How Should a Company Adapt Prices To Meet Varying Circumstances and Opportunities?
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A company can adapt prices to varying circumstances and opportunities using several strategies: 1. Geographical pricing sets different prices for customers in different locations. 2. Countertrade allows buyers to pay with goods instead of or along with money through arrangements like barter, compensation deals, buybacks, and offsets. 3. Price discounts and allowances adjust list prices downwards for factors like early payment, volume purchases, and off-season buying. 4. Promotional pricing uses techniques like loss leaders, special events, psychological discounting, rebates, financing options, and warranties to stimulate sales. 5. Differentiated pricing tailors the basic price based on customer segments, product forms, locations, times,
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How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...
This document discusses developing pricing strategies and programs, noting that pricing is the only element of the marketing mix that produces revenue. It explores how the changing pricing environment with easy access to information impacts both buyers and sellers. The document outlines different price adaptation strategies a company can use, including geographical pricing with different prices in locations, price discounts and allowances, promotional pricing to stimulate purchases, and differentiated pricing where the price varies based on quantity, location, or consumer groups. It notes price discrimination can be legal if costs differ between buyers but predatory pricing below cost is illegal.
Developing Pricing Strategies - Part 3 of 5
Companies develop pricing structures that reflect variations in demand, costs, market segments, and other factors. Pricing strategies include geographical pricing that considers location-specific costs, countertrade that offers non-cash payments, discounts and allowances to close deals, promotional pricing like loss leaders, and differentiated pricing through customer segments, product forms, channels, locations or time. The goal is to adapt prices to varying circumstances and opportunities.
Common Terms In Finance
The document discusses several financial terms:
1) Repo rate is the rate at which commercial banks borrow rupees from the Reserve Bank of India.
2) Ask price refers to the lowest price a seller is willing to accept for a stock or mutual fund.
3) Degree of financial leverage measures how changes in earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) affect earnings per share (EPS).
4) Degree of operating leverage measures how changes in sales affect EBIT.
5) Hedging refers to taking an offsetting position in a related security to reduce risk from adverse price movements.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and oppurtuni...
This document discusses different types of pricing strategies used in international business and domestic sales. It covers 1) geographical pricing such as barter deals, compensation deals, and buyback arrangements, 2) price discounts like quantity discounts, trade discounts, cash discounts, functional discounts, and seasonal discounts, 3) promotional pricing including loss-leader pricing, special event pricing, cash rebates, low-interest financing, and longer payment terms, 4) discriminatory pricing based on customer segments, products, image, channels, location, and time, and 5) product mix pricing involving product lines, optional features, captive products, two-part pricing, by-products, and product bundling.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances?
There are 5 price adaptation strategies a company can use:
1. Geographical pricing to set prices for customers in different locations, which may require alternative payment methods if buyers lack hard currency.
2. Price discounts and allowances to adjust list prices down for early payment, volume purchases, or off-season buying.
3. Promotional pricing techniques like loss leaders, rebates, or financing to stimulate early purchases.
4. Differential pricing to set different prices according to customer segments, products, locations, or time through various forms of price discrimination.
5. In summary, the strategies are geographical pricing, price discounts and allowances, promotional pricing, and differential pricing.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...
The document discusses how companies can adapt prices to varying circumstances and opportunities. It identifies several factors that affect price changes, including geography, demand, costs, market segments, purchase timing, and order levels. The document then outlines different pricing strategies companies can use, such as geographical pricing, price discounts and allowances, promotional pricing, differentiated pricing based on customer segments, time, channels, and image. It concludes with a recap of the key topics covered.
Types of leverages ben
1. Leverage is an investment technique where a small amount of capital is used to control a larger investment through the use of borrowed funds. This gives an investor significant financial influence.
2. There are three types of leverage: operating, financial, and composite. Operating leverage measures how operating profits change with sales. Financial leverage shows how taxable income changes with operating profits. Composite leverage considers the overall impact of changes in sales on taxable income.
3. Operating leverage exists when a firm has fixed costs that do not vary with output. It depends on fixed costs, contribution margin, and sales volume. Financial leverage is caused by the use of fixed interest debt. Composite leverage combines the effects of operating and financial leverage
Hemz ppt
This document discusses various pricing strategies including geographical pricing, price discounts, and promotional pricing. It defines barter, compensation deals, buybacks, and offsets as forms of geographical pricing where goods and services are exchanged directly or through partial cash payments. Price discounts include quantity discounts, functional discounts, and seasonal discounts. Promotional pricing temporarily reduces prices through strategies like loss leader pricing, special event pricing, cash rebates, and psychological discounting in order to boost sales.
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How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...
This document discusses developing pricing strategies and programs, noting that pricing is the only element of the marketing mix that produces revenue. It explores how the changing pricing environment with easy access to information impacts both buyers and sellers. The document outlines different price adaptation strategies a company can use, including geographical pricing with different prices in locations, price discounts and allowances, promotional pricing to stimulate purchases, and differentiated pricing where the price varies based on quantity, location, or consumer groups. It notes price discrimination can be legal if costs differ between buyers but predatory pricing below cost is illegal.
Developing Pricing Strategies - Part 3 of 5
Companies develop pricing structures that reflect variations in demand, costs, market segments, and other factors. Pricing strategies include geographical pricing that considers location-specific costs, countertrade that offers non-cash payments, discounts and allowances to close deals, promotional pricing like loss leaders, and differentiated pricing through customer segments, product forms, channels, locations or time. The goal is to adapt prices to varying circumstances and opportunities.
Common Terms In Finance
The document discusses several financial terms:
1) Repo rate is the rate at which commercial banks borrow rupees from the Reserve Bank of India.
2) Ask price refers to the lowest price a seller is willing to accept for a stock or mutual fund.
3) Degree of financial leverage measures how changes in earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) affect earnings per share (EPS).
4) Degree of operating leverage measures how changes in sales affect EBIT.
5) Hedging refers to taking an offsetting position in a related security to reduce risk from adverse price movements.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and oppurtuni...
This document discusses different types of pricing strategies used in international business and domestic sales. It covers 1) geographical pricing such as barter deals, compensation deals, and buyback arrangements, 2) price discounts like quantity discounts, trade discounts, cash discounts, functional discounts, and seasonal discounts, 3) promotional pricing including loss-leader pricing, special event pricing, cash rebates, low-interest financing, and longer payment terms, 4) discriminatory pricing based on customer segments, products, image, channels, location, and time, and 5) product mix pricing involving product lines, optional features, captive products, two-part pricing, by-products, and product bundling.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances?
There are 5 price adaptation strategies a company can use:
1. Geographical pricing to set prices for customers in different locations, which may require alternative payment methods if buyers lack hard currency.
2. Price discounts and allowances to adjust list prices down for early payment, volume purchases, or off-season buying.
3. Promotional pricing techniques like loss leaders, rebates, or financing to stimulate early purchases.
4. Differential pricing to set different prices according to customer segments, products, locations, or time through various forms of price discrimination.
5. In summary, the strategies are geographical pricing, price discounts and allowances, promotional pricing, and differential pricing.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...
The document discusses how companies can adapt prices to varying circumstances and opportunities. It identifies several factors that affect price changes, including geography, demand, costs, market segments, purchase timing, and order levels. The document then outlines different pricing strategies companies can use, such as geographical pricing, price discounts and allowances, promotional pricing, differentiated pricing based on customer segments, time, channels, and image. It concludes with a recap of the key topics covered.
Types of leverages ben
1. Leverage is an investment technique where a small amount of capital is used to control a larger investment through the use of borrowed funds. This gives an investor significant financial influence.
2. There are three types of leverage: operating, financial, and composite. Operating leverage measures how operating profits change with sales. Financial leverage shows how taxable income changes with operating profits. Composite leverage considers the overall impact of changes in sales on taxable income.
3. Operating leverage exists when a firm has fixed costs that do not vary with output. It depends on fixed costs, contribution margin, and sales volume. Financial leverage is caused by the use of fixed interest debt. Composite leverage combines the effects of operating and financial leverage
Hemz ppt
This document discusses various pricing strategies including geographical pricing, price discounts, and promotional pricing. It defines barter, compensation deals, buybacks, and offsets as forms of geographical pricing where goods and services are exchanged directly or through partial cash payments. Price discounts include quantity discounts, functional discounts, and seasonal discounts. Promotional pricing temporarily reduces prices through strategies like loss leader pricing, special event pricing, cash rebates, and psychological discounting in order to boost sales.
Financial leverage
This document discusses key concepts related to costs, profitability, and financial management. It defines different types of costs such as fixed costs, variable costs, direct costs, and indirect costs. It also explains concepts like break-even analysis, which is used to determine the sales volume needed for a firm to reach zero profits. Contribution margin and margin of safety are introduced as important metrics. Leverage and its impact on firm value through the mixture of debt versus equity is also summarized.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...Vaishnavi Ketharnathan
This document discusses various pricing strategies for rural markets, including geographical pricing methods like barter, compensation deals, and buyback arrangements. It also covers price discounts and allowances such as functional discounts, promotional pricing, and loss leader pricing. Additionally, it mentions differentiated pricing based on product form, image, location, and sales channel. The strategies aim to adapt pricing to rural customers by using alternative payment methods or various types of discounts.Earnings Multiplier Model | Finance
Earnings: It is appropriate to understand the word ‘earnings’ before learning about earnings multiple or earning multiplier model. Earnings is defined as the Net Profit after deducting all expenses including taxation. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Earnings Multiplier Model:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/finance/earnings-multiplier-model.aspx
Types of leverages
This document discusses different types of leverage used in business. There are three main types: operating leverage, financial leverage, and combined leverage. Operating leverage measures how fixed costs affect operating profit with changes in sales. Financial leverage shows how interest expenses affect net income. Combined leverage considers both operating and financial leverage and their combined impact on earnings per share with sales changes. The degree of each type of leverage can be calculated to understand the risk involved at different levels.
LEVERAGE ANALYSIS BY NISCHAL CHOUDHARY
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operating leverage combined leverage,financial leverage
Pricing policies and methods
The document discusses pricing policies and methods. It outlines several factors that influence pricing decisions, such as demand, costs, competition and government policies. It then describes various pricing objectives, strategies, and methods that can be used, including cost-plus pricing, peak load pricing, penetration pricing, and price skimming. The key objectives of pricing policies are to maximize profits, promote long-term business welfare, and adapt prices to diverse competitive situations.
Cost plus and Incremental pricing method
In economic practices, there are several methods to determine the price and quantity of the goods and services. Determination of price and output depends on the objectives of the firm as well as competitors, the nature of the commodity, markets scope and so on. In these slides, I try to show, how price and output determine by using cost-plus and incremental cost techniques.
Accounting for the non accountant - unit 8
Pricing is an important factor in a product's success and a company's survival. While price was traditionally seen as the most important factor, new startups need to consider that customers may not pay high prices for unknown brands. There are various pricing strategies companies can use, such as penetrating the market with low prices before raising them, skimming by starting high and lowering over time, or matching competitors' prices. Internal transfer pricing between company divisions also impacts costs and profits.
Pricing practices
The document discusses three transfer pricing case studies:
1) Glaxo-Smithkline between US and UK - GSK was charged with undervaluing R&D costs in the UK and overvaluing marketing costs in the US to avoid taxes.
2) Compaq Computer between US and Singapore - Compaq justified transfer prices using cost-plus pricing which the IRS eventually accepted.
3) Seagate Technology between US and Singapore - The IRS claimed royalty payments between subsidiaries were too low but Seagate was unable to fully convince them.
Pricing strategies
The document discusses various pricing strategies that companies can adopt including market-penetration pricing, market-skimming pricing, mark-up pricing, target-return pricing, perceived-value pricing, value pricing, going-rate pricing, auction-type pricing, geographical pricing, promotional pricing, and differentiated pricing. Each strategy is briefly described in one or two sentences.
Leverages
Leverage refers to using debt, borrowed money, or derivative instruments to amplify gains and losses from investments or business operations. There are two types of leverage: operating leverage, which is the use of fixed operating costs, and financial leverage, which is the use of fixed financing costs. The document defines various leverage metrics such as degree of operating leverage (DOL), degree of financial leverage (DFL), and degree of combined leverage (DCL) which measure how changes in sales, operating income, and earnings per share are amplified through the use of leverage.
Leverages
Leverage is an investment technique that allows investors to control a large investment with only a small amount of their own money, giving them significant financial power. There are three main types of leverage: operating leverage, which arises from fixed operating expenses; financial leverage, which is the disproportionate variation in taxable income from changes in operating profit; and combined leverage, which is the ratio of contribution to pre-tax profits and considers both operating and financial leverage. Leverage magnifies both profits and losses, so understanding its types and significance is important for investors.
Analysis Of Leverage
Leverage provides a framework for a firm's financing decisions and can take three forms: operating, financial, and combined. Operating leverage is associated with asset investments and is determined by the relationship between sales revenue and earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). Financial leverage results from fixed financial charges and examines the effect of changes in EBIT on earnings per share (EPS). Combined leverage is the product of operating and financial leverage and indicates the effect that sales changes will have on EPS.
Relative Valuation
In Relative Valuation, Companies are valued on the basis of how similar or comparable companies and assets are priced in the market place. You employ a series of financial ratios in order to figure out the value. The most popular ratio used in called as the Price Earning Ratio
Levereges and its types
This document discusses three types of leverage: operating, financial, and combined.
Operating leverage is defined as the percentage change in earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) divided by the percentage change in sales. Financial leverage is defined as the percentage change in earnings per share (EPS) divided by the percentage change in EBIT. Combined leverage is the product of operating leverage and financial leverage, and represents the overall financial risk of a company. The document provides formulas for calculating each type of leverage and notes that high operating leverage combined with high financial leverage poses the greatest risk.
Leverage analysis
Leverage Analysis In Financial Management
Leverage is the burden which arises with the presence of fixed cost in business
If a business is leveraged , it means that the firm has borrowed money to finance the purchase of assets
With larger presence of fixed cost profit margins can really get squeezed when the business scenario is not favorable and the sales fall. This adds risk to the stocks of such companies
Conversely, with the same larger presence of fixed cost company would experience magnified profits with increase in sales as the cost level remaining constant
Operating Leverage- It arises with the presence of firm’s fixed operating costs such as salaries, rent, depreciation, utility expense etc.
Financial Leverage- It arises with the presence of firm’s fixed financing costs such as interest expenses on debt and preference shares
Combined Leverage- Product of operating and financial leverage
Formulas for calculation of leverages-
Operating Leverage = Contribution / EBIT
Operating Leverage = % change in EBIT/ % change in sales
Financial Leverage = EBIT/ EBT
Financial Leverage = % change in EPS / % change in EBIT
Combined Leverage = OL * FL
Degree of Combined Leverage = % change in EPS / % change in Sales
Thank you for watching
Subscribe to my channel DevTech Finance
Leverage #Financial_Management
The concept of leverage has its origin in science. It means influence of one force over
another. Since financial items are inter-related, change in one, causes change in profit. In the
context of financial management, the term ‘leverage’ means sensitiveness of one financial variable
to change in another. The measure of this sensitiveness is expressed as a ratio and is called degree
of leverage.
Leverage n finance, gearing is borrowing money to supplement existing funds f...
Leverage refers to the use of fixed costs by a firm to magnify the effects of changes in sales on profits. There are three types of leverage:
1) Operating leverage measures how changes in sales affect operating income (EBIT) due to fixed operating costs. A high degree of operating leverage means small sales changes have large effects on profits.
2) Financial leverage measures how changes in operating income (EBIT) affect earnings per share (EPS) due to fixed financing costs. A high degree of financial leverage means small profit changes significantly impact EPS.
3) Combined leverage considers how operating and financial leverage together magnify the effects of sales changes on EPS. The degree of combined leverage is the
Pricing strategies
This document discusses various pricing strategies that can be used by companies. It covers major strategies such as customer value-based pricing, competition based pricing, and cost-based pricing. It also discusses product mix pricing strategies and price adjustment strategies including discounting, segmented pricing, and geographical pricing. The document provides examples and definitions for each strategy to explain how and when companies can apply different approaches to setting prices.
Pricing methods
The document discusses various pricing strategies used to determine the price of products and services. It explains penetration pricing, market skimming, value pricing, psychological pricing, price discrimination, tender pricing, destroyer pricing, full cost pricing, target pricing, marginal cost pricing, and cost plus pricing. Key factors considered in pricing include costs, demand, competition, market trends, and objectives. Pricing models aim to maximize profits, cover costs, attract customers, and eliminate competition.
How Should A Company Respond To A Competitor's Price Change?
The document discusses how a company should respond to a competitor's price change. A company's response depends on several factors: the product's stage in its lifecycle, its importance to the company's portfolio, alternative opportunities for the company, market sensitivity to price and quality, the competitor's intentions and resources, and how costs change with volume. The response also differs for homogeneous versus non-homogeneous markets. In homogeneous markets, a company may need to match a price reduction if it cannot enhance its product, while in non-homogeneous markets a company needs to consider why its competitor changed price and how its own market share and profits may be impacted if it does not respond.
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Financial leverage
This document discusses key concepts related to costs, profitability, and financial management. It defines different types of costs such as fixed costs, variable costs, direct costs, and indirect costs. It also explains concepts like break-even analysis, which is used to determine the sales volume needed for a firm to reach zero profits. Contribution margin and margin of safety are introduced as important metrics. Leverage and its impact on firm value through the mixture of debt versus equity is also summarized.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...Vaishnavi Ketharnathan
This document discusses various pricing strategies for rural markets, including geographical pricing methods like barter, compensation deals, and buyback arrangements. It also covers price discounts and allowances such as functional discounts, promotional pricing, and loss leader pricing. Additionally, it mentions differentiated pricing based on product form, image, location, and sales channel. The strategies aim to adapt pricing to rural customers by using alternative payment methods or various types of discounts.Earnings Multiplier Model | Finance
Earnings: It is appropriate to understand the word ‘earnings’ before learning about earnings multiple or earning multiplier model. Earnings is defined as the Net Profit after deducting all expenses including taxation. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Earnings Multiplier Model:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/finance/earnings-multiplier-model.aspx
Types of leverages
This document discusses different types of leverage used in business. There are three main types: operating leverage, financial leverage, and combined leverage. Operating leverage measures how fixed costs affect operating profit with changes in sales. Financial leverage shows how interest expenses affect net income. Combined leverage considers both operating and financial leverage and their combined impact on earnings per share with sales changes. The degree of each type of leverage can be calculated to understand the risk involved at different levels.
LEVERAGE ANALYSIS BY NISCHAL CHOUDHARY
LEVERAGE ANALYSIS fundamentals of financial management
operating leverage combined leverage,financial leverage
Pricing policies and methods
The document discusses pricing policies and methods. It outlines several factors that influence pricing decisions, such as demand, costs, competition and government policies. It then describes various pricing objectives, strategies, and methods that can be used, including cost-plus pricing, peak load pricing, penetration pricing, and price skimming. The key objectives of pricing policies are to maximize profits, promote long-term business welfare, and adapt prices to diverse competitive situations.
Cost plus and Incremental pricing method
In economic practices, there are several methods to determine the price and quantity of the goods and services. Determination of price and output depends on the objectives of the firm as well as competitors, the nature of the commodity, markets scope and so on. In these slides, I try to show, how price and output determine by using cost-plus and incremental cost techniques.
Accounting for the non accountant - unit 8
Pricing is an important factor in a product's success and a company's survival. While price was traditionally seen as the most important factor, new startups need to consider that customers may not pay high prices for unknown brands. There are various pricing strategies companies can use, such as penetrating the market with low prices before raising them, skimming by starting high and lowering over time, or matching competitors' prices. Internal transfer pricing between company divisions also impacts costs and profits.
Pricing practices
The document discusses three transfer pricing case studies:
1) Glaxo-Smithkline between US and UK - GSK was charged with undervaluing R&D costs in the UK and overvaluing marketing costs in the US to avoid taxes.
2) Compaq Computer between US and Singapore - Compaq justified transfer prices using cost-plus pricing which the IRS eventually accepted.
3) Seagate Technology between US and Singapore - The IRS claimed royalty payments between subsidiaries were too low but Seagate was unable to fully convince them.
Pricing strategies
The document discusses various pricing strategies that companies can adopt including market-penetration pricing, market-skimming pricing, mark-up pricing, target-return pricing, perceived-value pricing, value pricing, going-rate pricing, auction-type pricing, geographical pricing, promotional pricing, and differentiated pricing. Each strategy is briefly described in one or two sentences.
Leverages
Leverage refers to using debt, borrowed money, or derivative instruments to amplify gains and losses from investments or business operations. There are two types of leverage: operating leverage, which is the use of fixed operating costs, and financial leverage, which is the use of fixed financing costs. The document defines various leverage metrics such as degree of operating leverage (DOL), degree of financial leverage (DFL), and degree of combined leverage (DCL) which measure how changes in sales, operating income, and earnings per share are amplified through the use of leverage.
Leverages
Leverage is an investment technique that allows investors to control a large investment with only a small amount of their own money, giving them significant financial power. There are three main types of leverage: operating leverage, which arises from fixed operating expenses; financial leverage, which is the disproportionate variation in taxable income from changes in operating profit; and combined leverage, which is the ratio of contribution to pre-tax profits and considers both operating and financial leverage. Leverage magnifies both profits and losses, so understanding its types and significance is important for investors.
Analysis Of Leverage
Leverage provides a framework for a firm's financing decisions and can take three forms: operating, financial, and combined. Operating leverage is associated with asset investments and is determined by the relationship between sales revenue and earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). Financial leverage results from fixed financial charges and examines the effect of changes in EBIT on earnings per share (EPS). Combined leverage is the product of operating and financial leverage and indicates the effect that sales changes will have on EPS.
Relative Valuation
In Relative Valuation, Companies are valued on the basis of how similar or comparable companies and assets are priced in the market place. You employ a series of financial ratios in order to figure out the value. The most popular ratio used in called as the Price Earning Ratio
Levereges and its types
This document discusses three types of leverage: operating, financial, and combined.
Operating leverage is defined as the percentage change in earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) divided by the percentage change in sales. Financial leverage is defined as the percentage change in earnings per share (EPS) divided by the percentage change in EBIT. Combined leverage is the product of operating leverage and financial leverage, and represents the overall financial risk of a company. The document provides formulas for calculating each type of leverage and notes that high operating leverage combined with high financial leverage poses the greatest risk.
Leverage analysis
Leverage Analysis In Financial Management
Leverage is the burden which arises with the presence of fixed cost in business
If a business is leveraged , it means that the firm has borrowed money to finance the purchase of assets
With larger presence of fixed cost profit margins can really get squeezed when the business scenario is not favorable and the sales fall. This adds risk to the stocks of such companies
Conversely, with the same larger presence of fixed cost company would experience magnified profits with increase in sales as the cost level remaining constant
Operating Leverage- It arises with the presence of firm’s fixed operating costs such as salaries, rent, depreciation, utility expense etc.
Financial Leverage- It arises with the presence of firm’s fixed financing costs such as interest expenses on debt and preference shares
Combined Leverage- Product of operating and financial leverage
Formulas for calculation of leverages-
Operating Leverage = Contribution / EBIT
Operating Leverage = % change in EBIT/ % change in sales
Financial Leverage = EBIT/ EBT
Financial Leverage = % change in EPS / % change in EBIT
Combined Leverage = OL * FL
Degree of Combined Leverage = % change in EPS / % change in Sales
Thank you for watching
Subscribe to my channel DevTech Finance
Leverage #Financial_Management
The concept of leverage has its origin in science. It means influence of one force over
another. Since financial items are inter-related, change in one, causes change in profit. In the
context of financial management, the term ‘leverage’ means sensitiveness of one financial variable
to change in another. The measure of this sensitiveness is expressed as a ratio and is called degree
of leverage.
Leverage n finance, gearing is borrowing money to supplement existing funds f...
Leverage refers to the use of fixed costs by a firm to magnify the effects of changes in sales on profits. There are three types of leverage:
1) Operating leverage measures how changes in sales affect operating income (EBIT) due to fixed operating costs. A high degree of operating leverage means small sales changes have large effects on profits.
2) Financial leverage measures how changes in operating income (EBIT) affect earnings per share (EPS) due to fixed financing costs. A high degree of financial leverage means small profit changes significantly impact EPS.
3) Combined leverage considers how operating and financial leverage together magnify the effects of sales changes on EPS. The degree of combined leverage is the
Pricing strategies
This document discusses various pricing strategies that can be used by companies. It covers major strategies such as customer value-based pricing, competition based pricing, and cost-based pricing. It also discusses product mix pricing strategies and price adjustment strategies including discounting, segmented pricing, and geographical pricing. The document provides examples and definitions for each strategy to explain how and when companies can apply different approaches to setting prices.
Pricing methods
The document discusses various pricing strategies used to determine the price of products and services. It explains penetration pricing, market skimming, value pricing, psychological pricing, price discrimination, tender pricing, destroyer pricing, full cost pricing, target pricing, marginal cost pricing, and cost plus pricing. Key factors considered in pricing include costs, demand, competition, market trends, and objectives. Pricing models aim to maximize profits, cover costs, attract customers, and eliminate competition.
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The document discusses factors that affect price strategy, including costs, supply and demand, competition, and technological trends. It describes different pricing approaches like cost-based pricing, demand-based pricing, and competition-based pricing. It also covers pricing techniques across a product's life cycle from introduction to decline, as well as psychological pricing techniques.
Industrial product pricing
The document discusses industrial product pricing. It outlines several pricing objectives companies may have such as survival, maximum short-term profits, and product quality leadership. It also discusses factors that influence pricing like pricing objectives, demand analysis, cost analysis, and competitive analysis. Finally, it describes several pricing decision analysis methods companies can use, such as break-even analysis, net pricing, discount pricing, and geographic pricing.
тема 2
This document discusses various financial techniques that companies can use to build customer loyalty. It begins by defining what a customer is and noting that customer loyalty is driven by the customer's perceived value and total cost of ownership. It then describes several techniques such as discounting, frequent buyer programs, loyalty programs, and bundling goods/services. For each technique, it discusses the potential benefits for building loyalty but also notes potential problems if competitors offer similar programs. Overall, the document provides an overview of common financial strategies for increasing customer retention and loyalty.
тема 2
This document discusses various financial techniques that companies can use to build customer loyalty. It begins by defining what a customer is and noting that customer loyalty is driven by the customer's perceived value and total cost of ownership. It then describes several techniques such as discounting, frequent buyer programs, loyalty programs, and bundling goods/services. For each technique, it discusses the potential benefits for building loyalty but also notes potential problems if competitors offer similar programs. Overall, the document provides an overview of common financial strategies for increasing customer retention and loyalty.
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Marketing management
This document discusses pricing strategies and price changes. It begins by defining pricing and describing new product pricing strategies like market skimming and market penetration pricing. It then discusses adapting prices based on location and demand, as well as product mix pricing strategies. The document outlines reasons for initiating price cuts, like excess capacity, or price increases, like inflation. It describes customers' and competitors' potential reactions to price changes and strategies companies can use to avoid pricing issues, like maintaining fairness. The overall document provides an overview of fundamental pricing concepts and considerations around price adaptation and changes.
Pricing policies & strategies
This document discusses various pricing policies, objectives, factors, and strategies. It begins by defining pricing and pricing policy. It then discusses pricing objectives such as profit maximization, satisfactory profits, and market share. It also covers factors that influence pricing like costs, competition, and customer willingness to pay. Finally, it outlines and describes various common pricing strategies such as penetration pricing, skimming pricing, competitive pricing, discount pricing, and bundle pricing.
How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportuni...
This document discusses various pricing strategies and programs that a company can use. It describes geographical pricing where a company prices its products differently in various locations. It also discusses various types of discounts and allowances like cash discounts, quantity discounts, and trade discounts. The document outlines promotional pricing strategies such as special event pricing, cash rebates, and low interest financing. It also explains psychological discounting by setting an artificially high price and then offering a discount, and differentiated pricing based on customers, products, locations, seasons, and customer segments.
Pricing strategies
This document discusses various pricing strategies that companies can employ. It outlines strategies for new product pricing such as market skimming and market penetration pricing. It also discusses product mix pricing strategies including product line, optional product, captive product, by-product, and product bundle pricing. Additionally, it covers price adjustment strategies like discounts, segmented pricing, psychological pricing, promotional pricing, geographical pricing, dynamic pricing, and international pricing. The strategies provide options for companies to set prices for new and existing products in different markets and customer segments.
6. Selling.pptx
This document discusses various pricing strategies and considerations for setting prices. It begins by explaining that pricing is one of the most difficult stages in the business control cycle, as the price must match the market structure while covering costs and generating profits. Several pricing methods are then outlined, including cost-plus pricing, market penetration pricing, psychological pricing, market skimming pricing, departmental pricing, and differential pricing. The document also discusses pricing considerations like cover price, minimum price, discounting pricing, and discriminatory pricing. Overall, the document provides an overview of different approaches to setting prices and factors to take into account.
Pricing methods
The document discusses various pricing methods used by companies. It outlines cost-based methods like cost-plus pricing and marginal cost pricing. It also discusses competition-oriented methods like sealed bid pricing and going rate pricing. Further, it explains demand-oriented pricing such as price discrimination and perceived value pricing. Finally, it elaborates on different strategy-based pricing methods including market skimming, market penetration, two-part pricing, block pricing, and commodity bundling.
Price
The document discusses various factors and strategies involved in price determination and pricing policies. It covers objectives of pricing, factors affecting pricing like costs, demand, competition and regulations. It then describes different pricing strategies such as cost-based pricing, target return pricing, competition-based pricing, demand-based pricing, product line pricing, bundle pricing, promotional pricing, geographical pricing etc. Examples are given to illustrate concepts like determining price based on costs and desired returns. Marginal cost pricing is also explained along with perceived value pricing and competition-based pricing methods.
Price strategy
This document discusses various pricing strategies and policies that companies use to price their products and services. It begins by defining pricing and explaining factors that affect pricing decisions like costs, competition, and company objectives. It then outlines several common pricing strategies such as penetration pricing, skimming pricing, competition pricing, bundle pricing, psychological pricing, and premium pricing. For each strategy, it provides a brief definition and example to illustrate how that strategy can be implemented. The document provides an in-depth overview of different approaches to setting prices.
Principles of marketing chapter 11 t heory
The document discusses various new product pricing strategies and conditions for using them. It describes market skimming pricing, where companies set a high initial price to maximize revenue from early buyers, and market penetration pricing, where they set a low initial price to attract a large number of buyers quickly. The document also discusses adjusting prices based on product mixes, including pricing for product lines, optional products, captive products, by-products, and product bundles.
Price Differentiation
This document discusses various types of price differentiation, including personal discrimination, group discrimination, product discrimination, distributor's discounts, quantity discounts, cash discounts, and geographical price differentials. It provides context and examples for each type of price differentiation. The key points are that price differentiation involves selling similar goods or services to different buyers at different prices, and it can be used to exploit differences in costs, demand, and the functions performed by different buyers and distributors.
Pricing
This document discusses several legal and ethical issues related to pricing, including:
1) Unethical pricing strategies like price fixing and predatory pricing that aim to eliminate competition.
2) The concept of price discrimination, where different prices are charged to different customer groups.
3) Factors to consider when setting new product prices, such as costs, perceived value, and competitive positioning.
4) Tactics for fine-tuning prices, including discounts, geographic pricing, and bundling products.
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Services marketing mix - product, price, place, promotion
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How can a company improve its marketing skills?
A company can improve its marketing skills by adopting characteristics of a great marketing company, such as selecting target markets where it has advantages, building customer satisfaction and loyalty, and managing strong supplier relationships. Improving marketing involves implementing marketing plans through assigning activities and ensuring objectives are met. It also involves controlling marketing by assessing effects and making adjustments using annual plans, profitability, efficiency, and strategic controls. Marketing resource management software can help marketers improve spending decisions and reduce costs and decision time.
How can companies be responsible social marketers?
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What are the keys to effective internal marketing?
The keys to effective internal marketing are organizing the marketing department appropriately, building relationships with other departments, and creating a creative marketing organization. There are several ways to organize the marketing department, including functionally, geographically, through product/brand management, or with a market management structure. The marketing vice president must work through persuasion rather than authority to coordinate activities across departments and serve customers. Finally, transforming into a truly customer-driven company requires developing a company-wide passion for customers, organizing around customer segments, and understanding customers through research.
What are Important Trends In Marketing Practices?
Important trends in marketing practices include companies becoming more environmentally and socially responsible due to increased consumer awareness, as well as focusing on continuous innovation to meet consumer demands. Marketers must work across departments like product development, sales, and finance. Key shifts include reengineering processes, outsourcing, benchmarking, partnering with suppliers, focusing on the most profitable businesses, and empowering employees.
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How Should a Company Adapt Prices To Meet Varying Circumstances and Opportunities?
- 1. How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportunities?
- 2. By, Anurag Kar B.Tech. Student Department of E and ECE IIT Kharagpur Based on Chapter 3: Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs Of Marketing Management: A South Asian Perspective By Kotler, Keller, Koshy and Jha
- 4. In Geographical Pricing, the company decides how to price its products to different customers in different locations and countries.
- 5. Countertrade A practice in which buyers offer other items in payment instead of or along with money.
- 6. Forms of Countertrade Barter Goods are exchanged directly with no money and no third party involvement.
- 7. Forms of Countertrade Compensation Deal Some percentage of the payment is done in cash and the rest in products.
- 8. Forms of Countertrade Buyback Arrangement Seller accepts as partial payment products manufactured with the supplied equipment (a plant or technology).
- 9. Forms of CountertradeOffset Seller receives full payment in cash but agrees to spend a substantial amount in that country in a time period.
- 12. Companies adjust their list price and give discounts and allowances for… 1. Early Payment 2. Volume Purchases 3. Off Season Buying
- 14. Discounts should be used sparingly, because excessive discounts undermine the value perceptions of the product and give an impression that the company’s price list is ‘soft’.
- 16. T y p e s o f P r o m o t i o n a l P r i c i n g Loss-Leader Pricing Special Event Pricing Psychological Discounting Low-Interest Financing Cash RebatesLonger Payment Terms Special Customer Pricing Warranties And Service Contracts
- 17. Loss-Leader Pricing Dropping the prices on well - known brands by supermarkets to simulate additional store traffic.
- 18. Special Event Pricing Establishing special prices in certain seasons or festivals to draw more customers. Eg. Special offers during Diwali.
- 19. Special Customer Pricing Offering special prices exclusively to certain customers. Eg. The SBI Platinum Credit Card
- 20. Cash Rebates Offering a cash refund (rebate) to encourage purchase of products within a specified time period.
- 21. Low - Interest Financing Offering low interest financing instead of cutting prices. Eg. Automakers have used no interest financing to attract customers.
- 22. Longer Payment Terms Offering longer payment terms on loans so that the monthly payments are lowered.
- 23. Warranties and Service Contracts Adding a free or low cost warranty or service contract to promote sales.
- 24. Psychological Discounting Setting an artificially high price and then offering the product at substantial savings.
- 26. Differentiated Pricing is the practice of adjusting the basic price to accommodate differences in customers, products, locations, and so on.
- 27. PRICE DISCRIMINATION is when a company sells a product or service at two or more prices that do not reflect a proportional difference in costs.
- 28. T y p e s o f P r i c e D i s c r i m i n a t i o n Customer segment Pricing Product Form Pricing Time Pricing Channel Pricing Image PricingLocation Pricing
- 29. Customer Pricing Different customers pay different prices for the same product or service.
- 30. Product – form Pricing Different versions of the same product are priced differently but not proportional to their costs.
- 31. Image Pricing Pricing the same product at two different levels based on image differences.
- 32. Channel Pricing Different pricing based on through which channel the product is bought.
- 33. Location Pricing Different prices at different locations even though the cost of offering it is the same everywhere.
- 34. Time Pricing Prices which vary by season, day or hour. Eg. Happy hours in restaurants.
- 35. Recap
- 38. Pictures Sourced from: www.flickr.com www.pinterest.com http://commons.wikimedia.org www.theguardian.com Fonts Sourced from: www.fontsquirrel.com Based on “Marketing Management: A South Asian Perspective” By Kohler, Kelter, Koshy and Jha Credits