and the techniques of genetic manipulation have given this well-established industry the
opportunity to develop new processes and to improve existing ones. The term fermentation is derived from the Latin verb fervere, to boil, which describes the appearance of the action of yeast on extracts of fruit or malted grain during the production of alcoholic beverages. However, fermentation is interpreted differently by microbiologists and biochemists. To a microbiologist the word means any process for the production of a product by the mass culture of microorganisms. To a biochemist, however, the word means an energy-generating process in which organic compounds act as both electron donors and acceptors, that is, an anaerobic process where energy is produced without the participation of oxygen or other inorganic electron acceptors. In this chapter fermentation is used in its broader, microbiological context.
Generic fsc and examples of food wasteKhoirul Anam
The document describes various stages in the production of palm oil and food waste that can occur at each stage. These include:
1) Harvesting and handling - crops left in fields, damage during harvesting, out-grades to improve quality.
2) Processing - contamination, loss of quality, out-grades in the supply chain.
3) Packaging, marketing, and distribution - damage during transport, lack of cold storage, poor handling.
It then provides more details on specific steps in palm oil processing, including sterilization, stripping, pressing, oil extraction, clarification, and digestion.
Laporan ini menganalisis penerapan HACCP pada Pedagang Kaki Lima di Jember. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kebersihan dan sanitasi di tempat PKL sangat kurang, sehingga mengancam keamanan pangan. Laporan ini menyarankan peningkatan kebersihan lingkungan dan peralatan untuk menghasilkan makanan yang lebih aman.
Presentasi HACCP tentang sistem manajemen keamanan pangan untuk catering masakan rumah sakit. Presentasi ini membahas penerapan HACCP pada catering rumah sakit oleh mahasiswa Program Studi Teknologi Industri Pangan Politeknik Negeri Jember.
Catering masakan untuk rumah sakit melibatkan proses penerimaan bahan baku, sortasi, penyimpanan, persiapan, pemorsian, pengemasan, dan pendistribusian makanan ke rumah sakit sesuai standar keamanan pangan dan persyaratan rumah sakit.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
32150 9 gmp_pests.5
1. 9) GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES: PEST CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are designed to assure that the foods are produced
under hygienic conditions, and that microbiological, chemical and physical hazards were
prevented (Gardner, 1999; Sheridan, 2000). Establishing procedures for pest control is an
important component of GMPs. Pests are harmful organisms and can cost the food
industry billions of dollars each year (Marriott, 1991). The pests of primary concern are
insects and rodents and they are responsible to spread disease through foods. Rodents and
insects carry pathogenic bacteria both internally and on their bodies. Birds sometimes may
become a problem in food processing area and pose a potential public health hazard also
(FAO, 1997).
INSECTS
Although there are more than 700 000 known species of insects primary concern of them
in food industry are "crawling insects" and "flying insects" (Gould, 1994).
Crawling insects
The most common types of this group that infest food processing plants and foodservice
facilities are cockroaches. It has been demonstrated that many of them carry different
approximately 50 pathogenic micro organisms including Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholera
and polymyelitis. They contact with foods through biting and chewing. They prefer
carbohydrate rich foods, but they may feed on any substance that man consumes. They
also consume human waste, decaying materials, dead insects, paper and wood material as
feed. They are more active at night and in dark areas where human activities are less.
Cockroaches are hidden in small spaces in and between equipment and shelves and under
shelf liners. Cockroaches reproduce so rapidly that small egg cases containing 15-40 eggs
are produced monthly. Identification of cockroach species helped to determine proper
insect control techniques (Marriot, 1994).
German Cockroach
This type of cockroach (Blatella germanica) is the most common one around the world.
They are 13-20 mm in length and pale brown with two dark-brown stripes behind the head
(Marriott, 1994). Their approximate lifespan is 9 months and they produce about 140
young within this period. The egg cases are hidden in dark and hiding places with
abundant food and water (Gould, 1994). They commonly infest food restaurants, food
processing rooms as well as storage areas, offices, lockers and rest rooms (Gould, 1994;
Marriot, 1994).
American Cockroach
These species (Periplaneta americana) are the largest cockroach, approximately 40-60
mm long (Marriott, 1994). Female hides the eggs as soon as they are produced. Female
live up to 18 months and may produce approximately 430 offspring. They are most
frequently found in basements, storage rooms, garbage, and drainage areas (Gould 1994;
Marriott, 1994).
Oriental Cockroach
The insect (Blatta orientali) grows to approximately 25 mm long. It is shiny and dark
brown to black in colour. Female produce 80 young through their lifetime of 5-6 months.
They prefer a habitat similar to American cockroach (Marriott, 1994).
Paper 9– PAGE 1/5
2. Flying Insects
Housefly and field fly are the most common types of flying insects. Although they are
seasonal, they may be prevalent year around in warm climates. Houseflies are common
worldwide and can carry up thousands of pathogenic bacteria (Gould, 1994) that can cause
human diseases. They are prevalent in warm locations protected from the wind and more
abundant in the late summer and fall. Flies are most active between the temperatures of
12-35°C. They are camotes at 6°C; death occurs below -5°C and at 49°C. Heat paralysis
sets in at approximately 40°C. A housefly lays approximately 120 eggs within a week of
mating (Marriott, 1994).
Fruit flies are attracted to fruits and rotten material and cannot always be
eliminated totally (Gould, 1994).
Detection of Insects
The easiest method for checking cockroach infestation is to enter a darkened area and or
storage room and then turn on the lights. A strong oily odour is also an indicator of their
presence. Their faeces as small, black or brown droppings may be found almost
everywhere they have been (Marriott, 1994).
RODENTS
Rats
Rats transfer many diseases such as leptospirosis, murine typhus, and salmoneIlosis to
man and compete intensively with human’s food (Marriott, 1994; Troller, 1993). One drop
of a rat can carry millions of harmful micro organisms. Dried droppings may be carried
into food by air movement (Marriott, 1994).
Rats are dangerous and destructive (Marriott, 1994). In some countries rats may
consume up to 35% of harvestable crop. In addition, they invade stored products as well
(Troller, 1993). It has been estimated by The National Restaurant Association that the loss
from rodent damage could be billions of dollars (Marriott, 1994).
The female rat becomes fertile within 6-8 weeks after birth and is capable of one
litter per month with 6-10 young each litter (Troller, 1993). Most rats usually live for 1
year and consume approximately 20 kg of food during their lifetime (Marriott, 1994).
A rat can enter through openings as small as a quarter, climb vertical brick walls,
and jump up to a meter vertically and 1.2 meters horizontally. They are strong swimmers
and have the ability of swimming through toilet bowl traps (Troller, 1993). The rats need
15-50 ml of free water per day in order to survive. Norway rat or Rattus nonegicus is the
abundant kind of rat in the United States. Rats that find enough food do usually not move
more than 50 m from their nest if mates are available (Marriott, 1994).
Mice
They are able to enter a building through a hole as small as a nickel. Like rats mice can
swim through floor drains and toilet bowl traps. Mice are also filthy as rodents and can
spread various diseases. They can survive on water derived from food. They are easily
carried into food premises in crates and cartons. Mice are easier to trap than rats and
destroyed by the same poisons as rats. Metal and wood-base snap traps are normally
effective (Marriott, 1994).
Paper 9– PAGE 2/5
3. Indications of Rat Infestation
Faecal droppings are one of the most important indicators of rodent infestation. The size of
rat and house mouse droppings are 13-19 mm length and 6 mm diameter, and
approximately 3 mm long and 1 mm diameter respectively (Marriott, 1994).
Rats and mice tend to be inactive during daylight hours (Marriott, 1994). Although
many of the experts believe that visual sightings of rats are not very reliable indicators, it
is possible to observe rats at night with a flashlight (Troller, 1993).
Noises, smudge marks, urine stains and odour are also indicators of rat infestation
(Troller, 1994).
Bird Infestation
Birds are potential carriers of mites, mycosis, pseudotuberculosis, toxoplasmosis,
Salmonella and organisms that cause encephalitis and other diseases. Their drippings carry
plenty of micro organisms detrimental to humans. Birds can be the cause of insect
infestations. Bird infestation can be reduced through proper management and sanitation
(Marriott, 1994).
CONTROL
Pests should be destroyed without chemicals, if feasible, because of the potential danger of
pesticides. But these techniques are not always as effective as it should be. Therefore it is
necessary to use pesticides. The best method for the control of insect infestation centres on
good sanitation or housekeeping with the use of pesticides under the supervision of a
licensed operator. An integrated chemical control and sanitary practices can be more
effective and more economical.
Top management should identify a responsible competent person to develop a pest
prevention and control program and give them the necessary support to carry out the
program. The pesticides should be used in accordance with label instructions. Persons
who apply pesticides in the plant have a responsibility to use the right and approved
pesticide, to apply it correctly (according to label instructions), and to be certain there is
no hazard to man or the environment (Schuler et al. 1999).
Insect control
Effective insect control are summarised as follows (FAO, 1997; Gould, 1994; Marriott,
1994):
(a) Elimination of their harbourage areas
(b) Elimination of their food and water (cockroaches come out into the light when
food and water sources of them were eliminated)
(c) Prevention their entrance to the plant by proper screening
(d) Storing foods 15-20 cm off the floor
(e) Leaving aisles at least 50cm along the walls
(f) Removing cartons and boxes from the premises as soon as the supplies have been
unpacked
(g) Instruction of air currents (they frequently carry flies a much greater distance than
they normally travel)
(h) Instruction self closing doors (the doors remain open for minimal amounts of time)
(i) Use of electric fly traps if flies have entered a facility; run all day, and clean the
catch basin daily
Paper 9– PAGE 3/5
4. (j) Destruction of insects with insecticides.
Insecticides
Amidnohydrozone chlorpyrifos and diazinon offer potential for the control of
cockroaches. Diazinon is sprayed in hiding places and effective if the pests have not
developed a resistance to this compound (Marriott, 1994).
Typically on weekends, fumigation is applied in the food industry primarily to
control insects that attack stored products are able to reach hidden pests. Fumigants act on
insects by inactivation of their respiratory enzymes. Phosphin, ethylene oxide and methyl
bromide are widely used fumigants in food industry (Marriott, 1994)
Other Chemical Methods of Insect Control
Baits are also used for insect control. They are a combination of insect-attracting foods,
such as sugar, and an insecticide.
Biological Control
Biological control of insects is frequently incorporated into integrated pest management
(IPM) programs. Viruses, fungi, and bacteria can be used for this purpose. Specific sex
pheromone
traps to catch insects have been developed and are now available
commercially. Some other chemical attractants are also available for various species and
some are being used to control fruit flies. It was indicated that food aroma attractants are
usually more effective than pheromones. Hydroprene is a no pesticide insect growth
regulator (IGR), is effective for cockroach control because of its margin of safety and
toxicity and been approved by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Marriott, 1994).
Rodent Control
Effective rodent control consist of (FAO, 1997; Marriott, 1994):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Elimination of rodent shelters
Elimination of rodent food sources
Prevention of rodents to enter the buildings
Use of tracking powder (may contain an anticoagulant or a single dose poison)
Gassing (if other eradication methods are not effective)
Trapping
Use of ultrasonic device
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST PESTICIDES
Chemical pesticides are not considered as a substitute for effective sanitation. Proper
sanitary practices are more effective and more economical than pesticides. Pesticides
should be applied after the shift, over the weekend, or any time when the food
establishment is closed, and should not be sprayed in food areas during working hours
(Marriott, 1994). Some of the most important precautions that should be taken into
consideration are given below (FAO, 1997; Marriott, 199):
a) Reading instructions on containers labels
b) Use of approved pesticides
c) Avoiding prolonged exposure and wearing protective cloth
d) Storing pesticides separately from foods and in properly labelled containers
e) Disposing empty containers safely
f) Knowing first aid measures for accidental poisoning
g) Prevention of pesticide contaminations to food, equipment, and utensils.
Paper 9– PAGE 4/5
5. h) Calling a physician if an accidental poisoning occurs (if immediate assistance
cannot be obtained, treatment should include induction of vomiting)
i) Storing pesticides in a dry area with a temperature of ≤35° C.
j) Storing pesticides in their original containers
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Integrated pest control programs based on predicted ecological and economic
consequences have been developed because of limitations of chemical pesticides. This
program is called “integrated pest management” (1PM). The major objective of IPM is to
control pests economically through environmentally sound techniques (Marriott, 1994).
IPM implies that pests are ''managed'' and not necessarily eliminated.
INSPECTION
An inspection program is necessary for an effective pest control system. Inspection is a
preventive, monitoring control measure that is time consuming but important and cost
effective. Inspection should be done regularly by using a checklist developed for pest
control (Schuler et al. 1999). Monitoring should include raw materials, adjuncts, and
production and storage premises should be monitored. Laboratory testing of samples
should be carried out by using a filth test method. Insects, insect fragments, eggs, larvae
and rodent hairs and excrement should be identified (Marriott, 1994).
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FAO1997. Pest control. In “Manuals of Food Quality Control 5. Inspection”. pp. 131-135.
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Gardner, S. 1999. The control of food safety: the role and responsibilities of industry,
agriculture, and food supply sectors (Ed. van der K. Hijden, M. Younes, L. Fishbein and
S. Miller) pp. 739-745. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.
Gould, W.A. 1994. Insects and insect control. In "CGM'S/Food Plant Sanitation". pp. 133.
CTI Publications, Inc. Baltimore.
Marriott, N.G. 1991. Pest control. In “Principles of Food Sanitation” pp. 191-213.
Chapman & Hall, New York.
Schuler, G.A.; Nolan, M.P.; A.E. Reynolds, A.E. and Hurst, W.C. 1999. "Cleaning,
Sanitizing, and Pest Control in Food Processing, Storage and Service Areas".
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Sheridan, J.J. 2000. Monitoring CCPs in HACCP systems. In “HACCP in the Meat
Industry” (Ed. M. Brown) pp. 203-230. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.
Troller, J.A. 1993. The control of rodents in the food environment. In “Sanitation in Food
Processing” pp. 210-246. Academic Press, San Diego.
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