This document discusses various adaptations that terrestrial plants have developed. It describes specialized root systems, including taproots for storing nutrients and horizontal roots in deserts for absorbing water. It also discusses adaptations like thick stems that allow plants to reach sunlight, thorns and spines for protection from herbivores, leaves with waxy coatings or sunken areas to reduce water loss in deserts, and glands that release toxic substances or smells to deter predators. Overall, the document outlines the many ways plants in different environments have evolved specialized structures and defenses to survive.

2. Terrestrial plants - are plants that grow on land.
There are many different types
of specialized roots, but two of the more familiar types
of roots include:
a.
b. .

3. are adapted for growing in the
canopies of trees. Up in the branches of
trees, they have much greater access to
light. Their epiphytic roots don’t require
soil, are capable of absorbing water that
accumulates on them from dew, and
collect nutrients from detritus that builds
up around them.

4. Plants living in desert lie immediately under the ground
and are spread horizontally. This root system enables
them to seep easily the water especially that the place
has little or no rainfall in a year.

5. . -
Examples - carrots,
beets, and sweet
potatoes. They
are specially modified for
storage of starch and
water. They usually grow
underground as
protection from plant-
eating animals. Their
roots allow the plants to
absorb water and
nutrients from other
plants.

6. 2. Specialized Stem
Terrestrial plants like have developed
or with thick and twisted stems that loop
around the palms’ and move upward to
reach the sunlight.

8. - a modified branch that
has adapted such that it is
sharper and more pointed than
the rest of the branch.
Animals trying to much on a
plant that has thorn like rose
had to contend with the plant’s
thorns.
– modified part of the
leaf that is sharper and more
pointed than the rest of the leaf.
It protect themselves from being
eaten by animals that would like
to get their water.

9. have tiny hair or
hairlike structures that
release a stinging and toxic
liquid when the plants are
touched.
Roots of black
can even produce substances
that poison the surrounding
ground to discourage the
growth of plants near the
tree.
plant also
produce toxic substance to
the insects that come near it.

10. Plants in the deserts have developed leaves that are usually
thick, tough, and waxy. These structures enable the plant to
retain water, keep the water inside the leaves from dripping
out, reflect light from the sun and help reduce the loss of
water, and leaves have sunken middle part that
catches water from the rain.
Bromeliads
Bromeliads -

11. have huge leaves, which help to capture lots
of sunlight. They have
which enables them to shed
excess water from the tip and funnel vast amounts of
water to the thirsty base of the plant.

12. closes when touched.
This act as defense against herbivores
that may be deterred by the plants
sudden response.
and
have sharp blades that cause
harm to herbivores like deer and goats
when the latter try to feed on them.

13. The , , and
have stinky smells that drive away their enemies.

14. contains substance
that can poison the people who
try to eat them.
though it is edible to
humans but for the lower type of
animals (herbivorous) are hurt
when they attempt to eat them.