The emergence of nanotechnology is likely to have a significant impact on drug delivery sector, affecting just about every route of administration from oral to injectable, according to specialist market research firm NanoMarkets.
The emergence of nanotechnology is likely to have a significant impact on drug delivery sector, affecting just about every route of administration from oral to injectable, according to specialist market research firm NanoMarkets.
Liposomes by Mr. Vishal Shelke
https://youtube.com/vishalshelke99
https://instagram.com/vishal_stagram
Liposomes
Sub :- Novel Drug Delievery Systems, Sterile Products Formulation & Technology
M.Pharm Sem II
Savitribai Phule Pune University
Introduction :-
Liposomes are vesicular structures composed of a lipid bilayer. These vesicular structures can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and drugs.
Liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by a membranous lipid bilayer.
Liposomes consist of Cholesterol, Phospholipid and drug molecule
Classification of Liposomes :-
Small Unilamellar (SUV) [20-100nm]
Medium Unilamellar (MUV)
Large Unilamellar (LUV) [>100nm]
Giant Unilamellar (GUV) [>1μm]
Multi Lamellar Vesicles (MLV) [0.5nm]
Oligolamellar Vesicles (OLV)
Multi Vesicular (MV) [>1μm]
ADVANTAGES
Provides selective passive targeting to tumor tissues.
Increased efficacy and therapeutic index.
Increased stability via encapsulation.
Reduction in toxicity of the encapsulated agents.
Improved pharmacokinetic effects (reduced elimination, increased circulation life times).
DISADVANTAGES
low solubility
short half life
high production cost
less stability
leakage and fusion of encapsulated drug
sometimes the phospholipid layer undergoes oxidation and hydrolysis reaction
Methods of Preparation of Liposomes
1 Mechanical Dispersion Method
Lipid film hydration by
hand shaken MLVs
Micro emulsification
Sonication
French pressure cell
Dried reconstituted vesicles
Membrane Extrusion Method
2 Solvent Dispersion Method
Ethanol injection
Ether injection
Double emulsion vesicles
Reverse phase
evaporation vesicles
3 Detergent Removal Method
The name liposome is derived from two Greek words: Lipo meaning “fat” and Soma meaning “body”.
Liposome are also defined as artificial microscopic vesicles consisting of aqueous compartment and surrounded by one or more concentric layer of phospholipid.
The sphere like interior encapsulates a liquid and also contain more substance like peptides, protein, hormones, enzymes, antibiotic, antifungal and anticancer agents.
Introduction
Advantages & Disadvantages
Classification
Manufacturing of liposomes
Liposome characterization and control
Stability consideration for liposomal formulations
Regulatory science of liposome drug products
Drug release from liposomes
Applications
Recent innovations
Approved liposome products
Esiti esame Bioch Siste Umana del 23.01.2017.
Chi volesse rifiutare il voto: scrivere una mail a francesca.re1@unimib.it entro venedì sera. poi i voti saranno registrati senza possibilità di cambiamenti.
Esito esame Biochimica Sist Umana del 13 dicembre 2016.
SOLO chi RIFIUTA il voto: scrivetemi una mail entro domani alle 12. POI i voti saranno registrati.
Proposte stage 2016-2017. In verde: studenti e relativi periodi GIA' ASSEGNATI.
In giallo: studenti e periodi disponibili ANCORA DA CONFERMARE.
I gialli dovrebbero farmi sapere (VIA MAIL) la loro decisione al più presto per eventuale liberazione di posti. grazie.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
2. • LIPOSOMES are the smallest round structure
technically produced by natural non-toxic
phospholipids and cholesterol.
– They can be used as drug carriers and they can be
“loaded” with a huge variety of molecules, as small
drug molecules, proteins, nucleotides even plasmids or
particles.
– They have a very versatile structure and thus, a variety
of applications.
What are liposomes?What are liposomes?
3. Liposomes
•invented in 1965 by A. Bangham and from then on they have been
used as a valuable tool in Biology, Biochemistry, Pharmacy and
Therapeutics
IN PHARMACY
’70 –’80
Stealth liposomes ’90’s
Stealth = invisible to the Reticulo-Endothelial system (RES)
4. Liposomes:
“An artificial microscopic vesicle consisting of an aqueous core
enclosed in one or more phospholipid bilayers, used to convey
vaccines, drugs, enzymes, or other substances to target cells or
organs.”
DIAMETER 60nm - 3 microns
5. LIPOSOMES ARE COMPOSED OF NATURAL LIPIDS
(PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL)
LOW RISK OF TOXICITY
cholesterol
11. Preparation of LiposomesSUV are typically 15-30nm in diameter while LUV range from 100-200nm or larger. LUV are stable
on storage, however, SUV will spontaneously fuse when they drop below the phase transition
temperature of the lipid forming the vesicle.
12.
13. Extrusion
Unilamellar liposomes are
formed by pushing MLV
through polycarbonate
microfilters in extruders, which
results in the narrow
distribution in size of the
liposomal population.
Liposofast Extruder
14. Categories and Naming Size nm Incapsulation Stability
efficiency %
a)Number of lamellae
Unilamellar
Multilamellar (MLV) 500-3000 2 good
b) Size
Small (SUV) 60-100 0.1 medium
Large (LUV) 100-1000 up to 50 good
Giant (GUV) > 1000
c) Preparation technique
Extruded
Detergent removal (DRV)
Reverse evaporation (REV)
CLASSIFICATION
15. Size Determined by Methods
Sonication: SUV
Smaller than 100 nm diameter
Extrusion: LUV (Size depends on the filters)
100 nm—1 µm diameter
Evaporation: GUV
Larger than 1 µm diameter
MLV: Multilamellar vesicles
Monolamellar vesicles:
SUV: Small unilamellar vesicles
LUV: Large unilamellar vesicles
GUV:Giant unilamellar vesicles
16. DSC: differential scanning
calorimetry
Technique that allows to study the phase
transition of lipids around the Melting
Temperature (Tm) by increasing the
temperature of the sample and measuring the
entalpy (∆H).
22. Liposome advantagesLiposome advantages
Retention of both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs.
Easy Tailoring, ex. Antibody or ligand conjugation
[targeting]
Minimum antigenicity.
Biodegradability
Biocompatibility
23.
24.
25.
26. Dehydrated-Rehydrated vesicles (DRV)
Introduced by C. Kirby and G.Gregoriadis, in 1984.
Empty SUV liposome dispersion is lyophilized (freeze - drying) in presence
of solution of the compound to be entrapped.
During rehyadration, the addition of small volume of water results in
liposomes with high entrapment efficiency.
Advantages : simplicity, mild conditions used (important for sensitive
molecules) and high encapsulation efficiency for a variety of compounds.
Scale-up
27. DRV techniqueDRV technique
Prepare
empty SUV
Mix with
equal volume
of solution of
material to
encapsulate
Freeze
dry until
all water
has been
removed
Rehydrate in a
controlled
Way. Add a very
low volume first
(1/10 of initial)
IMPORTANT: Osmotic pressure of buffers used during rehydration
Rehydration method
28. Other methods
Detergent removal from mixed lipid-detergent micelles leads
to LUV with large encapsulation volume.
Freeze Thaw Sonication method (repeated cycles of
liposomes freeze thawing leads to formation of LUV with high
encapsulation efficiency)
29. Purification of drug-entrapping liposomes
Techniques based on size differences of liposomes and
entrapped material:
1. Centrifugation techniques
2. Dialysis
3. “Gel filtration” column chromatography
30. Centrifugation techniques
• This technique is used for large size liposomes: MLV, DRV.
Liposomal
suspension
Centrifugation
15000 rpm for
20 min (25° C)
Add Buffer in
access
Liposomal pellet
(Purification
process is
repeated many
times)
Discard the
supernatant
Add fresh buffer
in access
Resuspend the
liposomal pellet at
the right volume
Purified
liposomal
suspension
Free fluorescence dye
molecules
Encapsulated in liposomes
fluorescence dye
31. Dialysis
• Method used for purification of all types of liposomes
• Sacks of polycarbonate tubing (MW cut off of 10000 Dalton)
• Excess of Buffer solution ( 100 X)
• Dialysis under stirring at 4°C
• Replace the buffer with fresh after 4-5 hours until no fluorescent dye is detected.
Free fluorescence Dye
Access of
Buffer
solution
Encapsulated in liposomes
fluorescence dye
Fig.1. Purification of liposomes by dialysis technique
Free fluorescence dye
molecules
Dialysis
sack
32. Column chromatographic separation
• Sephadex G-50 (polydextran beads) is the material most widely used
for this type of separation To separate free molecules MW<1000
Daltons
Two special points are worth noting with regard to the use
of Sephadex with liposomes:
1. There may be a low yield.
- The problem can be overcome: by making sure that the liposome
sample size is not too small or by pre-saturating the column material
with “empty” liposomes of the same lipid composition as the test
sample )before or after packing the column).
33. 2. Larger liposomes (>0,4μm) may be retained in the column if the
particle size of the gel beads is too small, or if the gel bed contains
too many “fines”.
- The problem can be overcome:
• By Using Medium or coarse grades of Sephadex (particle size 50-
150μm) for chromatography of MLVs (all grades are suitable for
SUVs).
34.
35. Liposomes
Depending upon the site of targeting, liposomes may be coupled
with chemotactic ligands such as peptides, polysaccharides, affinity
ligands like antibodies; pH-sensitive lipids like polyethylenimine or
with hydrophilic PEGylated phospholipids in order to improve their in
vivo performance and to meet a specific therapeutic need.
Date A.A., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, 59 2007
Novel systems may incorporate some time-
dependent or other specific inducible changes in
the liposome membrane or its coating to produce
‘intelligent’ liposomes that will change their
properties (e.g. leakage rate, fusogenic activity or
interaction with particular cells) upon a specific
trigger following their application.
36. Filtering (chemical and size exclusion) by the liver and spleen
Barriers to delivery in vivo:
In vivoIn vivo administration ofadministration of LiposomesLiposomes
37. LIPOSOMES ARE ATTACKED BY PLASMA PROTEINSLIPOSOMES ARE ATTACKED BY PLASMA PROTEINS
AFTER IV-INJECTION.AFTER IV-INJECTION.
HDL- Plasma High Density Lipoproteins remove
phospholipid molecules from the vesicle bilayer
Opsonins = Immune and Nonimmune Serum Proteins
which bind to foreign particles and promote phagocytosis.
38.
39. The gel lanes show a size-selective separation of mouse serum proteins in the
corona of the AuNP after incubation and washing. Numbers (kDa) to the left and
right indicate the protein size derived from the marker proteins. Labeled proteins
were detected in corresponding gel bands by MALDI-TOF-MS.
40. =>=> Non-stealth liposomes accumulate in theNon-stealth liposomes accumulate in the liverliver
and spleenand spleen a few minutes after injectiona few minutes after injection
• NATURAL TARGETING (APPLICATIONS IN PARASITIC DISEASES
–leishmaniosis, trypanosomiosis)
• Non-stealth liposomes could not be used to combat other
diseases, due to fast clearance
41. •Small (SUV). more stable.
•Large (LUV). Less stable .
•Negatively charged have a higher tendency to be taken up by the RES than neutral or
positively charged
Filtering (chemical and size exclusion) by the liver and spleen
-Pharmacokinetic Models based on size and charge
43. Liposomes with PEG moleculesLiposomes with PEG molecules
Possible structures KineticsPossible structures Kinetics
«mushroom» conformation
«brush» conformation
44.
45. • There are several liposome formulations that have been commercialized
and there are many liposome formulations that are in various stages of
clinical trials.These are several of the commercialized and phase III
formulations:
• 1) Myocet (Liposomal doxorubicin)- This is a non PEGylated formulation of
liposomal doxorubicin. The liposomes are composed of egg PC (EPC):
cholesterol (55:45 molar ratio). It is used in combinational therapy for
treatment of recurrent breast cancer.
• 2) Doxil, Caelyx (Liposomal doxorubicin)- This is a PEGylated formulation
of liposomal doxorubicin. The liposomes are composed of hydrogenated
soy PC (HSPC): cholesterol: PEG 2000-DSPE (56:39:5 molar ratio). It is used
for treatment of refractory Kaposi's sarcoma, recurrent breast cancer and
ovarian cancer.
• 3) LipoDox (Liposomal doxorubicin)- This is a PEGylated formulation of
liposomal doxorubicin. The liposomes are composed of DSPC: cholesterol:
PEG 2000-DSPE (56:39:5 molar ratio). It is used for treatment of refractory
Kaposi's sarcoma, recurrent breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
46. • 4) Thermodox (Liposomal doxorubicin)- This is a PEGylated formulation of
liposomal doxorubicin. Thermodox is a triggered release formulation. The
liposomes will release their content upon heat. The tumor is heated up
using radio frequency ablation (RFA). The liposomes are composed of
DPPC, mono steroyl PC (MSPC) and PEG2000-DSPE. It is used for
treatment of primary liver cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma) and also
recurrent chest wall breast cancer. Thermodox is in phase III of clinical
trial.
• 5) DaunoXome (Liposomal Daunorubicin)- This is a non PEGylated
formulation of liposomal Daunorubicin. The liposomes are composed of
DSPC and cholesterol (2:1) molar ratio and it is sized to 45 nm. It is used
for treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma.
• 6) Ambisome (Liposomal Amphotericin B)- This is a non PEGylated
formulation of liposomal Amphotericin B. The liposomes are composed of
HSPC, DSPG, cholesterol and amphoteracin B in 2:0.8:1:0.4 molar ratio. It
is used for treatment of fungal infection.
47. • 7) Marqibo (Liposomal vincristine)- This is a non PEGyated formulation of
liposomal vincristine. The liposomes are composed of egg sphingomylin
and cholesterol. It is used for the treatment of metastatic malignant uveal
melanoma. Marqibo is in phase III of clinical trial.
• 8) Visudyne (Liposomal verteporfin)- This is a non PEGylated formulation
of liposomal verteporfin (BPD-MA). The liposomes are composed of BPD-
MA:EPG:DMPC in 1:05:3:5 molar ratio. It is used for treatment of age-
related macular degeneration, pathologic myopia and ocular
histoplasmosis.
48. • 9) DepoCyt (Liposomal cytarabine)- This is a non PEGylated formulation of
liposomal cytarabine. The Depo-Foam platform is used in DepoCyt. Depo-
Foam is a spherical 20 micron multi-lamellar liposome matrix comprised of
Cholesterol: Triolein: Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC):
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) in 11:1:7:1 molar ratio. The drug is
used by intrathecal administration for treatment of neoplastic meningitis and
lymphomatous meningitis.
• 10) DepoDur (Liposomal morphine sulfate)- This is a non PEGylated
formulation of liposomal cytarabine. The Depo-Foam platform is used in
DepoCyt. Depo-Foam is a spherical 20 micron multi-lamellar liposome matrix
comprised of Cholesterol: Triolein: Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC):
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) in 11:1:7:1 molar ratio. The drug is
used by epidural administration for treatment of postoperative pain following
major surgery.
• 11) Arikace (Liposomal amikacin)- This is a non PEGylated formulation of
liposomal amikacin. The liposomes are composed of DPPC and cholesterol. The
size of the liposomes is between 200-300 nm. It is used for treatment of lung
infections due to susceptible pathogens. Arikace is used in nebulized form and
it is inhaled by the patients. The drug is in phase III of clinical trial.
49. 12) Lipoplatin (Liposomal cisplatin)- This is a PEGylated formulation of
liposomal cisplatin. The liposomes are composed of DPPG, Soy PC,
cholesterol and PEG2000-DSPE. It is used for treatment of epithelial
malignancies such as lung, head and neck, ovarian, bladder and
testicular cancers.
13) LEP-ETU (Liposomal Paclitaxel)- This is a non PEGylated formulation
of liposomal Paclitaxel. The liposomes are composed of DOPE,
cholesterol and cardiolipin. Its is used for treatment of ovarian, breast and
lung cancer. LEP-ETU is completing phase II of clinical trials.
14) Epaxal (Hepatitis A vaccine)- Liposomes have been used as a
vaccine adjuvant in this formulation. These liposomes also known as
immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRIV) are
composed of DOPC/DOPE in 75:25 molar ratio. The liposomes are sized
to 150 nm.
52. SLN:SLN:
SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLESSOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES
SLN are nanoparticles where the lipid component is composed of
solid lipids (glycerides or waxes) with high Melting point that are
stabilized by using surfactants. SLN are solid at 37°C.
phospholipids,triglicerides, di-glicerides, fatty acids,
cholesterol and cholesterol-ester
55. Method of preparationMethod of preparation::
• High pressure homogenization:
Hot homogenization
Cold homogenization
• Ultrasonication /high speed homogenization:
• Solvent emulsification/evaporation
• Micro emulsion based SLN preparations
• SLN preparation by using supercritical fluid
• Spray drying method
55
56. Hot homogenization
Melting of the lipid & dissolving/dispersing of the drug in the lipid
Dispersing of the drug loaded lipid in a hot aqueous surfactant mixture.
Premix using a stirrer to form a coarse preemulsion
High pressure homogenization at a temperature above the lipid M.P.
Hot O/W nanoemulsion
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Disadvantages: 1) temperature induce drug degradation
2) partioning effect
3) complexity of the crystallization
56
57.
58. Ultrasonication/ high speed homogenization :
• SLN were also developed by sonication
• Adv. :
1) Equipment used is very common
2) No temperature induced drug degradation
• Disadv.:
1) Potential metal contamination
2) Broader particle size distribution ranging
into micrometer range.
58
61. APPLICATIONS
• Solid lipid Nanoparticles possess a better stability and ease of
upscaling as compared to liposomes.
• SLNs form the basis of colloidal drug delivery systems, which
are biodegradable and capable of being stored for at least one
year .
61
62. SLN AS COSMECEUTICALS
• Applied in the preparation of sunscreens.
• SLN have UV reflecting properties.
ORAL SLN IN ANTITUBERCULAR THERAPY
• Anti-tubercular drugs such as rifampicin, isoniazide,
loaded SLNs able to decrease dosing frequency and increase
bioavailability.
SLN AS A GENE VECTOR CARRIER
• Several recent reports of SLN carrying genetic materials such as
DNA, plasmid DNA, & other nucleic acid have been reported.
62
63. • Lipid nanoparticles of reversed internal phase structures, such
as cubic micellar (I2) structure show good drug loading ability
of peptides and proteins as well as some small molecules.
Due to their controllable small size and inner morphology,
such nanoparticles are suitable for drug delivery using several
different administration routes, including intravenous,
intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection
phosphatidylcholine (PC)/glycerol dioleate (GDO)
LIPID MICELLES
64. Lipoplexes
Lipoplexes are complexes of genes (DNA) with cationic lipids and used for
gene therapy
Endocytosis is the major route by which cells uptake NP. Endosomes are
formed as the results of endocytosis, However, if genes can not be released
into cytoplasm by breaking the membrane of endosome, they will be sent to
lysosomes where all DNA will be destroyed before they could achieve their
functions.
Editor's Notes
Depend on the number of bilayers liposomes can be divided into multilamellar and unilamellar vesicles. According to the size unilamellar vesicles can be further divided into SUV LUV, GUV. They are prepared by different methods. SUV smaller than 100 nm diameter by sonication, LUV 100 nm to 1micro meter can be prepared by extrusion GUV larger than 1 micro meter can be prepared by evaporation.
Neutral and positively charged small liposomes are cleared less rapidly than negatively charged small liposomes.
The clearance of negatively charged small liposomes appears to be biphasic in semilog plots of concentration versus time. Recent studies have suggested that the interaction of negatively charged liposomes with certain plasma components may promote rapid blood clearance.
Large, negatively charged liposomes are taken up by blood monocytes more efficiently than liposomes composed of neutral or positively charged lipids.
Negatively charged large liposomes had a higher tendency to be taken up by the lung than the corresponding neutral or positively charge liposomes.
The incorporation of cholesterol into liposomes decreasing its association with plasma lipoproteins and uptake by the liver.
Liposomes carrying a specific ligand on the surface tend have more rapid blood clearance than native liposomes