3D printing, a form of additive manufacturing, creates three-dimensional objects by layering materials and was first developed by Charles Hull in 1984. The document covers the history, terminology, methods, and applications of 3D printing, including technologies such as fused deposition modeling and selective laser sintering, and discusses potential future uses and challenges. It highlights the transformative potential of 3D printing in manufacturing, personalization, and various industries.

1. 3D
Printing

2. Introduction
• 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three
dimensional object is created by laying down successive layers of material.
• It is also known as Additive manufacturing.
• 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where successive layers of
material are laid down in different shapes.

3. History
• The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data was first
developed by Charles Hull in 1984.
• He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for the
technique in 1986.
• By the end of 1980s, other similar technologies such as Fused Deposition
Modeling (FDM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) were introduced.
• In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented another
technology, named "3 Dimensional Printing techniques", which is similar to the
inkjet technology used in 2D Printers.
• In 1996, three major products, "Genisys" from Stratasys, "Actua 2100" from 3D
Systems and "Z402" from Z Corporation, were introduced.
• In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named Spectrum Z510,
which was the first high definition color 3D Printer in the market.

4. Terminology
• Additive manufacturing - refers to technologies that create objects through
sequential layering.
• Rapid prototyping - is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model
of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD)
data.
• Subtractive processes - removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling.
• Stereolithography was defined by Charles W. Hull as a "system for generating three-
dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed"

6. 3D Printable Models
• 3D printable models may be created with a computer aided design package or
via 3D scanner.
• The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer
graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.
• 3D scanning is a process of analyzing and collecting data of real object; its
shape and appearance and builds digital, three dimensional models.

8. Slicing

9. Printing
• To perform a print, the machine reads the design from 3D printable file (STL
file).
• STL file – STereoLithography
• It lays down successive layers of liquid, powder, paper or sheet material to build
the model from a series of cross sections.
• These layers, which correspond to the virtual cross sections from the CAD
model, are joined or automatically fused to create the final shape.
• Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi (dots per
inch), or micrometers.
• X-Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers.
• The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 µm (510 to 250 DPI) in diameter.

10. Finishing
• Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications,
printing a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard
resolution and then removing material with a higher-resolution subtractive
process can achieve greater precision.
• Supports are removable or dissolvable upon completion of the print, and are
used to support overhanging features during construction.

11. Additive Processes
• Extrusion deposition (Fused deposition modeling)
• Granular materials binding
• Lamination
• Photopolymerization
• Mask-image-projection-based stereolithography

12. Extrusion deposition
(Fused Deposition Modeling)
• Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology
commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production applications.
• FDM works on an "additive" principle by laying down material in layers; a plastic
filament or metal wire is unwound from a coil and supplies material to produce
a part.
• Various polymers are used
o Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
o Polycarbonate (PC),
o Polylactic Acid (PLA)
o High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
o PC/ABS
o Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU).

13. 1 – nozzle ejecting molten plastic
2 – deposited material (modeled part)
3 – controlled movable table

14. Granular Materials Binding
• The technique fuses parts of the layer, and then moves the working area
downwards, adding another layer of granules and repeating the process until
the piece has built up.
• This process uses the unfused media to support overhangs and thin walls in
the part being produced.
• A laser is typically used to sinter the media into a solid.

15. Granular Materials Binding
• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) --- uses lasers as its power source to sinter
powdered material, binding it together to create a solid structure.
• Selective Laser Melting (SLM) -- uses 3D CAD data as a digital information
source and energy in the form of a high powered laser to create three-
dimensional metal parts by fusing fine metallic powders together.
• Electron beam melting (EBM) -- EBM manufactures parts by melting metal
powder layer by layer with an electron beam in a high vacuum.

16. Lamination
• Sheet is adhered to a substrate with a heated roller.
• Laser traces desired dimensions of prototype.
• Laser cross hatches non-part area to facilitate waste removal.
• Platform with completed layer moves down out of the way.
• Fresh sheet of material is rolled into position.
• Platform moves up into position to receive next layer.
• The process is repeated.

17. 1. Foil supply
2. Heated roller
3. Laser beam
4. Scanning prism
5. Laser unit
6. Layers
7. Moving platform
8. Waste

18. Photopolymerization
• Photopolymerization is primarily used in stereolithography (SLA) to produce a
solid part from a liquid.
• In Digital Light Processing (DLP), a vat of liquid polymer is exposed to light
from a DLP projector under safelight conditions. The exposed liquid polymer
hardens.
• The build plate then moves down in small increments and the liquid polymer
is again exposed to light.
• The process repeats until the model has been built.
• Inkjet printer systems like the Objet PolyJet system spray photopolymer
materials onto a build tray in ultra-thin layers (between 16 and 30 µm) until
the part is completed.

19. Stereolithography Apparatus

20. Mask-image-projection-based
stereolithography
• In this technique a 3D digital model is sliced by a set of horizontal planes.
• Each slice is converted into a two-dimensional mask image.
• The mask image is then projected onto a photocurable liquid resin
surface.
• Light is projected onto the resin to cure it in the shape of the layer.

21. Printers
RepRap version 2.0 (Mendel) MakerBot Cupcake CNC. Airwolf 3D AW3D v.4
(Prusa)

22. Applications
Industrial uses
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid Manufacturing
Mass Customization
Mass Production
Domestic and hobbyist uses
Clothing
3D Bio-printing
3D Printing For Implant And Medical Device
3D Printing Services

24. Future
• Future applications for 3D printing might include creating open-source
scientific equipment to create open source labs.
• Science-based applications like reconstructing fossils in paleontology.
• Replicating ancient and priceless artifacts in archaeology.
• Reconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology.
• Reconstructing heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime scene
investigations.
• The technology currently being researched for building construction.

25. Effects of 3D printing
Space exploration
• Making spare parts on the fly
• Cheaper and more efficient space exploration
Social change
• Conventional relationship between the home and the workplace
might get further eroded.
• It becomes easier to transmit designs for new objects around the
globe.

26. Challenges
• Intellectual property rights of the 3D printer users.
• Nearly anything can be printed by 3D printers and this is troubling
prospect if criminals use 3D printers to create illegal products.
• Firearms could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a
3D printer.

27. Conclusion
3D Printing technology could revolutionize and re-shape the world. Advances in
3D printing technology can significantly change and improve the way we
manufacture products and produce goods worldwide.
If the last industrial revolution brought us mass production and the advent of
economies of scale - the digital 3D printing revolution could bring mass
manufacturing back a full circle - to an era of mass personalization, and a return
to individual craftsmanship.

28. References
• http://mashable.com/2014/03/06/3d-printed-blood-vessels/
• https://www.rtejournal.de/ausgabe10/3562
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
• http://www.3dprinter.net/reference/what-is-3d-printing

29. Thank You