A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
Monitor and Control of Vertically Transmitted Poultry DiseasesRafael Monleon
A presentation covering the monitor and control of common vertically transmitted diseases in poultry with concentration in chickens.
Presented at various locations including BioChek Seminar in Manila, Philippines in 2014 by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens (laying Hens)Field Vet
More original pictures, http://fieldcasestudy.com/field-data-for-poultry-learning-and-presentations-materials/
Infectious Bronchitis, IB in chickens caused many clinical symptoms. Respiratory symptoms, decreased egg production, hens can not lay eggs, false layer, or death in very young chickens.
In these slides, is a case of Infectious Bronchitis in laying hens. This Poultry disease is caused by a virus IB QX variant. If this virus affecting chickens young age, it can cause the appearance of cystic oviduct which can be observed in adult chickens.
In young chickens, the visible symptoms are respiratory symptoms. Once the chicken grows up, it will look a chicken belly bulge, cystic oviduct, mostly chicken like this do not lay eggs, but there are unique, a little of the chicken can lay eggs,Why? visit fieldcasestudy.com
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
In this article it has been described :
Identify the threats to our poultry and how disease agents
might enter a poultry farm
Identify the costs of diseases and their prevention
Define the three principles of biosecurity:
Segregation & Traffic control
Cleaning
Disinfection
Identify biosecurity risks present in a poultry farm
Avian influenza virus vaccines: the use of vaccination in poultry productionHarm Kiezebrink
Dr. Ossama Motawae, an Egyptian veterinarian, posted an interesting presentation online, explaining the basics of vaccination. Poultry vaccines are widely applied to prevent and control contagious poultry diseases. Their use in poultry production is aimed at avoiding or minimizing the emergence of clinical disease at farm level, thus increasing production.
Vaccines and vaccination programs vary broadly in regard to several local factors (e.g. type of production, local pattern of disease, costs and potential losses) and are generally managed by the poultry industry.
In the last decade, the financial losses caused by the major epidemic diseases of poultry (avian influenza and Newcastle disease) have been enormous for both the commercial and the public sectors.
Thus, vaccination should also be applied in the framework of poultry disease eradication programs at national or regional levels under the official supervision of public Veterinary Services. This paper provides insight on the use of vaccination for the control of poultry infections, with particular emphasis on the control of trans-boundary poultry diseases.
Monitor and Control of Vertically Transmitted Poultry DiseasesRafael Monleon
A presentation covering the monitor and control of common vertically transmitted diseases in poultry with concentration in chickens.
Presented at various locations including BioChek Seminar in Manila, Philippines in 2014 by Dr. Rafael Monleon
Contact me in LinkedIn for any question: www.linkedin.com/rafaelmonleon
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
This manual is a brief guide to preventing, diagnosing and controlling poultry diseases. All major poultry diseases are discussed in detail. The description of each disease includes information about its cause, the susceptibility of poultry species, ways the disease is transmitted, clinical signs and lesions, how the disease is diagnosed, and ways to treat it. There are colour photos to aid in disease identification. There is additional information on the nature and cause of disease and on sanitation practices, and a glossary of common terms. The book is fully indexed so that diseases can be found by both their formal and common names
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens (laying Hens)Field Vet
More original pictures, http://fieldcasestudy.com/field-data-for-poultry-learning-and-presentations-materials/
Infectious Bronchitis, IB in chickens caused many clinical symptoms. Respiratory symptoms, decreased egg production, hens can not lay eggs, false layer, or death in very young chickens.
In these slides, is a case of Infectious Bronchitis in laying hens. This Poultry disease is caused by a virus IB QX variant. If this virus affecting chickens young age, it can cause the appearance of cystic oviduct which can be observed in adult chickens.
In young chickens, the visible symptoms are respiratory symptoms. Once the chicken grows up, it will look a chicken belly bulge, cystic oviduct, mostly chicken like this do not lay eggs, but there are unique, a little of the chicken can lay eggs,Why? visit fieldcasestudy.com
Colibacillosis refers to any localized or systemic infection caused entirely or partly by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), It manifests in diverse ways, including as acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, peritonitis, and cellulitis.
It is frequently associated with immunosuppressive diseases such as Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Gumboro Disease) in chickens or Haemorrhagic Enteritis in turkeys, or in young birds that are immunologically immature.
Fowl typhoid is a septicemic acute or chronic disease of domesticated birds.
The disease is worldwide distributed and natural outbreaks occur in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, duckling and game birds such as quail, grouse and pheasant.
This can cause mortality in birds of any age.
Broiler parents and brown-shell egg layers are especially susceptible.
Farm hygiene and biosecurity practices are implemented at both breeder and broiler farms to reduce the risk of disease agents moving on to farms from outside sources (eg wild bird populations or from other farms), the movement of disease agents between sheds on the same farm, carry over of disease agents from one batch to the next in the shed environment, and carry over of disease agents from breeding flocks to their progeny via the egg. Farmers take a range of precautions to prevent entry of diseases onto broiler farms.
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. This highly contagious disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The virus can be easily transmitted by infected birds and fomites. Lax biosecurity, transportation of infected birds, and spread of contaminated litter facilitates spread of the virus. Clinical signs of respiratory disease are not pathognomonic. Diagnosis is by real-time PCR and histopathology . Implementation of biosecurity is necessary for prevention, but vaccination is commonly used for control of the disease in endemic regions worldwide.
In this article it has been described :
Identify the threats to our poultry and how disease agents
might enter a poultry farm
Identify the costs of diseases and their prevention
Define the three principles of biosecurity:
Segregation & Traffic control
Cleaning
Disinfection
Identify biosecurity risks present in a poultry farm
Avian influenza virus vaccines: the use of vaccination in poultry productionHarm Kiezebrink
Dr. Ossama Motawae, an Egyptian veterinarian, posted an interesting presentation online, explaining the basics of vaccination. Poultry vaccines are widely applied to prevent and control contagious poultry diseases. Their use in poultry production is aimed at avoiding or minimizing the emergence of clinical disease at farm level, thus increasing production.
Vaccines and vaccination programs vary broadly in regard to several local factors (e.g. type of production, local pattern of disease, costs and potential losses) and are generally managed by the poultry industry.
In the last decade, the financial losses caused by the major epidemic diseases of poultry (avian influenza and Newcastle disease) have been enormous for both the commercial and the public sectors.
Thus, vaccination should also be applied in the framework of poultry disease eradication programs at national or regional levels under the official supervision of public Veterinary Services. This paper provides insight on the use of vaccination for the control of poultry infections, with particular emphasis on the control of trans-boundary poultry diseases.
"Preparation of suspension of Microorganism: Influenza Vaccine"
This is a presentation which is about the preparation of vaccine from microorganism and is prepared from influenza virus. Hope the information in this presentation will help you.
Thanks
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
A brief overview of zoonotic risk due to Avian influenza virus. Pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. Therefore, H5N1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. However, it is noted that the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 did not arise from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, and the next pandemic may well arise from a low-pathogenicity virus. The rationale for particular concern about an H5N1 pandemic is not its inevitability but its potential severity. H5N1 pandemic is an event of low probability but one of high human health impact and poses a predicament for public health. Here, we review the ecology and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, assess the pandemic risk, and address aspects of human H5N1 disease in relation to its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
Avian influenza in herd health and production economicsShareef Ngunguni
Avian influenza is a zoonotic and notifiable disease which occurs world wide. Different risk factors are associated with transmission of the disease to humans. It has two forms HPAI and LPAI. The disease has an impact on public health and economics of the country. In Malawi,it seems the disease appeared in 2005 where it attacked migratory birds
البوست ده عمل خيري ...
دي لينكات لمحاضرات في امراض وادوية الدواجن وكورسات التنمية البشرية ... جميع المحاضرات بصيغة بوربوينت
شير لعلها تكون المنجية لنا جميعا
This post is for charity ...
Links to PowerPoint presentations in poultry diseases, medications, and immunity in addition to soft skills courses
Share to benefit others
ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
Link to download more presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/gJGGnPY
امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination and immunity
Link to download presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/g2ef7DP
كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
Link to download presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/g8W7TYq
Presentations are continuously updated
المكتبة متجددة باستمرار
البوست ده عمل خيري ...
دي لينكات لمحاضرات في امراض وادوية الدواجن وكورسات التنمية البشرية ... جميع المحاضرات بصيغة بوربوينت
شير لعلها تكون المنجية لنا جميعا
This post is for charity ...
Links to PowerPoint presentations in poultry diseases, medications, and immunity in addition to soft skills courses
Share to benefit others
ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
Link to download more presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/gJGGnPY
امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination and immunity
Link to download presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/g2ef7DP
كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
Link to download presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/g8W7TYq
Presentations are continiously updated
المكتبة متجددة باستمرار
Seven Cs of Effective Communication_Life Time Example.pptxOssama Motawae
"عسى ان يكون علما ينتفع به"
Communication
دي لينكات لمحاضرات في امراض وادوية الدواجن وكورسات التنمية البشرية ... جميع المحاضرات بصيغة بوربوينت
ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
Link to download more presentations in PowerPoint
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1EtFtygmlvOYqjqpanRTIgoExIENd-YIB
امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination, and immunity
Link to download presentations in PowerPoint
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1znC0qeHMivV2ai4_IUweA-VTBQLJSVKu
كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
Link to download presentations in PowerPoint
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1R3CqcFO10bOyi1aRQx0WNSn6B5TMNMxu
Seven Cs of Effective Communication_Tips.pptxOssama Motawae
"عسى ان يكون علما ينتفع به"
Communication
"عسى ان يكون علما ينتفع به"
Communication
دي لينكات لمحاضرات في امراض وادوية الدواجن وكورسات التنمية البشرية ... جميع المحاضرات بصيغة بوربوينت
ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
Link to download more presentations in PowerPoint
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1EtFtygmlvOYqjqpanRTIgoExIENd-YIB
امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination, and immunity
Link to download presentations in PowerPoint
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1znC0qeHMivV2ai4_IUweA-VTBQLJSVKu
كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
Link to download presentations in PowerPoint
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1R3CqcFO10bOyi1aRQx0WNSn6B5TMNMxu
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Ideal Avian Influenza Vaccine
1. Prepared from low pathogenic strain.
2. Able to grow well in eggs, to ensure enough antigen in the
vaccine product.
3. Well matched antigenically with the prevalent viruses.
4. Limitation of Protection
1. Best protection is in experimental studies with SPF chickens.
2. Field protection is less than in laboratory.
3. Poor quality vaccines.
4. Improper storage and handling of vaccines.
5. Reduced vaccine dose, or number of doses used per bird and
length of immunity is important.
6. Improper vaccination technique.
7. Inability to vaccinate 100% of poultry population.
8. Species of birds like ducks and geese are more difficult to get
good immune response.
5. Environmental Factors That Impact
Success
1. Immunological competence of birds, control of IBDV and CAV.
2. Presence of maternal antibodies
– For broilers research supports 2 dose regime to provide
the best protection throughout the production cycle.
– For single dose vaccination, a full dose of vaccine at 7-10
days maybe the best option at the moment.
3. Virus load in environment, high environmental load may
require Increasing number of vaccinations.
6. Cont. …
4. HPAI breaks in vaccinated flocks may need minimum of 2
doses and boost every 6 months to optimize protection.
5. Changing virus (drift), periodic testing of emerging field
against vaccines every 2 years.
7. Important Factors For Vaccine Efficacy
Vaccine Quality
1. HA (antigen) content in vaccine, measured by
hemagglutinating activity.
2. Quality of inactivation.
3. Oil emulsion adjuvant.
4. Vaccine stability.
5. Demonstrated quality control by vaccine manufacturers.
8. Currently Used Vaccines
Current vaccines against avian influenza (AI) virus infections
are primarily based on classical inactivated whole-virus
preparations.
9. Cont. …
Although administration of these vaccines can protect poultry
from clinical disease, sterile immunity is not achieved under
field conditions, allowing for undetected virus spread and
evolution under immune cover.
Therefore, there is an urgent need for a robust and reliable
system of differentiation between infected and vaccinated
animals.
10. Cont. …
Avian influenza (AI) viruses (AIV) are classified into highly
pathogenic and low pathogenicity AIV, depending on the severity
of disease in affected species, whereas;
1. Low pathogenicity AIV (LPAIV) are ubiquitous, and
represent part of the wild bird ecosystem, particularly in
water birds.
2. Highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) are primarily found as
causative agents of outbreaks of fowl plague in poultry.
11. AIV Outbreaks
Although HPAIV outbreaks have occasionally occurred
worldwide, they have, until recently, been restricted in
geographic spread to the regional or, at most, national level.
12. Cont. …
Endemicity of HPAIV in poultry, as observed in several
countries in Southeast Asia and Africa, as well as scattered
outbreaks in domestic poultry in numerous other countries.
Prompted mass vaccination campaigns using commercially
available vaccines and also led to increased efforts to develop
novel vaccines with improved characteristics.
13. Cont. …
The first lines of defense against AI are:
1. Surveillance
2. Biosecurity
3. Restrictions on movement
4. Rapid and reliable diagnosis
5. Elimination of AI infected poultry
6. Vaccination can be an additional measure in a
comprehensive control strategy.
14. Avian Influenza Vaccines
Vaccinating poultry not only enables the protection of
chickens from clinical signs and death following challenge with
HPAIV, but also reduces virus shedding.
More importantly, it can prevent the spread of the notifiable
LPAIV H5 and H7, both of which can spontaneously mutate
into highly pathogenic forms, sometimes with only a single
nucleotide alteration.
15. Inactivated AI Whole-virus Vaccines
Historically, AIV strains used for inactivated vaccines have
generally been based on LPAIV obtained from field outbreaks.
– The use of HPAIV for this purpose is limited, since this
would require high-level biocontainment manufacturing
facilities.
Virus preparations are inactivated with beta-propiolactone
(EU) or formaldehyde (USA) and administered intramuscularly
in an oil emulsion mixture.
16. Cont. …
Homologous vaccines
Homologous means: containing the same HA subtype as the
field virus but a same NA subtype, as the field virus.
The disadvantage of this is that these vaccines do not allow
the detection of infection in vaccinated flocks (DIVA:
differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals).
17. Cont. …
Heterologous vaccines
Heterologous means: containing the same HA subtype as the
field virus but a different NA subtype, as the field virus.
The advantage of using heterologous vaccines, allows a DIVA
approach by differentiating NA-specific serum antibodies.
18. Cont. …
Vaccines containing Al/chicken/Mexico/232/94/CPA strain (LPAI):
1. FLU-KEM vaccine (CEVA-Mexico)
2. Optimune AI (Ceva-Biomune)
3. Nobilis Influenza H5 (Intervet)
4. Valvac AI (Boehringer)
19. Live AI Vaccines
Owing to this potential danger, the application of live virus
vaccines based on low pathogenic viruses of the H5 and H7
subtype is not recommended, moreover, it is prohibited.
21. Cont. …
The use of attenuated live
vaccines (especially of the H5 and
H7 subtypes) in poultry is not
recommended by the World
Organization for Animal Health or
the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations (FAO
They may potentially mutate into
HPAIV by reassortment or
mutation of the HA cleavage site.
22. Reverse Genetics
Since the advent of reverse genetics for influenza virus and the
development of entirely plasmid-based reverse genetic systems
to rescue recombinant influenza virus, without the need for
helper virus, the generation of recombinant influenza viruses,
according to the respective epidemiological situation, has now
become possible
23. Cont. …
The use of plasmid-based reverse genetics allows the safe and
efficient generation of attenuated high-growth reassortant
viruses, which derive the genes encoding the envelope proteins
HA and/or NA from circulating influenza A viruses and the
internal genes from vaccine donor strains, such as influenza A
Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) (H1N1) or A/WSN 33 (H1N1).
24. Cont. …
To avoid the requirement for high-level biocontainment facilities,
and to obtain high virus yields in ECE, the polybasic cleavage site
of HPAIV H5 has been altered by deletion and/or mutation of
basic amino acids, resulting in proteins specifying a monobasic
cleavage site characteristic for LPAIV.
25. Cont. …
The resulting viruses were used as inactivated oil emulsion AI
vaccines to immunize chickens, ducks and geese.
They provided effective protection from clinical disease and a
significant reduction of virus shedding after challenge.
26. Vector Vaccines
Influenza viruses possess a limited number of immunogenic
proteins, including the envelope glycoproteins HA and NA,
matrix proteins M1 and M2, nucleoprotein NP and non-
structural protein NS1.
Of these, HA has been demonstrated to be the most relevant
for inducing neutralizing antibodies.
27. Cont. …
Different chicken viruses have been used as vectors for the
expression of AIV proteins.
They include attenuated strains of DNA viruses, such as fowl
pox (FP) virus and infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus, as
well as RNA viruses, such as NDV.
28. Cont. …
Replication-competent vector vaccines
Attenuated but replication-competent viruses are probably
the most economic vaccines since;
– They combine the immunogenic properties of protein and DNA
vaccines.
– They are efficacious even at low doses (they can proliferate inside the
vaccinated bird)
29. Cont. …
Over the last few decades, many virus genomes have become
accessible to reverse genetics and DNA manipulation
technology, and directed deletion of virulence genes and
insertion of foreign genes, has become feasible.
30. Vector Vaccines
Poxviruses
Poxviruses were among the first viral vectors used for the
expression of heterologous proteins.
The considerable size of the FPV genome, of nearly 300
kilobase pairs, allowed not only insertions of single genes but
also the simultaneous insertion of several genes, encoding,
for example, HA and NA, or HA and NP.
31. Cont. …
Avian influenza virus genes were inserted into the genomes of
attenuated FP virus (FPV), which were already in use as live-
virus vaccines against FP in chickens and turkeys.
Non-essential regions of the FPV genome, such as the
thymidine kinase gene locus, were used as insertion sites and
the foreign proteins were expressed under the control of
strong poxvirus promoters, for instance, the vaccinia virus H6
promoter.
32. Cont. …
Single vaccinations with approximately 10 log 5 infectious
units of H5 or H7 expressing FPV recombinants protected
chickens and ducks against lethal challenge infections with
homologous or heterologous AIV of the corresponding
subtypes.
However, like other AIV vaccines, HA-expressing FPV did not
confer sterile immunity, as demonstrated by the re-isolation
of HPAIV challenge virus from tracheal and cloacal swabs.
33. Cont. …
Avian influenza virus vaccines based on fowl pox can be
produced economically on the chorioallantois membrane of
chicken embryos or in primary chicken cell cultures, and can
be administered to one-day-old chickens.
However, to obtain optimal protection, individual
subcutaneous vaccination (the wing web method) is
recommended.
34. Cont. …
Since the natural host range of FPV is largely limited to chickens,
to what extent FPV vector vaccines could be suitable for other
species threatened by HPAIV remains to be evaluated in detail.
35. Cont. …
Although HA-expressing FPV induced specific immune responses
in cats, the protection of immunized turkeys was significantly
less pronounced than that of chickens.
36. Cont. …
Furthermore, it has been shown that, in chickens that had
previously been immunized against FP, replication of HA-FPV was
inhibited, and only insufficient protection against AIV ensued.
37. Vector Vaccines
Herpes viruses
Like poxviruses, herpes viruses possess large, double stranded
DNA genomes that contain numerous genes which are not
needed for virus replication in cultured cells, and which could
be deleted or replaced by foreign DNA sequences.
38. Vector Vaccines
ILT Viruses
The ILT virus (ILTV) recombinants, which had been attenuated
by deletion of the non-essential deoxyuridine triphosphatase
(UL50) or UL0 genes, were used for insertion of the coding
sequences of HA subtypes H5 and H7, or NA subtype N1 at
the corresponding loci.
39. Cont. …
A single ocular immunization of chickens with 10 log 4 to 10
log 5 plaque forming units of HA-expressing ILTV-
recombinants reliably protected the animals from clinical
symptoms after challenge with lethal doses of homologous
HPAIV.
However, the death of the animals was delayed, but not
prevented, by immunization with NA-expressing ILTV,
although AIV-specific antibody responses were induced.
40. Cont. …
The efficacy of HA-expressing ILTV could be further enhanced
by coadministration with an NA-expressing recombinant,
which parallels the results obtained with other AIV vaccines.
41. Cont. …
One limitation of ILTV-based vector vaccines results from the
narrow host range of this virus, which is almost restricted to
chickens, and which barely replicates in other avian species,
such as turkeys.
In these species, AIV vaccines based on other viral vectors
would be preferable.
One candidate might be the apathogenic herpesvirus of
turkeys (HVT), which has been used as a live vaccine against
Marek’s disease, and further developed as a vector expressing
immunogenic proteins of NDV and infectious bursal disease
virus.